LOS INSULTOS & LAS INFAMIAS... --------- “Los insultos y las infamias de los contemporáneos dan a menudo con más frecuencia que los elogios la verdadera medida de los grandes hombres: a mayor altura del campeón, mayor saña del improperio”. Juan Emilio Bosch Gavino (RIO VERDE, LA VEGA, 1909- SANTO DOMINGO, 2001) CIENTIFICO & ECONOMISTA AUTODIDACTA DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. ----- LA CIENCIA HUMANA... EL METODO CIENTIFICO HUMANO, EN CIENCIAS EXACTAS... ES EL UNICO QUE RESUELVE PROBLEMAS: GERENCIALES, ECONOMICOS, DE LA VIDA EN LA COTIDIANIDAD DE LAS PERSONAS, COMO SERES HUMANOS... La gente puede creer o no creer en Dios... PERO LO IMPORTANTE, es lo que hace: 1. CON SU TIEMPO. 2. CON SU BIOGRAFIA, por la: calidad de vida, de su PROJIMO, de sus semejantes... POR EL ESTILO DE VIDA de su projimo, POR LA CAPACIDAD DE CONSUMO, de su PROJIMO: EN EL SUPERMERCADO... POR SU ACCESO A LOS ELECTRODOMESTICOS, POR SU ACCESO AL MICRO-CREDITO Para CREAR UNA MYPIME EXPORTADORA... Por su MICRO-ECONOMIA, PERSONAL & FAMILIAR, en los campos y en las ciudades... POR CONOCER EL METODO DE ACTUACION DE KONSTANTIN STANISLAVSKI, para poder HACER CARRE COMO: LOCUTOR, HUMORISTA, ARTISTA DE LOS ESCENARIOS, ARTISTA FRETE A LAS CAMARAS, ARTISTA FRENTE A UN MICROFONO, ARTISTA EN UN PLATO DE CINE, ARTISTA EN UN ESTUDIO DE GRABACION, ARTISTA EN UNA CABINA DE RADIO, ARTISTA EN UNA CLASE DE BALLET, INGENIERO ELECTRONICO EN UNA : UNIVERSIDAD... ARQUITECTO O URBANISTA EN : UNA UNIVERSIDAD... GERENTE O ADMINISTRADOR EN UNA UNIVERSIDAD... INGENIERO AGRONOMO EN UNA UNIVERSIDAD INGENIERO ZOOTECNISTA, EN UNA UNIVERSIDAD EXPERTO EN AGRO-NEGOCIOS, EN UNA : UNIVERSIDAD... SOLUCIONADOR AMIGABLE DE CONFLICTOS EN SU COMUNIDAD, DESDE LA CULTURA DE PAZ.... EXPORTADOR DESDE EL COMERCIO DOMINICANO, HACIA EL MERECADO MUNDIAL... DESDE : MYPIMES, con ACCESO AL CREDITO, AL MICRO-CREDITO, PARA LIBERARSE DEL HAMBRE Y DE LA POBREZA, QUE PERSIGUEN A CADA DOMINICANO Y A CADA DOMINICANA, desde el ano : 3.500 antes de Cristo, hasta el dia de hoy, en esta media ISLA: HISPANIOLA... --------- DIARIAMENTE... JUAN EMILIO BOSCH GAVINO se confeso ATEO, al final de su vida...pero hizo mas POR LOS POBRES & POR LOS CAMPESINOS POBRES, Que muchos lideres RELIGIOSOS, desde la practica diaria del ejemplo, -DEL AMOR AL PROJIMO- THORSTEIN VEBLEN ERA ATEO... PERO : INGENIERO ELECTRONICO DOMINICANO FRANK HATTON GUERRERO, era : CATOLICO, APOSTOLICO, ROMANO... PRESIDENTE DANILO MEDINA SANCHEZ ES UN LIDER DE LA COMUNIDAD EVANGELICA y eso NO le ha restado OPORTUNIDAD de : 1. RECIBIR LA OPORTUNIDAD EDUCATIVA, como ING. QUIMICO & ECONOMISTA... 2. NI PARA LLEGAR A ENAMORARSE, de una CIENTIFICA CATOLICA, como la PSICOLOGA CLINICA, Lic. CANDIDA MONTILLA DE MEDINA, una cientifica: CATOLICA, APOSTOLICA, ROMANA.. PORQUE EL AMOR & LA FAMILIA: -NO SE DETIENEN EN ESAS PEQUENECES- 2. TEO VERAS LOPEZ (1950-2018), ERA: LOCUTOR MUSICAL, ACTOR, HUMORISTA RADIO PERSONALITY, catolico, apostolico & romano... ESO NO LE QUITO MERITOS para dejar una: HOJA DE VIDA INSPIRADORA, ejemplar, para ninos & ninas, de cualquier lugar del mundo, QUE SUENEN INTRODUCIRSE A LA ECONOMIA NARANJA, A LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, EN LAS RESPECTIVAS ECONOMIAS DE SUS PAISES, DESDE LA: CREACION, DISENO, PUESTA EN MARCHA DE UNA MYPIME... COMO LA VIDA INNOVADORA, COMO LA VIDA DE UN CREADOR DE RIQUEZA CON UN MICROFONO EN LA MANO (1968-2018)... 1. EN LA CREATIVIDAD PATENTABLE... 2. EN LA CREACION DE PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL, a partir del HUMOR... -DEL DON DE GENTES- 3. INFORMANDO & ENTRETENIENDO EN EN SHOW BUSINESS DOMINICANO, EN LA FARANDULA DOMINICANA, CREANDO CADENAS DE VALOR A PARTIR DE : INTANGIBLES. GOODWILL, CALOR HUMANO, PERSONAL BRANDING.. CON EL SUDOR DE SU FRENTE, COMO: CIENTIFICO TICs, en la ECONOMIA DOMINICANA, CON SU CAPITAL HUMANO, CON SU TALENTO HUMANO, CON SU GERENCIA PERFORMTIVA DE ESCENARIOS: HUMANA... 1. DESDE LA MUSICA DEL MUNDO... 2. DESDE LA AMABILIDAD. 3. DESDE LAS SOFT SKILLS. 4. DESDE LA INNOVACION. 5. DESDE LA COMPETITIVIDAD: EN BASE AL JUEGO LIMPIO, A FUERZA DE TALENTO, TALENTO, EXCELENCIA: CALIDAD EXPORTABLE EN LA INDUSTRIA AUDIOVISUAL DOMINICANA DE CLASE MUNDIAL -MANUFACTURA DE PRODUCTOS AUDIOVISUALES DOMINICANOS, PARA Y POR LA RADIO DE FM, COMO ESPACIO CULTURAL & CIENTIFICO, DE LAS: 1. CIENCIAS RADIOFONICAS. 2. DE LA INGENIERIA ELECTRONICA. 3. DE LAS CIENCIAS TICs... CAMINANDO A PASO FIRME CON SU : VERDAD, LA CALIDAD DE UNA VOZ HUMANA, entre fines del siglo XX e inicios del siglo XXI (1968-2018), como: ACTOR RADIOFONICO DOMINICANO. ACTOR HUMORISTICO DOMINICANO. ACTOR QUE SENTO CATEDRA DEL BUEN USO DE LA LENGUA ESPANOLA EN LA RADIO DOMINICANA COMERCIAL & DE CALIDAD EXPORTABLE. EN LA PUBLICIDAD DOMINICANA COMERCIAL & DE CALIDAD EXPORTABLE. SIEMPRE DESDE EL PERSONAL BRANDING: CON UN MICROFONO DE RADIO EN LA MANO: EN LA 91 FM desde 1985 Y PRACTICAMENTE TODA SU VIDA, en el servicio y amor al projimo en : 1. TODAS LAS TEMPORADAS CICLONICAS. 2. EN TODAS LAS NAVIDADES, 3. EN TODAS LAS SEMANAS SANTA. 4. EN TODAS LAS VACACIONES DE : VERANO... 5. EN TODAS LAS VACACIONES : ESCOLARES, porque ademas de : LOCUTOR DIVERTIDO DOMINICANO, ERA UN FILANTROPO, COMO LO HAN SABIDO SER, POCOS Y POCAS: DOMINICANOS & DOMINICANAS, desde: RADIO CLUB DOMINICANO, INC. UN VOLUNTARIO: DOMINICANO. ----------- EL PREMIO GARDO (2019) es la confirmacion DE QUE: INGENIERO ELECTRONICO, FRANK HATTON GUERRERO, TENIA RAZON, EN SUS SUENOS PARA LA ECONOMIA DOMINICANA, DEL SIGLO XXI... 1.Como cientifico dominicano fundador de la INDUSTRIA RADIOFONICA DOMINICANA , COMERCIAL, RENTABLE -SOSTENIBLE, BANCARIZABLE, LUCRATIVA- ERA: 1. UN TRABAJADOR productivo de riqueza, -DESDE UNA MYPIME DOMINICANA:HIZ- para la industria de los MEDIOS ELECTRONICOS O DE LA COMUNICACION NO ESCRITA DOMINICANA... 1. UN PRODUCTOR DE CONTENIDOS : VERBALES, MULTILINGUES, para: NARRACION DEPORTIVA, RADIAL... (1920-1981) 2. UN PRODUCTOR DE CONTENIDOS, NOTICIOSOS, INFORMATIVOS, desde su: ESTACION DE RADIO EXPERIMENTAL (1920-1981), pero por sobre todas las cosas: ESTOS INDIVIDUOS ERAN: 1. PATRIOTAS, 2.NACIONALISTAS, 3.DOMINICANISTAS, 4.JUANPABLODUARTIANOS, que trabajaban TODOS LOS DIAS DE SU VIDA EN : 1.LA ECONOMIA DOMINICANA, 2.EN EL MERCADO DE TRABAJO PRODUCTIVO DOMINICANO, para: 1. MANTENER 2. SER RESPONSABLES, de sus: 1. MUJERES O ESPOSAS, sin importar de que: religion o partido politico fueran, POR : AMOR... 2. TRABAJAN TODOS LOS DIAS DE SUS VIDAS, para complir con el DEBER : PATERNO-FILIAL... 1.AMAR. 2.EDUCAR 3.Y HACER FELICES A SUS NINOS Y NINAS DOMINICANOS, laborando en el mercado de trabajo, 1. EN EL COMERCIO DOMINICANO -DENTRO DE LAS LEYES DOMINICANAS- & EN LA INDUSTRIA DOMINICANA -DENTRO DE LAS LEYES DOMINICANAS- 1.CON EL SUDOR DE SU FRENTE... 2.DENTRO DE LAS CIENCIAS: TICs. Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV. CCIAV, CC4AVE Talents, Criticism,Friendship! Salut, Polis, Ecumene! (1959-2019) -------- QUE ES EL PREMIO GARDO (2019), https://www.premiogardo.com/ A LA RADIO, COMO INDUSTRIA COMERCIAL -RENTABLE, BANCARIZABLE, EXPORTADORA- DOMINICANA? ------- DEFINICIÓN: https://www.premiogardo.com/ Un premio a las 1.PRODUCCIONES RADIOFONICAS producciones radiofónicas, 1.1. SUS PRODUCTORES. 1.2. SUS CONDUCTORES sus productores y a sus conductores. MISIÓN: PREMIAR A QUIENES: 1. NOS INFORMAN. 2. NOS ENTRETIENEN. Premiar a quienes nos informan y entretienen 3. A TRAVES DE LA RADIO. a través de la radio PARA INCENTIVAR: 1. SU CALIDAD. 2. SU CREATIVIDAD. para incentivar su calidad y creatividad. VISIÓN 1. QUE LA RADIO ELABORADA 2. EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA Que la radio elaborada en la República Dominicana 3. LOGRE: 1. UNA MAYOR CALIDAD. 2. IDENTIDAD PROPIA. logre una mayor calidad e identidad propia. VALORES: 1. HONESTIDAD. 2. TRANSPARENCIA. Honestidad y transparencia. SUS 27 ANOS DE EJERCICIO HOLISTICO... 1. EN LA ELABORACION 2. DE CONTENIDOS PARA MEDIOS: 1. ESCRITOS. 2.RADIALES. 3. TELEVISADOS. Sus 27 años de un ejercicio holístico en la elaboración de contenidos para medios escritos, radiales y televisados, ASI COMO LA CREACION DE : 1. EVENTOS. 2. MANEJO DE EVENTOS. así como en la creación y manejo de eventos, SIENDO EN ELLOS DESDE: 1.ASISTENTE DE PRODUCCION .siendo en ellos desde asistente de producción 2. HASTA TENER RESPONSABILIDAD: TOTAL hasta tener la responsibilidad total en cada caso, LE LLEVARON A : 1. IDENTIFICAR LA NECESIDAD. 2. DE CREAR. 3. UN GALARDON QUE RECONOZCA: EL TRABAJO le llevaron a identificar la necesidad de crear un galardón que reconozca el trabajo DE LA GENTE QUE: 1.HA HECHO. 2. HACE : RADIO EN REPUBLICA DOMNICANA. de la gente que hace y ha hecho radio en la República Dominicana. JUAN CARLOS ALBELO. Juan Carlos Albelo • CEO de INDUSTRIA DE CONTENIDO Insdustria de Contenido. • PRODUCTOR GENERAL DE GARDO. Productor General de Gardo Mobirise Dirección Av. Rómulo Betancourt #289, esquina Pedro A. Bobea. Plaza Tania. Local 305 Bella Vista, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana Contacto Email: premiogardo@gmail.com Teléfono: 809-770-2333 © Premio Gardo - Todos los derechos reservados - https://www.premiogardo.com/ --------- PREMIO GARDO. -------- Premio Gardo https://www.premiogardo.com Un premio a las producciones radiofónicas, sus productores y a sus conductores. MISIÓN: Premiar a quienes nos informan y entretienen a través de la radio ------ PREMIO GARDO. El registro de su respuesta en la encuesta no contiene ninguna ... More results from premiogardo.com » ---------- ANUNCIAN VOTACION POPULAR: PREMIOS GARDO. ----------- Anuncian votación popular de Premios Gardo | Nota Clave de ... https://notaclave.com › anuncian-votacion-popular-de-p... Oct 19, 2019 - Premio Gardo tiene como objetivo ensalzar la labor de productores y conductores de los espacios radiofónicos de factura local, así como las ... --------------- ABREN VOTACIONES POPULARES: PREMIOS GARDO. REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. ---------- Abren votaciones populares para Premio Gardo, a la radio ... https://diariodigital.com.do › Espectáculos & Cultura Oct 17, 2019 - Los organizadores de Gardo (GALARDON A LA RADIO DOMINICANA), una iniciativa que enaltecerá a las producciones radiofónicas del país, a sus ... ----------------- ABREN VOTACIONES : PREMIOS GARDO. ---------- Abren votaciones de Premio Gardo – El Nacional https://elnacional.com.do › abren-votaciones-de-premio-... Oct 22, 2019 - Los organizadores de Gardo (Galardón a la Radio Dominicana), una iniciativa que enaltecerá a las producciones radiofónicas del país, a sus ... Videos PREVIEW 5:12 Pre Nominaciones para los premios GARDO Z Digital YouTube - Oct 17, 2019 16:36 Juan Carlos Arvelo NOS HABLA SOBRE: PREMIOS GARDO. nos habla sobre los premios gardo parte 1 zolfm Zol 106.5FM - Oct 22, 2019 12:09 Juan Carlos Arvelo nos habla sobre los premios gardo parte 2 zolfm YouTube - Oct 22, 2019 PREVIEW 16:36 Juan Carlos Arvelo nos habla sobre los premios gardo parte 1 zolfm YouTube - Oct 22, 2019 12:09 Juan Carlos Arvelo nos habla sobre los premios gardo parte 2 zolfm Zol 106.5FM - Oct 22, 2019 PREVIEW 1:14 Premios Gardo - Rueda de Prensa. Market View Canal 14 YouTube - Jul 11, 2019 16:48 Conversando con Juan Carlos Albelo sobre los "Premios ... Esta Noche Mariasela YouTube - Aug 1, 2019 5:20 Anuncian premio para la radio dominicana Noticias SIN YouTube - Jul 17, 2019 PREVIEW 34:11 Detalles de los Premios Gardo y futuro de la radio dominicana Almuerzo De Negocios YouTube - Jul 18, 2019 -------- -ABREN VOTACIONES POPULARES: PREMIOS GARDO. ----------- Abren votaciones populares para Premio Gardo - Diario Libre https://www.diariolibre.com › revista › cultura › abren-v... Oct 20, 2019 - SD. ----------- EL DOCUMENTALISTA & PRODUCTOR DE TELEVISION... ----------- El documentalista y productor de televisión y radio Juan Carlos Albelo anunció la apertura de las votaciones populares en el Gran Santo ... ---------- ---------- GALARDÓN - CREAN PREMIO PARA RADIO DOMINICANA. ------------ Crean premio para la radio dominicana | Listín ... https://listindiario.com › entretenimiento › 2019/07/15 Jul 15, 2019 - -------------- ANUNCIAN LA PRIMERA EDICION DE PREMIO GARDO ----------- Anuncian la primera edición de Premio Gardo. Se trata de un galardón a la radio dominicana, ------------- 1.UNA INICIATIVA QUE ENALTECERA 2.A LAS PRODUCCIONES RADIOFONICAS: 3.DOMINICANAS. --------- una iniciativa que enaltecerá a las producciones ... Anuncian primera edición de Premio Gardo a la radio ... - Acento https://acento.com.do › sociales › 8703689-anuncian-pri... Jul 11, 2019 - Premio Gardo tiene como objetivo ensalzar la labor de productores y conductores 1.DE LOS ESPACIOS RADIOFONICOS DE: 2.FACTURA LOCAL. de los espacios radiofónicos de factura local, así como las ... ------------- PREMIO GARDO : RECONOCE 1. CALIDAD. 2. PRODUCCIONES DE RADIO. 3. DOMINICANA. ------ Hoy Digital - Premio Gardo reconoce calidad de la radio ... https://hoy.com.do › premio-gardo-reconoce-calidad-de... Jul 23, 2019 - “Premio Gardo nace con el FIRME OBJETIVO DE : 1. DESTACAR. -CON HONESTIDAD & TRANSPARENCIA- 1.1. QUIENES NOS INFORMAN. 1.2. QUIENES NOS: ENTRETIENEN A TRAVES DE: LA RADIO. firme objetivo de destacar con honestidad y transparencia a quienes nos informan y entretienen a través de la radio ... ----------- QUE FELICIDAD, DOMINICANISTA, LA NOMINACION DE SINDY, DE 12 & 2 A LOS PREMIOS GARDO: 1.DE LA INDUSTRIA RADIOFONICA 2.DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA... 3. DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA DOMINICANA. 4. DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA.. --- CHARLEMAGNE. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Charlemagne denier Mayence 812 814.jpg A denarius of Charlemagne dated c. 812–814 with the inscription KAROLVS IMP AVG (Karolus Imperator Augustus) (in Latin) Emperor of the Romans Reign 25 December 800 – 28 January 814 Coronation 25 December 800 Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome Successor Louis the Pious King of the Lombards Reign 10 July 774 – 28 January 814 Coronation 10 July 774 Pavia Predecessor Desiderius Successor Bernard of Italy King of the Franks Reign 9 October 768 – 28 January 814 Coronation 9 October 768 Noyon Predecessor Pepin the Short Successor Louis the Pious Born 2 April 742,[1] 747[2] or 748 Frankish Kingdom Died 28 January 814 (aged 65, 66 or 71) Aachen, Francia (present-day Germany) Burial Aachen Cathedral Spouse Desiderata (m. c. 770; annulled 771) Hildegard of Vinzgouw (m. 771; d. 783) Fastrada (m. c. 783; d. 794) Luitgard (m. c. 794; d. 800) Issue Among others Pepin the Hunchback Charles the Younger Pepin of Italy Louis the Pious Dynasty Carolingian Father Pepin the Short Mother Bertrada of Laon Religion Roman Catholicism Signum manus Charlemagne's signature Carolingian dynasty Signum manus of Charlemagne.svg Pippinids[show] Arnulfings[show] Carolingians[show] After the Treaty of Verdun (843)[show] vte Charlemagne (English: /ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn, ˌʃɑːrləˈmeɪn/; French: [ʃaʁləmaɲ])[3] or Charles the Great[a] (2 April 748[4][b] – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was king of the Franks from 768, king of the Lombards from 774, and emperor of the Romans from 800. DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGE 1. HE UNIFY THE MAJORITY OF: 1.1. WESTERN. 1.2. CENTRAL EUROPE. 2. THE MADuring the Early Middle Ages, he united the majority of western and central Europe. HE WAS THE FIRST RECOGNIZED He was the first recognised 1. EMPEROR. 2. TO RULE WESTERN EUROPE emperor to rule from western Europe 3. SINCE THE FALL. 4. WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE since the fall of the Western Roman Empire 300 YEARS EARLIER three centuries earlier.[5] The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the CAROLINGIANEMPIRE Carolingian Empire. HE WAS LATER CANONIZED He was later canonized by Antipope Paschal III. Charlemagne was the ELDEST SON eldest SON: 1.son of Pepin the Short 2.and Bertrada of Laon, BORN BEFORE THEIR CANONICAL MARRIAGE born before their canonical marriage.[6] He became king in 768 FOLLOWING HIS FATHER;S DEATH... following his father's death, initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. Carloman's sudden death in December 771 under unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne THE SOLE RULER OF THE : 1. FRANKISH 2. KINGDOM the sole ruler of the Frankish Kingdom.[7] He continued his father's POLICY TOWARDS THE PAPACY policy towards the papacy and became its protector, REMOVING THE LOMBARDS removing the Lombards from power IN NORTHERN ITALY in northern Italy and LEADING INCURSION INTO: MUSLIM SPAIN leading an incursion into Muslim Spain. HE CAMPAIGNEG AGAINST THE SAXONS He campaigned against the Saxons to his east, 1. CHRISTIANIZING THEM 1.1. UPON PENALTY OF DEATH 1.2. AND LEADINGC EVENTS AS: THE MASACRE OF VERDEN. hristianizing them upon penalty of death and leading to events such as the Massacre of Verden. He reached the height of his power in 800 1.WHEN HE WAS CROWNED when he was crowned 2. "EMPEROR OF THE ROMANS" 2.1.BY POPE LEO III by Pope Leo III 2.2. ON CHRISTMAS DAY on Christmas Day at Rome's Old SAINT PETER BASILICA. St. Peter's Basilica. Charlemagne HAS CALLED: 1. THE FATHER OF EUROPE. has been called the "Father of Europe" 2. PATER EUROPAE (Pater Europae),[c] as 2.1. HE UNITED MOST THE WESTERN EUROPE he united most of Western Europe 2.2. FOR THE FIRST TIME. for the first time 2.3. SINCE THE CLASSICAL ERA OF ROMAN EMPIRE. since the classical era of the Roman Empire 2.4. AND UNITED PARTS OF EUROPE and united parts of Europe 2.5. THAT HAD NEVER BEEN: UNDER 1. FRANKISH. 2. ROMANN RULE. that had never been under Frankish or Roman rule. HIS RULE SPURRED: 1.THE CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE His rule spurred the Carolingian Renaissance, 2. A PERIOD OF ENERGETIC 2.1. CULTURAL. 2.2. INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY 2.3. WITHIN THE WESTERN CHURCH. a period of energetic cultural and intellectual activity within the Western Church. EMPERORS OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 1. CONSIDERED THEMSELVES 2. SUCCESSORS OF CARLEMAGNE Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire considered themselves successors of Charlemagne, 3. AS DID THE: 1. FRENCH. 2. GERMAN MONARCHS. as did the French and German monarchs. The Eastern Orthodox Church viewed Charlemagne less favorably due to his support of the filioque and the Pope's having preferred him as Emperor OVER THE BIZANTINE EMPIRE: IRENE OF ATHENS over the Byzantine Empire's Irene of Athens. These and other disputes led to the eventual split of Rome and Constantinople in the THE GREAT SCHISM OF Great Schism of 1054.[8][d] Charlemagne died in 814 and was laid to rest in his imperial capital city of Aachen. 1.HE MARRIED AT LEAST 4 FOURTH TIMES He married at least four times 2. AND HAD3 LEGIMATE SONS and had three legitimate sons who lived to adulthood, but only the youngest of them, Louis the Pious, survived to succeed him. Contents 1 Political background 2 Rise to power 2.1 Early life 2.1.1 Date of birth 2.1.2 Place of birth 2.2 Ancestry 2.3 Ambiguous high office 2.4 Aquitainian rebellion 2.4.1 Formation of a new Aquitaine 2.4.2 Acquisition of Aquitaine by the Carolingians 2.4.3 Loss and recovery of Aquitaine 2.5 Marriage to Desiderata 3 Italian campaigns 3.1 Conquest of the Lombard kingdom 3.2 Southern Italy 4 Children 5 Carolingian expansion to the south 5.1 Vasconia and the Pyrenees 5.2 Roncesvalles campaign 5.3 Contact with the Saracens 5.4 Wars with the Moors 6 Eastern campaigns 6.1 Saxon Wars 6.2 Submission of Bavaria 6.3 Avar campaigns 6.4 Northeast Slav expeditions 6.5 Southeast Slav expeditions 7 Imperium 7.1 Coronation 7.1.1 Debate 7.2 Imperial title 7.3 Imperial diplomacy 7.4 Danish attacks 7.5 Death 8 Administration 8.1 Organisation 8.2 Military 8.3 Economic and monetary reforms 8.4 Jews in Charlemagne's realm 8.5 Education reforms 8.6 Church reforms 8.7 Writing reforms 8.8 Political reforms 8.8.1 Divisio regnorum 9 Personality 9.1 Manner 9.2 Language 9.3 Appearance 9.4 Dress 9.5 Homes 10 Family 11 Name 12 Beatification 13 Cultural uses 13.1 Middle Ages 13.2 Modern era 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Citations 16.2 Bibliography 17 External links Political background Francia, early 8th century FRANCIA : EARLY 8TH CENTURY. By the 6th century, 1.THE WESTERN GERMANIC TRIBE the western Germanic tribe 2. OF THE FRANKS. 3. HAD BEEN CHRISTIANIZED of the Franks had been Christianised, due in considerable 1.MEASURE CATHOLIC 2.CONVERSION OF CLOVIS measure to the Catholic conversion of Clovis I.[9] . 1.FRANCIA RULED BY MEROVINGIANS Francia, ruled by the Merovingians, 2. WAS THE MOST POWERFUL 3. OF THE KINGDOMS was the most powerful of the kingdoms 4. THAT SUCCEDED THE: WESTER ROMAN EMPIRE that succeeded the Western Roman Empire.[10] . LOS REYES HOLGAZANES, NUNCA: 1. HAN HECHO PRODUCIR RIQUEZA 2. A LAS ECONOMIAS Following the Battle of Tertry, the Merovingians declined into powerlessness, for which they have been dubbed the rois fainéants ("do-nothing kings").[11] . 1.ALL GOVERNMENT POWERS Almost all government powers 2. WERE EXERCISED. BY THE MAJOR: CHIEF OFFICER, INTO THE PALACE. were exercised by their chief officer, the mayor of the palace.[e] In 687, Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, ended the strife between various kings and their mayors with his victory at Tertry.[12] 1.HE BECAME THE SOLE: GOVERNOR: -OF THE ENTIRE EMPIRE- 2.OF THE ENTIRE FANKISH EMPIRE. He became the sole governor of the entire Frankish kingdom. PEPIN WAS THE GRANDSON... Pepin was the grandson of two important figures of the Austrasian Kingdom: 1.Saint Arnulf of Metz and 2.Pepin of Landen.[13] Pepin of Herstal was eventually succeeded BY HIS SON by his son Charles, later known as CHARLES MARTEL Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer).[14] External video Charlemagne at dinner - British Library Royal MS 15 E vi f155r (detail).jpg The Early Middle Ages, 284–1000: Charlemagne, 46:14, YaleCourses on YouTube, Yale University Charlemagne: An Introduction, Smarthistory, 7:49, Khan Academy After 737, Charles governed the Franks in lieu of a king and declined to call himself king. Charles was succeeded in 741 by his sons Carloman and Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne. In 743, the brothers placed Childeric III on the throne to curb separatism in the periphery. HE WAS THE LAST MEROVINGIAN KING. He was the last Merovingian king. Carloman resigned office in 746, 1.PREFERRING TO ENTER THE CHURCH preferring to enter the church 2. AS A MONK as a monk. Pepin brought the question of the kingship before Pope Zachary, asking whether it was logical for a king to have no royal power. THE POPE HANDED DOWN HIS DECISION... The pope handed down his decision in 749, decreeing that it was better for Pepin to be called king, as he had the powers of high office as Mayor, so as not to confuse the hierarchy. 1.HE THEREFORE, ORDERED HIM TO BECOME: 2.THE TRUE KING He, therefore, ordered him to become the true king.[15] In 750, Pepin was elected by an assembly of the Franks, anointed by the archbishop, and then raised to the office of king. The Pope branded Childeric III as "the false king" and ordered him into a monastery. The Merovingian dynasty was thereby 1REPLACED 2.BY CAROLINGIAN DINASTY replaced by the Carolingian dynasty, named after Charles Martel. In 753, Pope Stephen II fled from Italy to Francia, appealing to Pepin for assistance for the rights of St. Peter. He was supported in this appeal by Carloman, Charles' brother. In return, the pope could provide only legitimacy. He did this by again anointing and confirming Pepin, this time 1.ADDING HIS YOUNG SON: 2.CAROLUS. adding his young sons Carolus (Charlemagne) and Carloman to the royal patrimony. They thereby became heirs to the realm that already covered most of western Europe. In 754, Pepin accepted the Pope's invitation to visit Italy on behalf of St. Peter's rights, dealing successfully with the Lombards.[15][16] Under the Carolingians, the Frankish kingdom spread to encompass an area including most of Western Europe; the east-west division of the KINGDOM FORMED THE BASIS FOR MODERN: 1. FRANCE. 2.GERMANY. kingdom formed the basis for modern France and Germany. Orman[17] portrays the Treaty of Verdun (843) between the warring grandsons of Charlemagne as the foundation event of an independent France under its first king Charles the Bald; an independent Germany under its first king Louis the German; and an independent intermediate state stretching from the Low Countries along the borderlands to south of Rome under Lothair I, who retained the title of emperor and the capitals Aachen and Rome without the jurisdiction. The middle kingdom had broken up by 890 and partly absorbed into the Western kingdom (later France) and the Eastern kingdom (Germany) and the rest developing into smaller "buffer" nations that exist between France and Germany TO THIS DAY NAMELY: 1.BENELUX. 2. SWITZERLAND. to this day, namely the Benelux and Switzerland. 1.THE CONCEPT AND MEMORY 2.OF A UNITED EUROPE The concept and memory of a united Europe remain topical to the current time and hence CHARLEMAGNE IS OFTEN 1.CONSIDERED. 2. THE FOREFATHER. 3.MODERN EUROPE. Charlemagne is often considered the forefather of modern Europe.[18] Rise to power EARLY LIFE. Early life DATE OF BIRTH. Date of birth The most likely date of Charlemagne's birth is reconstructed from several sources. THE DATE OF ... The date of 742—calculated from Einhard's date of death of January 814 at age 72— PREDATES THE MARRIAGE... predates the marriage of HIS PARENTS IN... his parents in 744. The year given in the Annales Petaviani, 747, would be more likely, except that it contradicts Einhard and a few other sources in making Charlemagne sixty-seven years old at his death. The month and day of 2 April are based on a calendar from Lorsch Abbey.[19] In 747, Easter fell on 2 April, a coincidence that likely would have been remarked upon by chroniclers but was not.[20] If Easter was being used as the beginning of the calendar year, then 2 April 747 could have been, by modern reckoning, April 748 (not on Easter). THE DATE FAVOURED THE PROPONDERANCE... The date favoured by the preponderance of evidence[6] is 2 April 742, based on Charlemagne's age at the time of his death.[19] This date supports the concept that Charlemagne WAS TECHNICALLY AND ILLEGITIMATE CHILD was technically an illegitimate child, although that is not mentioned by Einhardin either since he was born out of wedlock; Pepin and Bertrada were bound by a private contract or Friedelehe[6] at the time of his birth, but did not marry until 744.[21] PLACE OF BIRTH. Place of birth The region of Aachen-Liège (CONTEMPORARY BORDERS contemporary borders, 1. TRADE. 2. TRAVEL ROUTES trade- and travel routes) Charlemagne's exact birthplace is unknown, although historians have suggested Aachen in modern-day Germany, and Liège (HERSTALl) in present-day BELGIUM AS POSSIBLE LOCATION Belgium as possible locations.[22] Aachen and Liège are close to the 1.REGION WHENCE THE MEROVIGIAN 2.AND CAROLINGIAN region whence the Merovingian and Carolingian 3. FAMILIES ORIGINATED. families originated. Other cities have been suggested, including DUREN/ GAUTING MURLENBACH Düren, Gauting, Mürlenbach,[23] QUIERZY. PRUM. Quierzy, and Prüm. No definitive evidence resolves the question. ANCESTRY. Ancestry Charlemagne was the eldest child of Pepin the Short (714 – 24 September 768, reigned from 751) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720 – 12 July 783), daughter of Caribert of Laon. MANY HISTORIANS CONSIDER... Many historians consider Charlemagne (Charles) to have been illegitimate, although some state that this is arguable,[24] because Pepin did not marry Bertrada until 744, which was after Charles' birth; this status did not exclude him from the succession.[25][26][27] Records name only Carloman, Gisela, and three short-lived children named Pepin, Chrothais and Adelais as his younger siblings. It would be folly, I think, TO WRITE A WORD CONCERNING... to write a word concerning Charles' BIRTH AND INFANCY... birth and infancy, or even his BOYHOOD boyhood, for nothing has ever been written on the subject, and there is no one alive now who can give information on it. — Einhard[28] Ancestors of Charlemagne Ambiguous high office Further information: Mayor of the Palace.... The most powerful officers of the Frankish people, the Mayor of the Palace (Maior Domus) and one or more kings (rex, reges), were appointed by the election of the people. ELECTIONS WERE NOT PERIODIC... Elections were not periodic, but were held as required to elect officers ad quos summa imperii pertinebat, "to whom the highest matters of state pertained". Evidently, interim decisions could be made by the Pope, which ultimately needed to be ratified using an assembly of the people that met annually.[29] Before he was elected king in 751, Pepin was initially a mayor, a high office he held "as though hereditary" (velut hereditario fungebatur). Einhard explains that "the honour" was usually "given by the people" to the distinguished, but Pepin the Great and his brother Carloman the Wise received it as though hereditary, as had their father, Charles Martel. There was, however, a certain ambiguity about quasi-inheritance. The office was treated as joint property: one Mayorship held by two brothers jointly.[30] Each, however, had his own geographic jurisdiction. When Carloman decided to resign, BECOMING ULTIMATELY... 1. A BENECOMING ULTIMATELY... 2. BENEDICTINE 3. MONTE CASSINO. becoming ultimately a Benedictine at Monte Cassino,[31] the question of the disposition of his quasi-share was settled by the pope. He converted the mayorship into a kingship and awarded the joint property to Pepin, who gained the right to pass it on by inheritance.[32] This decision was not accepted by all family members. Carloman had consented to the temporary tenancy of his own share, which he intended to pass on to his son, Drogo, when the inheritance should be settled at someone's death. BY THE POPE DECISION... By the Pope's decision, in which Pepin had a hand, Drogo was to be disqualified as an heir in favour of his cousin Charles. He took up arms in opposition to the decision and was joined by Grifo, a half-brother of Pepin and Carloman, who had been given a share by Charles Martel, but was stripped of it and held under loose arrest by his half-brothers after an attempt to seize their shares by military action. Grifo perished in combat in the Battle of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne while Drogo was hunted down and taken into custody.[33] On the death of Pepin, 24 September 768, the kingship passed jointly to his sons, "with divine assent" (divino nutu).[34] 1.ACCORDING THE LIFE... 2.PEPIN DIED IN PARIS... According to the Life, Pepin died in Paris. The Franks "in general assembly" (generali conventu) gave them both the rank of a king (reges) but "partitioned the whole body of the kingdom equally" (totum regni corpus ex aequo partirentur). The annals[35] tell a slightly different version, with the king dying at St-Denis, near Paris. The two "lords" (domni) were "elevated to kingship" (elevati sunt in regnum), Charles on 9 October in Noyon, Carloman on an unspecified date in Soissons. If born in 742, 1.CHARLES WAS 26 YEARS OLD... Charles was 26 years old, 2. BUT HE HAD BEEN: CAMPAIGNING. 3. WITH HIS FATHER... but he had been campaigning 4. AT HIS FATHER RIGHT HAND... 5. FOR SEVERAL YEARS... at his father's right hand for several years, 6. WHICH MAY HELP TO ACCOUNT 7. FOR HIS MILITARY SKILL: CARLOMAN WAS 17 YEARS OLD... which may help to account for his military skill. Carloman was 17. The language, in either case, suggests that there were not two inheritances, which would have created distinct kings ruling over distinct kingdoms, but a single joint inheritance and a joint kingship tenanted by two equal kings, Charles and his brother Carloman. As before, distinct jurisdictions were awarded. Charles received Pepin's original share as Mayor: the outer parts of the kingdom bordering on the sea, namely Neustria, western Aquitaine, and the NORTHERN PARTS OF AUSTRASIA... northern parts of Austrasia; while Carloman was awarded his uncle's former share, the inner parts: southern Austrasia, Septimania, eastern Aquitaine, Burgundy, Provence, and Swabia, lands bordering Italy. The question of whether these jurisdictions were joint shares reverting to the other brother if one brother died or were inherited property passed on to the descendants of the brother who died was never definitely settled. It came up repeatedly over the succeeding decades until the grandsons of Charlemagne created distinct sovereign kingdoms. Aquitainian rebellion Formation of a new Aquitaine Main article: Aquitaine Aquitaine under Rome had been in southern Gaul, Romanised and speaking a Romance language. Similarly, Hispania had been populated by peoples who spoke various languages, including Celtic, but the area was now populated primarily by Romance language speakers. Between Aquitaine and Hispania were the Euskaldunak, Latinised to Vascones, or Basques,[36] living in Basque country, Vasconia, which extended, according to the distributions of place names attributable to the Basques, most densely in the western Pyrenees but also as far south as the upper Ebro River in Spain and as far north as the Garonne River in France.[37] THE FRENCH NAME GASCONY... The French name, Gascony, derives from Vasconia. 1.THE ROMANS WERE NEVER ABLE TO The Romans were never able to 2. ENTERELY SUBJECT : VASCONIA. entirely subject Vasconia. The parts they did, in which they placed the region's first cities, were sources of legions in the Roman army valued for their fighting abilities. 1.THE BORDER IWTH AQUITAINE WAS 2.TOULOUSE . The border with Aquitaine was Toulouse. At about 660, the Duchy of Vasconia united with the Duchy of Aquitaine to form a single realm under Felix of Aquitaine, governing from Toulouse. This was a joint kingship with a Basque Duke, Lupus I. Lupus is the Latin translation of Basque Otsoa, "wolf".[38] At Felix's death in 670 the joint property of the kingship reverted entirely to Lupus. As the Basques had no law of joint inheritance BUT PRACTICE PRIMOGENITURE... but practised primogeniture, Lupus in effect founded a hereditary dynasty of Basque rulers of an expanded Aquitaine.[39] Acquisition of Aquitaine by the Carolingians Further information: Umayyad conquest of Hispania MOORISH HISPANIA: Moorish Hispania in 732. The Latin chronicles of the end of Visigothic Hispania omit many details, such as identification of characters, filling in the gaps and reconciliation of numerous contradictions.[40] Muslim sources, however, present a more coherent view, such as in the Ta'rikh iftitah al-Andalus ("History of the Conquest of al-Andalus") by Ibn al-Qūṭiyya ("the son of the Gothic woman", referring to the granddaughter of Wittiza, the last Visigothic king of a united Hispania, who married a Moor). Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, who had another, much longer name, must have been relying to some degree on family oral tradition. According to Ibn al-Qūṭiyya[41] Wittiza, the last Visigothic king of a united Hispania died before his three sons, Almund, Romulo, and Ardabast reached maturity. Their mother was queen regent at Toledo, but Roderic, army chief of staff, staged a rebellion, capturing Córdoba. He chose to impose a joint rule over distinct jurisdictions on the true heirs. Evidence of a division of some sort can be found in the distribution of coins imprinted with the name of each king and in the king lists.[42] Wittiza was succeeded by Roderic, who reigned for seven and a half years, followed by Achila (Aquila), who reigned three and a half years. If the reigns of both terminated with the incursion of the Saracens, then Roderic appears to have reigned a few years before the majority of Achila. The latter's kingdom is securely placed to the northeast, while Roderic seems to have taken the rest, notably modern Portugal. The Saracens crossed the mountains to claim Ardo's Septimania, only to encounter the Basque dynasty of Aquitaine, always the allies of the Goths. Odo the Great of Aquitaine was at first victorious at the Battle of Toulouse in 721.[43] Saracen troops gradually massed in Septimania and in 732 an army under Emir Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi advanced into Vasconia, and Odo was defeated at the Battle of the River Garonne. They took Bordeaux and were advancing towards Tours when Odo, powerless to stop them, appealed to his arch-enemy, Charles Martel, mayor of the Franks. In one of the first of the lightning marches for which the Carolingian kings became famous, Charles and his army appeared in the path of the Saracens between Tours and Poitiers, and in the Battle of Tours decisively defeated and killed al-Ghafiqi. THE MOORS RETURNED TWICE MORE... The Moors returned twice more, each time suffering defeat at Charles' hands—at the River Berre near Narbonne in 737[44] and in the Dauphiné in 740.[45] Odo's price for salvation from the Saracens was incorporation into the Frankish kingdom, a decision that was repugnant to him and also to his heirs. LOSS AND RECOVERY AQUITAINE. Loss and recovery of Aquitaine After the death of his father, Hunald I allied himself with free Lombardy. However, Odo had ambiguously left the kingdom jointly to his two sons, Hunald and Hatto. The latter, loyal to Francia, now went to war with his brother over full possession. Victorious, Hunald blinded and imprisoned his brother, only to be so stricken by conscience that he resigned and entered the church as a monk to do penance. The story is told in Annales Mettenses priores.[46] His son Waifer took an early inheritance, becoming duke of Aquitaine and ratified the alliance with Lombardy. Waifer decided to honour it, repeating his father's decision, which he justified by arguing that any agreements with Charles Martel became invalid on Martel's death. Since Aquitaine was now Pepin's inheritance because of the earlier assistance that was given by Charles Martel, according to some the latter and his son, the young Charles, hunted down Waifer, who could only conduct a guerrilla war, and executed him.[47] Among the contingents of the Frankish army were Bavarians under Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria, an Agilofing, the hereditary Bavarian ducal family. Grifo had installed himself as Duke of Bavaria, but Pepin replaced him with a member of the ducal family yet a child, Tassilo, whose protector he had become after the death of his father. THE LOYALTY... The loyalty of the Agilolfings WAS PERPETUALLY IN QUESTION... was perpetually in question, but Pepin exacted numerous oaths of loyalty from Tassilo. However, the latter had married Liutperga, a daughter of Desiderius, king of Lombardy. At a critical point in the campaign, Tassilo left the field with all his Bavarians. Out of reach of Pepin, he repudiated all loyalty to Francia.[48] Pepin had no chance to respond as he grew ill and died within a few weeks after Waifer's execution. The first event of the brothers' reign was the uprising of the Aquitainians and Gascons, in 769, in that territory split between the two kings. ONE YEAR EARLIER.... One year earlier, Pepin had finally defeated Waifer, Duke of Aquitaine, after waging a destructive, ten-year war against Aquitaine. Now, Hunald II led the Aquitainians as far north as Angoulême. Charles met Carloman, but Carloman refused to participate and returned to Burgundy. Charles went to war, leading an army to Bordeaux, where he set up a fort at Fronsac. Hunald was forced to flee to the court of Duke Lupus II of Gascony. Lupus, fearing Charles, turned Hunald over in exchange for peace, and Hunald was put in a monastery. Gascon lords also surrendered, and Aquitaine and Gascony were finally fully subdued by the Franks. MARRIAGE TO DESIDERATA... Marriage to Desiderata The brothers maintained lukewarm relations with the assistance of their mother Bertrada, but in 770 Charles signed a treaty with Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria and married a Lombard Princess (commonly known today as Desiderata), the daughter of King Desiderius, to surround Carloman with his own allies. Though Pope Stephen III first opposed the marriage with the Lombard princess, he found little to fear from a Frankish-Lombard alliance. Less than a year after his marriage, Charlemagne repudiated Desiderata and MARRIED A 13 YEARS OLD 1.SWABIAN 2.NAMED: HILDEGARD. married a 13-year-old Swabian named Hildegard. THE REPUDIATED DESIDERATA... The repudiated Desiderata returned to her father's court at Pavia. Her father's wrath was now aroused, and he would have gladly allied with Carloman to defeat Charles. Before any open hostilities could be declared, however, Carloman died on 5 December 771, apparently of natural causes. Carloman's widow Gerberga fled to Desiderius' court with her sons for protection. ITALIAN CAMPAIGNS. Italian campaigns Conquest of the Lombard kingdom The Frankish king Charlemagne was a devout Catholic and maintained a close relationship with the papacy throughout his life. In 772, when Pope Adrian I was threatened by invaders, the king rushed to Rome to provide assistance. Shown here, the pope asks Charlemagne for help at a meeting near Rome. At his succession in 772, Pope Adrian I demanded the return of certain cities in the former exarchate of Ravenna in accordance with a promise at the succession of Desiderius. Instead, Desiderius took over certain papal cities and invaded the Pentapolis, heading for Rome. Adrian sent ambassadors to Charlemagne in autumn requesting he enforce the policies of his father, Pepin. Desiderius sent his own ambassadors denying the pope's charges. The ambassadors met at Thionville, and Charlemagne upheld the pope's side. Charlemagne demanded what the pope had requested, but Desiderius swore never to comply. Charlemagne and his uncle Bernard crossed the Alps in 773 and chased the Lombards back to Pavia, which they then besieged.[49] Charlemagne temporarily left the siege to deal with Adelchis, son of Desiderius, who was raising an army at Verona. The young prince was chased to the Adriatic littoral and fled to Constantinople to plead for assistance from Constantine V, who was waging war with Bulgaria.[50][32] The siege lasted until the spring of 774 when Charlemagne visited the pope in Rome. There he confirmed his father's grants of land,[51] with some later chronicles falsely claiming that he also expanded them, granting Tuscany, Emilia, Venice and Corsica. The pope granted him the title patrician. He then returned to Pavia, where the Lombards were on the verge of surrendering. In return for their lives, the Lombards surrendered and opened the gates in early summer. Desiderius was sent to the abbey of Corbie, and his son Adelchis died in Constantinople, a patrician. Charles, unusually, had himself crowned with the Iron Crown and made the magnates of Lombardy pay homage to him at Pavia. Only Duke Arechis II of Benevento refused to submit and proclaimed independence. Charlemagne was then master of Italy as king of the Lombards. He left Italy with a garrison in Pavia and a few Frankish counts in place the same year. Instability continued in Italy. In 776, Dukes Hrodgaud of Friuli and Hildeprand of Spoleto rebelled. Charlemagne rushed back from Saxony and defeated the Duke of Friuli in battle; the Duke was slain.[32] The Duke of Spoleto signed a treaty. Their co-conspirator, Arechis, was not subdued, and Adelchis, their candidate in Byzantium, never left that city. Northern Italy was now faithfully his. SOUTHERN ITALY. Southern Italy In 787, Charlemagne directed his attention towards the Duchy of Benevento,[52] where Arechis II was reigning independently with the self-given title of Princeps. Charlemagne's siege of Salerno forced Arechis into submission. However, after Arechis II's death in 787, his son Grimoald III proclaimed the Duchy of Benevento newly independent. Grimoald was attacked many times by Charles' or his sons' armies, without achieving a definitive victory.[53] Charlemagne lost interest and never again returned to Southern Italy where Grimoald was able to keep the Duchy free from Frankish suzerainty. CHILDREN. Children Charlemagne (left) and Pepin the Hunchback (10th-century copy of 9th-century original) During the first peace of any substantial length (780–782), Charles began to appoint his sons to positions of authority. In 781, during a visit to Rome, he made his two youngest sons kings, crowned by the Pope.[f][g] The elder of these two, Carloman, was made the king of Italy, taking the Iron Crown that his father had first worn in 774, and in the same ceremony was renamed "Pepin"[32][51] (not to be confused with Charlemagne's eldest, possibly illegitimate son, Pepin the Hunchback). The younger of the two, Louis, became King of Aquitaine. Charlemagne ordered Pepin and Louis to be raised in the customs of their kingdoms, and he gave their regents some control of their subkingdoms, but kept the real power, though he intended his sons to inherit their realms. 1.HE DID NOT TOLERATE: 2.INSUBORDINATION 3.IN HIS SONS... He did not tolerate insubordination in his sons: in 792, he banished Pepin the Hunchback to the monastery of Prüm, because the young man had joined a rebellion against him. CHARLES WAS DETERMINED TO HAVE: 1. HIS CHILDREN 2. EDUCATED. 3. INCLUDING: HIS DAUGHTERS. Charles was determined to have his children educated, including his daughters, 1.AND HIS PARENTS HAD: INSTILED as his parents had instilled 2. THE IMPORTANCE: OF LEARNING... 3. IN HIM: AN EARLY AGE... the importance of learning in him at an early age.[56] 1. HIS CHILDREN... 1.1. WERE TAUGHT. 1.2. IN ACCORD: THEIR ARISTOCRATIC STATUS. His children were also taught skills in accord with their aristocratic status, WHICH INCLUDED TRAINING: 1. IN RIDDING. 2. WEAPONRY. which included training in riding and weaponry for his sons, WHAT TO DO WITH GIRLS? 1. EMBRIDERY. 2. SPINNING. 3. WEAVING. and embroidery, spinning and weaving for his daughters.[57] The sons fought many wars on behalf of their father. Charles was mostly preoccupied with the Bretons, whose border he shared and who insurrected on at least two occasions and were easily put down. He also fought the Saxons on multiple occasions. In 805 and 806, he was sent into the Böhmerwald (MODERN BOHEMIA) to deal with the Slavs living there (BOHEMIAN TRIBES:Bohemian tribes, ANCESTORS OF THE MODERN CZECHS ancestors of the modern Czechs). He subjected them to Frankish authority and devastated the valley of the Elbe, forcing tribute from them. Pippin had to hold the Avar and Beneventan borders and fought the Slavs to his north. He was uniquely poised to fight the Byzantine Empire when that conflict arose after Charlemagne's imperial coronation and a Venetian rebellion. Finally, Louis was in charge of the Spanish March and fought the Duke of Benevento in southern Italy on at least one occasion. He took Barcelona in a great siege in 797. Charlemagne instructing his son Louis the Pious Charlemagne kept his daughters at home with him AND REFUSED TO ALLOW THEM TO CONTRACT: SACRAMENTAL MARRIAGES and refused to allow them to contract sacramental marriages (though he originally condoned an engagement between his eldest daughter Rotrude and Constantine VI of Byzantium, this engagement was annulled when Rotrude was 11).[58] CHARLEMAGNE OPPOSITION... Charlemagne's opposition 1.TO HIS DAUGHTERS MARRIAGES to his daughters' marriages 2. MAY HAVE INTENDED: PREVENT... may possibly have intended to prevent 3. THE CREATION OF CADET BRANCHES: OF THE FAMILY. the creation of cadet branches of the family 3.1. TO CHALLENGE THE MAIN LINE. to challenge the main line, 3.2.AS HAD BEEN THE CASE... as had been the case with Tassilo of Bavaria. However, HE TOLERATD THEIR EXTRA-MARITAL: RELATIONShips... he tolerated their extramarital relationships, even rewarding their common-law husbands and treasuring the illegitimate grandchildren they produced for him. HE ALSO APPARENTLY REFUSED... he also, apparently refused.... He also, apparently, refused to believe stories of their wild behaviour. After his death the surviving daughters were banished from the court by their brother, the pious Louis, to take up residence in the convents they had been bequeathed by their father. At least one of them, Bertha, had a recognised relationship, if not a marriage, with Angilbert, a member of Charlemagne's court circle.[59][60] Carolingian expansion to the south See also: Abbasid–Carolingian alliance This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Charlemagne" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Vasconia and the Pyrenees The destructive war led by Pepin in Aquitaine, although brought to a satisfactory conclusion for the Franks, proved the Frankish power structure south of the Loire was feeble and unreliable. After the defeat and death of Waiofar in 768, while Aquitaine submitted again to the Carolingian dynasty, a new rebellion broke out in 769 led by Hunald II, a possible son of Waifer. He took refuge with the ally Duke Lupus II of Gascony, but probably out of fear of Charlemagne's reprisal, Lupus handed him over to the new King of the Franks to whom he pledged loyalty, which seemed to confirm the peace in the Basque area south of the Garonne.[61] Wary of new Basque uprisings, Charlemagne seems to have tried to contain Duke Lupus's power by appointing Seguin as the Count of Bordeaux (778) and other counts of Frankish background in bordering areas (Toulouse, County of Fézensac). THE BASQUE DUKE... The Basque Duke, in turn, seems to have contributed decisively or schemed the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (referred to as "Basque treachery"). THE DEFEAT... The defeat of Charlemagne's army in Roncevaux (778) confirmed his determination to rule directly by establishing the Kingdom of Aquitaine (ruled by Louis the Pious) based on a power base of Frankish officials, distributing lands among colonisers and allocating lands to the Church, which he took as an ally. A Christianisation programme was put in place across the high Pyrenees (778).[61] EUROPE IN 771.... Europe in 771 The new political arrangement for Vasconia did not sit well with local lords. As of 788 Adalric was fighting and capturing Chorson, Carolingian Count of Toulouse. He was eventually released, but Charlemagne, enraged at the compromise, decided to depose him and appointed his trustee William of Gellone. William, in turn, fought the Basques and defeated them after banishing Adalric (790).[61] From 781 (Pallars, Ribagorça) to 806 (Pamplona under Frankish influence), taking the County of Toulouse for a power base, Charlemagne asserted Frankish authority over the Pyrenees by subduing the south-western marches of Toulouse (790) and establishing vassal counties on the southern Pyrenees that were to make up the Marca Hispanica.[62] As of 794, a Frankish vassal, the Basque lord Belasko (al-Galashki, 'the Gaul') ruled Álava, but Pamplona remained under Cordovan and local control up to 806. Belasko and the counties in the Marca Hispánica provided the necessary base to attack the Andalusians (an expedition led by William Count of Toulouse and Louis the Pious to capture Barcelona in 801). Events in the Duchy of Vasconia (REBELLION IN PAMPLONA... rebellion in Pamplona, count overthrown IN ARAGON... in Aragon, Duke Seguin of Bordeaux deposed, uprising of the Basque lords, etc.) were to prove it ephemeral upon Charlemagne's death. Roncesvalles campaign According to the Muslim historian Ibn al-Athir, the Diet of Paderborn had received the representatives of the Muslim rulers of Zaragoza, Girona, Barcelona and Huesca. Their masters had been cornered in the Iberian peninsula by Abd ar-Rahman I, the Umayyad emir of Cordova. These "Saracen" (Moorish and Muladi) rulers offered their homage to the king of the Franks in return for military support. Seeing an opportunity to extend Christendom and his own power and believing the Saxons to be a fully conquered nation, Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain. In 778, he led the Neustrian army across the Western Pyrenees, while the Austrasians, Lombards, and Burgundians passed over the Eastern Pyrenees. The armies met at Saragossa and Charlemagne received the homage of the Muslim rulers, Sulayman al-Arabi and Kasmin ibn Yusuf, but the city did not fall for him. Indeed, Charlemagne faced the toughest battle of his career. THE MUSLIMS FORCED HIM TO RETREAT.. The Muslims forced him to retreat. He decided to go home since he could not trust the Basques, whom he had subdued by conquering Pamplona. He turned to leave Iberia, but as he was passing through the Pass of Roncesvalles one of the most famous events of his reign occurred. THE BASQUES ATTACKED... The Basques attacked AND DESTROYED... and destroyed his rearguard and baggage train. The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, though less a battle than a skirmish, left many famous dead, including the seneschal Eggihard, the count of the palace Anselm, and the warden of the Breton March, Roland, inspiring

LOS INSULTOS & LAS INFAMIAS...

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“Los insultos y las infamias de los contemporáneos dan a menudo con más frecuencia que los elogios la verdadera medida de los grandes hombres: a mayor altura del campeón, mayor saña del improperio”.

Juan Emilio Bosch Gavino

(RIO VERDE, LA VEGA, 1909-

SANTO DOMINGO, 2001)

CIENTIFICO & ECONOMISTA

AUTODIDACTA DE LA REPUBLICA

DOMINICANA.

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LA CIENCIA HUMANA...

EL METODO CIENTIFICO HUMANO,

EN CIENCIAS EXACTAS...

ES EL UNICO QUE RESUELVE PROBLEMAS:

GERENCIALES, ECONOMICOS, DE LA VIDA

EN LA COTIDIANIDAD DE LAS PERSONAS,

COMO SERES HUMANOS...

La gente puede creer o no creer en Dios...

PERO LO IMPORTANTE, es lo que hace:

1. CON SU TIEMPO.

2. CON SU BIOGRAFIA,

por la:

calidad de vida, de su PROJIMO, de sus

semejantes...

POR EL ESTILO DE VIDA de su projimo,

POR LA CAPACIDAD DE CONSUMO,

de su PROJIMO: EN EL SUPERMERCADO...

POR SU ACCESO A LOS ELECTRODOMESTICOS,

POR SU ACCESO AL MICRO-CREDITO

Para CREAR UNA MYPIME EXPORTADORA...

Por su MICRO-ECONOMIA, PERSONAL

& FAMILIAR, en los campos y en las ciudades...

POR CONOCER EL METODO DE ACTUACION

DE KONSTANTIN STANISLAVSKI, para poder

HACER CARRE COMO:

LOCUTOR,

HUMORISTA,

ARTISTA DE LOS ESCENARIOS,

ARTISTA FRETE A LAS CAMARAS,

ARTISTA FRENTE A UN MICROFONO,

ARTISTA EN UN PLATO DE CINE,

ARTISTA EN UN ESTUDIO DE GRABACION,

ARTISTA EN UNA CABINA DE RADIO,

ARTISTA EN UNA CLASE DE BALLET,

INGENIERO ELECTRONICO EN UNA :

UNIVERSIDAD...

ARQUITECTO O URBANISTA EN :

UNA UNIVERSIDAD...

GERENTE O ADMINISTRADOR EN UNA

UNIVERSIDAD...

INGENIERO AGRONOMO EN UNA UNIVERSIDAD

INGENIERO ZOOTECNISTA, EN UNA UNIVERSIDAD

EXPERTO EN AGRO-NEGOCIOS, EN UNA :

UNIVERSIDAD...

SOLUCIONADOR AMIGABLE DE CONFLICTOS

EN SU COMUNIDAD, DESDE LA CULTURA DE

PAZ....

EXPORTADOR DESDE EL COMERCIO

DOMINICANO, HACIA EL MERECADO MUNDIAL...

DESDE :

MYPIMES, con ACCESO  AL CREDITO,

AL MICRO-CREDITO, PARA LIBERARSE

DEL HAMBRE Y DE LA POBREZA, QUE

PERSIGUEN A CADA DOMINICANO Y

A CADA DOMINICANA, desde el ano :

3.500 antes de Cristo, hasta el dia de hoy,

en esta media ISLA: HISPANIOLA...

---------

DIARIAMENTE...

JUAN EMILIO BOSCH GAVINO se confeso

ATEO, al final de su vida...pero hizo mas

POR LOS POBRES & POR LOS CAMPESINOS

POBRES, Que muchos lideres RELIGIOSOS,

desde la practica diaria del ejemplo,

-DEL AMOR AL PROJIMO-

THORSTEIN VEBLEN ERA ATEO...

PERO :

INGENIERO ELECTRONICO DOMINICANO

FRANK HATTON GUERRERO, era :

CATOLICO, APOSTOLICO, ROMANO...

PRESIDENTE DANILO MEDINA SANCHEZ

ES UN LIDER DE LA COMUNIDAD EVANGELICA

y eso NO le ha restado OPORTUNIDAD de :

1. RECIBIR LA OPORTUNIDAD EDUCATIVA,

como ING. QUIMICO & ECONOMISTA...

2. NI PARA LLEGAR A ENAMORARSE,

de una CIENTIFICA CATOLICA, como la

PSICOLOGA CLINICA, Lic. CANDIDA

MONTILLA DE MEDINA, una cientifica:

CATOLICA, APOSTOLICA, ROMANA..

PORQUE EL AMOR & LA FAMILIA:

-NO SE DETIENEN EN ESAS PEQUENECES-

2. TEO VERAS LOPEZ (1950-2018), ERA:

LOCUTOR MUSICAL, ACTOR, HUMORISTA

RADIO PERSONALITY, catolico, apostolico

& romano...

ESO NO LE QUITO MERITOS para dejar una:

HOJA DE VIDA INSPIRADORA, ejemplar, para

ninos & ninas, de cualquier lugar del mundo,

QUE SUENEN INTRODUCIRSE A LA ECONOMIA

NARANJA,

A LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, EN LAS RESPECTIVAS

ECONOMIAS DE SUS PAISES, DESDE LA:

CREACION,

DISENO,

PUESTA EN MARCHA DE UNA MYPIME...

COMO LA VIDA INNOVADORA,

COMO LA VIDA DE UN CREADOR

DE RIQUEZA CON UN MICROFONO

EN LA MANO (1968-2018)...

1. EN LA CREATIVIDAD PATENTABLE...

2. EN LA CREACION DE PROPIEDAD

INDUSTRIAL, a partir del HUMOR...

-DEL DON DE GENTES-

3. INFORMANDO & ENTRETENIENDO

EN EN SHOW BUSINESS DOMINICANO,

EN LA FARANDULA DOMINICANA, CREANDO

CADENAS DE VALOR A PARTIR DE :

INTANGIBLES.

GOODWILL,

CALOR HUMANO,

PERSONAL BRANDING..

CON EL SUDOR DE SU FRENTE, COMO:

CIENTIFICO TICs, en la ECONOMIA

DOMINICANA,

CON SU CAPITAL HUMANO,

CON SU TALENTO HUMANO,

CON SU GERENCIA PERFORMTIVA

DE ESCENARIOS: HUMANA...

1. DESDE LA MUSICA DEL MUNDO...

2. DESDE LA AMABILIDAD.

3. DESDE LAS SOFT SKILLS.

4. DESDE LA INNOVACION.

5. DESDE LA COMPETITIVIDAD:

EN BASE AL JUEGO LIMPIO, A FUERZA

DE TALENTO,

TALENTO,

EXCELENCIA:

CALIDAD EXPORTABLE EN LA INDUSTRIA

AUDIOVISUAL DOMINICANA DE CLASE

MUNDIAL

-MANUFACTURA DE PRODUCTOS

AUDIOVISUALES DOMINICANOS,

PARA Y POR LA RADIO DE FM,

COMO ESPACIO CULTURAL &

CIENTIFICO, DE LAS:

1. CIENCIAS RADIOFONICAS.

2. DE LA INGENIERIA ELECTRONICA.

3. DE LAS CIENCIAS TICs...

CAMINANDO A PASO FIRME CON SU :

VERDAD, LA CALIDAD DE UNA VOZ

HUMANA, entre fines del siglo XX e

inicios del siglo XXI (1968-2018), como:

ACTOR RADIOFONICO DOMINICANO.

ACTOR HUMORISTICO DOMINICANO.

ACTOR QUE SENTO CATEDRA DEL

BUEN USO DE LA LENGUA ESPANOLA

EN LA RADIO DOMINICANA COMERCIAL

& DE CALIDAD EXPORTABLE.

EN LA PUBLICIDAD DOMINICANA COMERCIAL

& DE CALIDAD EXPORTABLE.

SIEMPRE DESDE EL PERSONAL BRANDING:

CON UN MICROFONO DE RADIO EN LA

MANO:

EN LA 91 FM desde 1985

Y PRACTICAMENTE TODA SU VIDA, en el

servicio y amor al projimo en :

1. TODAS LAS TEMPORADAS CICLONICAS.

2. EN TODAS LAS NAVIDADES,

3. EN TODAS LAS SEMANAS SANTA.

4. EN TODAS LAS VACACIONES DE :

VERANO...

5. EN TODAS LAS VACACIONES :

ESCOLARES, porque ademas de :

LOCUTOR DIVERTIDO DOMINICANO,

ERA UN FILANTROPO, COMO LO HAN

SABIDO SER, POCOS Y POCAS:

DOMINICANOS & DOMINICANAS, desde:

RADIO CLUB DOMINICANO, INC.

UN VOLUNTARIO: DOMINICANO.

-----------

EL PREMIO GARDO (2019) es la confirmacion

DE QUE:

INGENIERO ELECTRONICO, FRANK

HATTON GUERRERO, TENIA RAZON,

EN SUS SUENOS PARA LA ECONOMIA

DOMINICANA, DEL SIGLO XXI...

1.Como cientifico dominicano

fundador de la INDUSTRIA RADIOFONICA

DOMINICANA , COMERCIAL, RENTABLE

-SOSTENIBLE, BANCARIZABLE, LUCRATIVA-

ERA:

1. UN TRABAJADOR productivo de riqueza,

-DESDE UNA MYPIME DOMINICANA:HIZ-

para la industria de los MEDIOS ELECTRONICOS

O DE LA COMUNICACION NO ESCRITA

DOMINICANA...

1. UN PRODUCTOR DE CONTENIDOS :

VERBALES, MULTILINGUES, para:

NARRACION DEPORTIVA, RADIAL...

(1920-1981)

2. UN PRODUCTOR DE CONTENIDOS,

NOTICIOSOS, INFORMATIVOS, desde su:

ESTACION DE RADIO EXPERIMENTAL

(1920-1981), pero por sobre todas las cosas:

ESTOS INDIVIDUOS ERAN:

1. PATRIOTAS,

2.NACIONALISTAS,

3.DOMINICANISTAS,

4.JUANPABLODUARTIANOS,

que trabajaban

TODOS LOS DIAS DE SU VIDA EN :

1.LA ECONOMIA DOMINICANA,

2.EN EL MERCADO DE TRABAJO PRODUCTIVO

DOMINICANO, para:

1. MANTENER

2. SER RESPONSABLES,

de sus:

1. MUJERES O ESPOSAS, sin importar de que:

religion o partido politico fueran, POR :

AMOR...

2. TRABAJAN TODOS LOS DIAS DE SUS

VIDAS, para complir con el DEBER :

PATERNO-FILIAL...

1.AMAR.

2.EDUCAR

3.Y HACER FELICES A SUS NINOS Y NINAS

DOMINICANOS, laborando en el mercado de

trabajo,

1. EN EL COMERCIO DOMINICANO

-DENTRO DE LAS LEYES DOMINICANAS-

& EN LA INDUSTRIA DOMINICANA

-DENTRO DE LAS LEYES DOMINICANAS-

1.CON EL SUDOR DE SU FRENTE...

2.DENTRO DE LAS CIENCIAS: TICs.

Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV.

CCIAV, CC4AVE

Talents, Criticism,Friendship!

Salut, Polis, Ecumene!

(1959-2019)

--------
QUE ES EL PREMIO GARDO (2019),

https://www.premiogardo.com/

A LA RADIO, COMO INDUSTRIA

COMERCIAL

-RENTABLE, BANCARIZABLE, EXPORTADORA-

 DOMINICANA?

-------

DEFINICIÓN:
https://www.premiogardo.com/

Un premio a las

1.PRODUCCIONES RADIOFONICAS

producciones radiofónicas,

1.1. SUS PRODUCTORES.

1.2. SUS CONDUCTORES

sus productores
y a sus conductores.

MISIÓN:

PREMIAR A QUIENES:

1. NOS INFORMAN.

2. NOS ENTRETIENEN.
Premiar a quienes nos informan y entretienen

3. A TRAVES DE LA RADIO.

a través de la radio

PARA INCENTIVAR:

1. SU CALIDAD.

2. SU CREATIVIDAD.
para incentivar su calidad y creatividad.

VISIÓN

1. QUE LA RADIO ELABORADA

2. EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA
Que la radio elaborada en la República Dominicana

3. LOGRE:

1. UNA MAYOR CALIDAD.

2. IDENTIDAD PROPIA.

logre
una mayor calidad e identidad propia.

VALORES:

1. HONESTIDAD.

2. TRANSPARENCIA.

Honestidad y transparencia.

SUS 27 ANOS DE EJERCICIO HOLISTICO...

1. EN LA ELABORACION

2. DE CONTENIDOS

PARA MEDIOS:

1. ESCRITOS.

2.RADIALES.

3. TELEVISADOS.

Sus 27 años de un ejercicio holístico en la elaboración de contenidos para medios escritos, radiales y televisados,

ASI COMO LA CREACION DE :

1. EVENTOS.

2. MANEJO DE EVENTOS.

así como en la creación y manejo de eventos,

SIENDO EN ELLOS DESDE:

1.ASISTENTE DE PRODUCCION

.siendo en ellos desde asistente de producción

2. HASTA TENER RESPONSABILIDAD:

TOTAL

hasta tener la responsibilidad total en cada caso,

LE LLEVARON A :

1. IDENTIFICAR LA NECESIDAD.

2. DE CREAR.

3. UN GALARDON

QUE RECONOZCA: EL TRABAJO

 le llevaron a identificar la necesidad de crear

un galardón que reconozca el trabajo

DE LA GENTE QUE:

1.HA HECHO.

2. HACE :

RADIO

EN REPUBLICA DOMNICANA.

de la gente que hace y ha hecho radio en la República Dominicana.

JUAN CARLOS ALBELO.

Juan Carlos Albelo

• CEO de INDUSTRIA DE CONTENIDO

Insdustria de Contenido.

• PRODUCTOR GENERAL DE GARDO.

Productor General de Gardo

Mobirise
Dirección
Av. Rómulo Betancourt
#289, esquina Pedro A. Bobea.
Plaza Tania. Local 305
Bella Vista, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana

Contacto
Email: premiogardo@gmail.com
                Teléfono: 809-770-2333

© Premio Gardo

- Todos los derechos
reservados -
https://www.premiogardo.com/
---------

PREMIO GARDO.

--------
Premio Gardo
https://www.premiogardo.com

Un premio a las producciones radiofónicas, sus productores y a sus conductores. MISIÓN: Premiar a quienes nos informan y entretienen a través de la radio

------

PREMIO GARDO.

El registro de su respuesta en la encuesta no contiene ninguna ...
More results from premiogardo.com »

----------

ANUNCIAN VOTACION POPULAR:

PREMIOS GARDO.

-----------
Anuncian votación popular de Premios Gardo | Nota Clave de ...
https://notaclave.com › anuncian-votacion-popular-de-p...

Oct 19, 2019 - Premio Gardo tiene como objetivo ensalzar la labor de productores y conductores de los espacios radiofónicos de factura local, así como las ...

---------------

ABREN VOTACIONES POPULARES:

PREMIOS GARDO.

REPUBLICA DOMINICANA.

----------
Abren votaciones populares para Premio Gardo, a la radio ...
https://diariodigital.com.do › Espectáculos & Cultura

Oct 17, 2019 - Los organizadores de Gardo

(GALARDON A LA RADIO DOMINICANA), una iniciativa que enaltecerá a las producciones radiofónicas del país, a sus ...

-----------------

ABREN VOTACIONES : PREMIOS GARDO.

----------
Abren votaciones de Premio Gardo – El Nacional
https://elnacional.com.do › abren-votaciones-de-premio-...

Oct 22, 2019 - Los organizadores de Gardo (Galardón a la Radio Dominicana), una iniciativa que enaltecerá a las producciones radiofónicas del país, a sus ...
Videos

PREVIEW
5:12
Pre Nominaciones para los premios GARDO
Z Digital
YouTube - Oct 17, 2019

16:36
Juan Carlos Arvelo

NOS HABLA SOBRE: PREMIOS GARDO.

nos habla sobre los premios gardo parte 1
zolfm
Zol 106.5FM - Oct 22, 2019

12:09
Juan Carlos Arvelo nos habla sobre los premios gardo parte 2
zolfm
YouTube - Oct 22, 2019

PREVIEW
16:36
Juan Carlos Arvelo nos habla sobre los premios gardo parte 1
zolfm
YouTube - Oct 22, 2019

12:09
Juan Carlos Arvelo nos habla sobre los premios gardo parte 2
zolfm
Zol 106.5FM - Oct 22, 2019

PREVIEW
1:14
Premios Gardo - Rueda de Prensa.
Market View Canal 14
YouTube - Jul 11, 2019

16:48
Conversando con Juan Carlos Albelo sobre los "Premios ...
Esta Noche Mariasela
YouTube - Aug 1, 2019

5:20
Anuncian premio para la radio dominicana
Noticias SIN
YouTube - Jul 17, 2019

PREVIEW
34:11
Detalles de los Premios Gardo y futuro de la radio dominicana
Almuerzo De Negocios
YouTube - Jul 18, 2019

--------

-ABREN VOTACIONES POPULARES:

 PREMIOS GARDO.

-----------
Abren votaciones populares para Premio Gardo - Diario Libre
https://www.diariolibre.com › revista › cultura › abren-v...

Oct 20, 2019 - SD.

-----------

EL DOCUMENTALISTA & PRODUCTOR DE

TELEVISION...

-----------

El documentalista y productor de televisión y radio Juan Carlos Albelo anunció la apertura de las votaciones populares en el Gran Santo ...

----------
----------

GALARDÓN -

CREAN PREMIO PARA RADIO DOMINICANA.

------------
Crean premio para la radio dominicana | Listín ...
https://listindiario.com › entretenimiento › 2019/07/15

Jul 15, 2019 -

--------------

ANUNCIAN LA PRIMERA EDICION

DE PREMIO GARDO

-----------
Anuncian la primera edición de Premio Gardo. Se trata de un galardón a la radio dominicana,

-------------

1.UNA INICIATIVA QUE ENALTECERA

2.A LAS PRODUCCIONES RADIOFONICAS:

3.DOMINICANAS.

---------

una iniciativa que enaltecerá a las producciones ...
Anuncian primera edición de Premio Gardo a la radio ... - Acento
https://acento.com.do › sociales › 8703689-anuncian-pri...

Jul 11, 2019 - Premio Gardo tiene como objetivo ensalzar la labor de productores y conductores

1.DE LOS ESPACIOS RADIOFONICOS DE:

2.FACTURA LOCAL.

de los espacios radiofónicos de factura local, así como las ...

-------------

PREMIO GARDO : RECONOCE

1. CALIDAD.

2. PRODUCCIONES DE RADIO.

3. DOMINICANA.

------
Hoy Digital - Premio Gardo reconoce calidad de la radio ...
https://hoy.com.do › premio-gardo-reconoce-calidad-de...

Jul 23, 2019 - “Premio Gardo nace con el

FIRME OBJETIVO DE :

1. DESTACAR.

-CON HONESTIDAD & TRANSPARENCIA-

1.1. QUIENES NOS INFORMAN.

1.2. QUIENES NOS: ENTRETIENEN

A TRAVES DE:

LA RADIO.

 firme objetivo de destacar con honestidad y transparencia a quienes nos informan y entretienen a través de la radio ...

-----------

QUE FELICIDAD, DOMINICANISTA,

LA NOMINACION DE SINDY, DE 12 & 2

A LOS PREMIOS GARDO:

1.DE LA INDUSTRIA RADIOFONICA

2.DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA...

3. DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA DOMINICANA.

4. DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA..

---

CHARLEMAGNE.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Charlemagne denier Mayence 812 814.jpg
A denarius of Charlemagne dated c. 812–814

 with the inscription KAROLVS IMP AVG

 (Karolus Imperator Augustus) (in Latin)
Emperor of the Romans
Reign 25 December 800 – 28 January 814
Coronation 25 December 800
Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome
Successor Louis the Pious
King of the Lombards
Reign 10 July 774 – 28 January 814
Coronation 10 July 774
Pavia
Predecessor Desiderius
Successor Bernard of Italy
King of the Franks
Reign 9 October 768 – 28 January 814
Coronation 9 October 768
Noyon
Predecessor Pepin the Short
Successor Louis the Pious
Born 2 April 742,[1] 747[2] or 748
Frankish Kingdom
Died 28 January 814 (aged 65, 66 or 71)
Aachen, Francia (present-day Germany)
Burial Aachen Cathedral
Spouse
Desiderata
(m. c. 770; annulled 771)
Hildegard of Vinzgouw
(m. 771; d. 783)
Fastrada
(m. c. 783; d. 794)
Luitgard
(m. c. 794; d. 800)
Issue
Among others
Pepin the Hunchback
Charles the Younger
Pepin of Italy
Louis the Pious
Dynasty Carolingian
Father Pepin the Short
Mother Bertrada of Laon
Religion Roman Catholicism
Signum manus Charlemagne's signature
Carolingian dynasty
Signum manus of Charlemagne.svg
Pippinids[show]
Arnulfings[show]
Carolingians[show]
After the Treaty of Verdun (843)[show]
vte
Charlemagne (English: /ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn, ˌʃɑːrləˈmeɪn/; French: [ʃaʁləmaɲ])[3] or Charles the Great[a] (2 April 748[4][b] – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was king of the Franks from 768, king of the Lombards from 774, and emperor of the Romans from 800.

DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGE

1. HE UNIFY THE MAJORITY OF:

1.1. WESTERN.

1.2. CENTRAL

EUROPE.

2. THE MADuring the Early Middle Ages, he united the majority of western and central Europe.

HE WAS THE FIRST RECOGNIZED

He was the first recognised

1. EMPEROR.

2. TO RULE

WESTERN EUROPE

emperor to rule from western Europe

3. SINCE THE FALL.

4. WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE

since the fall of the Western Roman Empire

300 YEARS EARLIER

 three centuries earlier.[5]

The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne

founded is called the

CAROLINGIANEMPIRE

Carolingian Empire.

HE WAS LATER CANONIZED

He was later canonized by Antipope Paschal III.

Charlemagne was the ELDEST SON

eldest

SON:

1.son of Pepin the Short

2.and Bertrada of Laon,

BORN BEFORE THEIR CANONICAL MARRIAGE

born before their canonical marriage.[6]

He became king in 768

FOLLOWING HIS FATHER;S DEATH...

following his father's death,

 initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I.

Carloman's sudden death in December 771

under unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne

THE SOLE RULER OF THE :

1. FRANKISH

2. KINGDOM

the sole ruler of the Frankish Kingdom.[7]

He continued his father's

POLICY TOWARDS THE PAPACY

 policy towards the papacy and became its protector,

REMOVING THE LOMBARDS

removing the Lombards from power

IN NORTHERN ITALY

 in northern Italy and

LEADING INCURSION INTO:

MUSLIM SPAIN

 leading an incursion into Muslim Spain.

HE CAMPAIGNEG AGAINST

THE SAXONS

He campaigned against the Saxons to his east,

1. CHRISTIANIZING THEM

1.1. UPON PENALTY OF DEATH

1.2. AND LEADINGC EVENTS AS:

THE MASACRE OF VERDEN.

hristianizing them upon penalty of death and leading to events such as the Massacre of Verden.

He reached the height of his power in 800

1.WHEN HE WAS CROWNED

 when he was crowned

2. "EMPEROR OF THE ROMANS"

2.1.BY POPE LEO III

by Pope Leo III

2.2. ON CHRISTMAS DAY

on Christmas Day at Rome's Old

SAINT PETER BASILICA.

 St. Peter's Basilica.

Charlemagne

HAS CALLED:

1. THE FATHER OF EUROPE.

has been called the "Father of Europe"

2. PATER EUROPAE

(Pater Europae),[c] as

2.1. HE UNITED MOST THE WESTERN

EUROPE

 he united most of Western Europe

2.2. FOR THE FIRST TIME.

 for the first time

2.3. SINCE THE CLASSICAL ERA

OF ROMAN

EMPIRE.

since the classical era of the Roman Empire

2.4. AND UNITED PARTS OF EUROPE

and united parts of Europe

2.5. THAT HAD NEVER BEEN:

UNDER

1. FRANKISH.

2. ROMANN

RULE.

that had never been under Frankish or Roman rule.

HIS RULE SPURRED:

1.THE CAROLINGIAN

RENAISSANCE

 His rule spurred the Carolingian Renaissance,

2. A PERIOD OF ENERGETIC

2.1. CULTURAL.

2.2. INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY

2.3. WITHIN THE WESTERN CHURCH.

 a period of energetic cultural and intellectual activity within the Western Church.

EMPERORS OF THE HOLY

ROMAN EMPIRE

1. CONSIDERED THEMSELVES

2. SUCCESSORS OF CARLEMAGNE

Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire considered themselves successors of Charlemagne,

3. AS DID THE:

1. FRENCH.

2. GERMAN

MONARCHS.

as did the French and German monarchs.

The Eastern Orthodox Church viewed Charlemagne less favorably due to his support of the filioque and the Pope's having preferred him as Emperor

OVER THE BIZANTINE EMPIRE:

IRENE OF ATHENS

 over the Byzantine Empire's Irene of Athens.

 These and other disputes led to the eventual split of Rome and Constantinople in the

THE GREAT SCHISM OF

Great Schism of 1054.[8][d]

Charlemagne died in 814 and was laid to rest in his imperial capital city of Aachen.

1.HE MARRIED AT LEAST 4 FOURTH TIMES

He married at least four times

2. AND HAD3 LEGIMATE SONS

and had three legitimate sons who lived to adulthood, but only the youngest of them, Louis the Pious, survived to succeed him.

Contents
1 Political background
2 Rise to power
2.1 Early life
2.1.1 Date of birth
2.1.2 Place of birth
2.2 Ancestry
2.3 Ambiguous high office
2.4 Aquitainian rebellion
2.4.1 Formation of a new Aquitaine
2.4.2 Acquisition of Aquitaine by the Carolingians
2.4.3 Loss and recovery of Aquitaine
2.5 Marriage to Desiderata
3 Italian campaigns
3.1 Conquest of the Lombard kingdom
3.2 Southern Italy
4 Children
5 Carolingian expansion to the south
5.1 Vasconia and the Pyrenees
5.2 Roncesvalles campaign
5.3 Contact with the Saracens
5.4 Wars with the Moors
6 Eastern campaigns
6.1 Saxon Wars
6.2 Submission of Bavaria
6.3 Avar campaigns
6.4 Northeast Slav expeditions
6.5 Southeast Slav expeditions
7 Imperium
7.1 Coronation
7.1.1 Debate
7.2 Imperial title
7.3 Imperial diplomacy
7.4 Danish attacks
7.5 Death
8 Administration
8.1 Organisation
8.2 Military
8.3 Economic and monetary reforms
8.4 Jews in Charlemagne's realm
8.5 Education reforms
8.6 Church reforms
8.7 Writing reforms
8.8 Political reforms
8.8.1 Divisio regnorum
9 Personality
9.1 Manner
9.2 Language
9.3 Appearance
9.4 Dress
9.5 Homes
10 Family
11 Name
12 Beatification
13 Cultural uses
13.1 Middle Ages
13.2 Modern era
14 See also
15 Notes
16 References
16.1 Citations
16.2 Bibliography
17 External links
Political background

Francia, early 8th century

FRANCIA : EARLY 8TH CENTURY.

By the 6th century,

1.THE WESTERN GERMANIC TRIBE

 the western Germanic tribe

2. OF THE FRANKS.

3. HAD BEEN CHRISTIANIZED

of the Franks had been Christianised,

due in considerable

1.MEASURE CATHOLIC

2.CONVERSION OF CLOVIS

measure to the Catholic conversion of Clovis I.[9] .

1.FRANCIA RULED BY MEROVINGIANS

Francia, ruled by the Merovingians,

2. WAS THE MOST POWERFUL

3. OF THE KINGDOMS

was the most powerful of the kingdoms

4. THAT SUCCEDED THE:

WESTER ROMAN EMPIRE

 that succeeded the Western Roman Empire.[10] .

LOS REYES HOLGAZANES, NUNCA:

1. HAN HECHO PRODUCIR RIQUEZA

2. A LAS ECONOMIAS

Following the Battle of Tertry, the Merovingians declined into powerlessness, for which they have been dubbed the rois fainéants ("do-nothing kings").[11] .

1.ALL GOVERNMENT POWERS

Almost all government powers

2. WERE EXERCISED.

BY THE MAJOR: CHIEF OFFICER,

INTO THE PALACE.

 were exercised by their chief officer, the mayor of the palace.[e]

In 687, Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, ended the strife between various kings and their mayors with his victory at Tertry.[12]

1.HE BECAME THE SOLE: GOVERNOR:

-OF THE ENTIRE EMPIRE-

2.OF THE ENTIRE FANKISH EMPIRE.

He became the sole governor of the entire Frankish kingdom.

PEPIN WAS THE GRANDSON...

Pepin was the grandson of two important figures

 of the Austrasian Kingdom:

1.Saint Arnulf of Metz and

2.Pepin of Landen.[13]

Pepin of Herstal was eventually succeeded

BY HIS SON

 by his son Charles, later known as

CHARLES MARTEL

Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer).[14]

External video
Charlemagne at dinner - British Library Royal MS 15 E vi f155r (detail).jpg
 The Early Middle Ages, 284–1000: Charlemagne, 46:14, YaleCourses on YouTube, Yale University
 Charlemagne: An Introduction, Smarthistory, 7:49, Khan Academy
After 737, Charles governed the Franks in lieu of a king and declined to call himself king. Charles was succeeded in 741 by his sons Carloman and Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne. In 743, the brothers placed Childeric III on the throne to curb separatism in the periphery.

HE WAS THE LAST MEROVINGIAN

KING.

He was the last Merovingian king.

Carloman resigned office in 746,

1.PREFERRING TO ENTER THE CHURCH

preferring to enter the church

2. AS A MONK

 as a monk.

Pepin brought the question of the kingship before Pope Zachary, asking whether it was logical for a king to have no royal power.

THE POPE HANDED DOWN HIS DECISION...

The pope handed down his decision in 749, decreeing that it was better for Pepin to be called king, as he had the powers of high office as Mayor, so as not to confuse the hierarchy.

1.HE THEREFORE, ORDERED HIM TO BECOME:

2.THE TRUE KING

He, therefore, ordered him to become the true king.[15]

In 750, Pepin was elected by an assembly of the Franks, anointed by the archbishop, and then raised to the office of king.

 The Pope branded Childeric III as "the false king" and ordered him into a monastery.

The Merovingian dynasty was thereby

1REPLACED

2.BY CAROLINGIAN DINASTY

replaced by the Carolingian dynasty, named after Charles Martel. In 753, Pope Stephen II fled from Italy to Francia, appealing to Pepin for assistance for the rights of St. Peter.

He was supported in this appeal by Carloman, Charles' brother. In return, the pope could provide only legitimacy.

He did this by again anointing and confirming Pepin, this time

1.ADDING HIS YOUNG SON:

2.CAROLUS.

adding his young sons Carolus (Charlemagne)

and Carloman to the royal patrimony.

They thereby became heirs to the realm that already covered most of western Europe.

 In 754, Pepin accepted the Pope's invitation to visit Italy on behalf of St. Peter's rights, dealing successfully with the Lombards.[15][16]

Under the Carolingians, the Frankish kingdom spread to encompass an area including most of Western Europe; the east-west division of the

KINGDOM FORMED THE BASIS

FOR MODERN:

1. FRANCE.

2.GERMANY.

kingdom formed the basis for modern France and Germany.

Orman[17] portrays the Treaty of Verdun (843) between the warring grandsons of Charlemagne as the foundation event of an independent France under its first king Charles the Bald; an independent Germany under its first king Louis the German; and an independent intermediate state stretching from the Low Countries along the borderlands to south of Rome under Lothair I, who retained the title of emperor and the capitals Aachen and Rome without the jurisdiction. The middle kingdom had broken up by 890 and partly absorbed into the Western kingdom (later France) and the Eastern kingdom (Germany) and the rest developing into smaller "buffer" nations that exist between France and Germany

TO THIS DAY NAMELY:

1.BENELUX.

2. SWITZERLAND.

 to this day, namely the Benelux and Switzerland.

1.THE CONCEPT AND MEMORY

2.OF A UNITED EUROPE

The concept and memory of a united Europe remain topical to the current time and hence

CHARLEMAGNE IS OFTEN

1.CONSIDERED.

2. THE FOREFATHER.

3.MODERN EUROPE.

Charlemagne is often considered the forefather of modern Europe.[18]

Rise to power

EARLY LIFE.

Early life

DATE OF BIRTH.

Date of birth
The most likely date of Charlemagne's birth is reconstructed from several sources.

THE DATE OF ...

 The date of 742—calculated from Einhard's date of death of January 814 at age 72—

PREDATES THE MARRIAGE...

predates the marriage of

HIS PARENTS IN...

 his parents in 744.

The year given in the Annales Petaviani, 747,

would be more likely, except that it contradicts

 Einhard and a few other sources in making

Charlemagne sixty-seven years old at his death.

The month and day of 2 April are based

on a calendar from Lorsch Abbey.[19]

In 747, Easter fell on 2 April, a coincidence that likely would have been remarked upon by chroniclers but was not.[20] If Easter was being used as the beginning of the calendar year, then 2 April 747 could have been, by modern reckoning, April 748 (not on Easter).

THE DATE FAVOURED THE PROPONDERANCE...

 The date favoured by the preponderance of evidence[6] is 2 April 742, based on Charlemagne's age at the time of his death.[19]

This date supports the concept that Charlemagne

WAS TECHNICALLY AND ILLEGITIMATE

CHILD

was technically an illegitimate child, although that is not mentioned by Einhardin either since he was born out of wedlock; Pepin and Bertrada were bound by a private contract or Friedelehe[6] at the time of his birth, but did not marry until 744.[21]

PLACE OF BIRTH.

Place of birth

The region of Aachen-Liège

 (CONTEMPORARY BORDERS

contemporary borders,

1. TRADE.

2. TRAVEL ROUTES

 trade- and travel routes)

Charlemagne's exact birthplace is unknown, although historians have suggested Aachen in modern-day Germany, and Liège

 (HERSTALl) in present-day

BELGIUM AS POSSIBLE LOCATION

Belgium as possible locations.[22]

Aachen and Liège are close to the

1.REGION WHENCE THE MEROVIGIAN

2.AND CAROLINGIAN

 region whence the Merovingian and Carolingian

3. FAMILIES ORIGINATED.

families originated.

Other cities have been suggested, including

DUREN/

GAUTING

MURLENBACH

 Düren, Gauting, Mürlenbach,[23]

QUIERZY.

PRUM.

Quierzy, and Prüm.

No definitive evidence resolves the question.

ANCESTRY.

Ancestry
Charlemagne was the eldest child of Pepin the Short (714 – 24 September 768, reigned from 751) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720 – 12 July 783), daughter of Caribert of Laon.

MANY HISTORIANS CONSIDER...

Many historians consider Charlemagne (Charles) to have been illegitimate, although some state that this is arguable,[24] because Pepin did not marry Bertrada until 744, which was after Charles' birth; this status did not exclude him from the succession.[25][26][27]

Records name only Carloman, Gisela, and three short-lived children named Pepin, Chrothais and Adelais as his younger siblings.

It would be folly, I think,

TO WRITE A WORD CONCERNING...

to write a word concerning Charles'

BIRTH AND INFANCY...

 birth and infancy, or even his BOYHOOD

boyhood,

for nothing has ever been written on the subject, and there is no one alive now who can give information on it.

— Einhard[28]
Ancestors of Charlemagne
Ambiguous high office
Further information: Mayor of the Palace....

The most powerful officers of the Frankish people, the Mayor of the Palace (Maior Domus) and one or more kings (rex, reges), were appointed by the election of the people.

ELECTIONS WERE NOT PERIODIC...

 Elections were not periodic, but were held as required to elect officers ad quos summa imperii pertinebat, "to whom the highest matters of state pertained". Evidently, interim decisions could be made by the Pope, which ultimately needed to be ratified using an assembly of the people that met annually.[29]

Before he was elected king in 751, Pepin was initially a mayor, a high office he held "as though hereditary" (velut hereditario fungebatur).

Einhard explains that "the honour" was usually "given by the people" to the distinguished, but Pepin the Great and his brother Carloman the Wise received it as though hereditary, as had their father, Charles Martel.

There was, however, a certain ambiguity about quasi-inheritance. The office was treated as joint property: one Mayorship held by two brothers jointly.[30] Each, however, had his own geographic jurisdiction. When Carloman decided to resign,

BECOMING ULTIMATELY...

1. A BENECOMING ULTIMATELY...

2. BENEDICTINE

3. MONTE CASSINO.

 becoming ultimately a Benedictine at Monte Cassino,[31]

the question of the disposition of his quasi-share was settled by the pope.

He converted the mayorship into a kingship and awarded the joint property to Pepin, who gained the right to pass it on by inheritance.[32]

This decision was not accepted by all family members. Carloman had consented to the temporary tenancy of his own share, which he intended to pass on to his son, Drogo, when the inheritance should be settled at someone's death.

BY THE POPE DECISION...

By the Pope's decision, in which Pepin had a hand, Drogo was to be disqualified as an heir in favour of his cousin Charles.

He took up arms in opposition to the decision and was joined by Grifo, a half-brother of Pepin and Carloman, who had been given a share by Charles Martel, but was stripped of it and held under loose arrest by his half-brothers after an attempt to seize their shares by military action.

Grifo perished in combat in the Battle of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne while Drogo was hunted down and taken into custody.[33]

On the death of Pepin, 24 September 768, the kingship passed jointly to his sons, "with divine assent" (divino nutu).[34]

1.ACCORDING THE LIFE...

2.PEPIN DIED IN PARIS...

According to the Life, Pepin died in Paris. The Franks "in general assembly" (generali conventu) gave them both the rank of a king (reges) but "partitioned the whole body of the kingdom equally" (totum regni corpus ex aequo partirentur).

The annals[35] tell a slightly different version, with the king dying at St-Denis, near Paris. The two "lords" (domni) were "elevated to kingship" (elevati sunt in regnum), Charles on 9 October in Noyon, Carloman on an unspecified date in Soissons. If born in 742,

1.CHARLES WAS 26 YEARS OLD...

Charles was 26 years old,

2. BUT HE HAD BEEN:

CAMPAIGNING.

3. WITH HIS FATHER...

but he had been campaigning

4. AT HIS FATHER RIGHT HAND...

5. FOR SEVERAL YEARS...

at his father's right hand for several years,

6. WHICH MAY HELP TO ACCOUNT

7. FOR HIS MILITARY SKILL:

CARLOMAN WAS 17 YEARS OLD...

which may help to account for his military skill. Carloman was 17.

The language, in either case, suggests that there were not two inheritances, which would have created distinct kings ruling over distinct kingdoms, but a single joint inheritance and a joint kingship tenanted by two equal kings, Charles and his brother Carloman. As before, distinct jurisdictions were awarded. Charles received Pepin's original share as Mayor: the outer parts of the kingdom bordering on the sea, namely Neustria, western Aquitaine, and the

NORTHERN PARTS OF AUSTRASIA...

northern parts of Austrasia; while Carloman was awarded his uncle's former share, the inner parts: southern Austrasia, Septimania, eastern Aquitaine, Burgundy, Provence, and Swabia, lands bordering Italy.

 The question of whether these jurisdictions were joint shares reverting to the other brother if one brother died or were inherited property passed on to the descendants of the brother who died was never definitely settled.

 It came up repeatedly over the succeeding decades until the grandsons of Charlemagne created distinct sovereign kingdoms.

Aquitainian rebellion
Formation of a new Aquitaine
Main article: Aquitaine
Aquitaine under Rome had been in southern Gaul, Romanised and speaking a Romance language. Similarly, Hispania had been populated by peoples who spoke various languages, including Celtic, but the area was now populated primarily by Romance language speakers. Between Aquitaine and Hispania were the Euskaldunak, Latinised to Vascones, or Basques,[36] living in Basque country, Vasconia, which extended, according to the distributions of place names attributable to the Basques, most densely in the western Pyrenees but also as far south as the upper Ebro River in Spain and as far north as the Garonne River in France.[37]

THE FRENCH NAME GASCONY...

The French name, Gascony, derives from Vasconia.

1.THE ROMANS WERE NEVER ABLE TO

The Romans were never able to

2. ENTERELY SUBJECT :

VASCONIA.

entirely subject Vasconia.

The parts they did, in which they placed the region's first cities, were sources of legions in the Roman army valued for their fighting abilities.

1.THE BORDER IWTH AQUITAINE WAS

2.TOULOUSE .

The border with Aquitaine was Toulouse.

At about 660, the Duchy of Vasconia united with the Duchy of Aquitaine to form a single realm under Felix of Aquitaine, governing from Toulouse.

This was a joint kingship with a Basque Duke, Lupus I. Lupus is the Latin translation of Basque Otsoa, "wolf".[38]

At Felix's death in 670 the joint property of the kingship reverted entirely to Lupus. As the Basques had no law of joint inheritance

BUT PRACTICE PRIMOGENITURE...

but practised primogeniture, Lupus in effect founded a hereditary dynasty of Basque rulers of an expanded Aquitaine.[39]

Acquisition of Aquitaine by the Carolingians
Further information: Umayyad conquest of Hispania

MOORISH HISPANIA:

Moorish Hispania in 732.

The Latin chronicles of the end of Visigothic Hispania omit many details, such as identification of characters, filling in the gaps and reconciliation of numerous contradictions.[40]

Muslim sources, however, present a more coherent view, such as in the Ta'rikh iftitah al-Andalus ("History of the Conquest of al-Andalus") by Ibn al-Qūṭiyya ("the son of the Gothic woman", referring to the granddaughter of Wittiza, the last Visigothic king of a united Hispania, who married a Moor). Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, who had another, much longer name, must have been relying to some degree on family oral tradition.

According to Ibn al-Qūṭiyya[41] Wittiza, the last Visigothic king of a united Hispania died before his three sons, Almund, Romulo, and Ardabast reached maturity. Their mother was queen regent at Toledo, but Roderic, army chief of staff, staged a rebellion, capturing Córdoba.

He chose to impose a joint rule over distinct jurisdictions on the true heirs. Evidence of a division of some sort can be found in the distribution of coins imprinted with the name of each king and in the king lists.[42]

Wittiza was succeeded by Roderic, who reigned for seven and a half years, followed by Achila (Aquila), who reigned three and a half years. If the reigns of both terminated with the incursion of the Saracens, then Roderic appears to have reigned a few years before the majority of Achila.

The latter's kingdom is securely placed to the northeast, while Roderic seems to have taken the rest, notably modern Portugal.

The Saracens crossed the mountains to claim Ardo's Septimania, only to encounter the Basque dynasty of Aquitaine, always the allies of the Goths.

Odo the Great of Aquitaine was at first victorious at the Battle of Toulouse in 721.[43] Saracen troops gradually massed in Septimania and in 732 an army under Emir Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi advanced into Vasconia, and Odo was defeated at the Battle of the River Garonne.

They took Bordeaux and were advancing towards Tours when Odo, powerless to stop them, appealed to his arch-enemy, Charles Martel, mayor of the Franks. In one of the first of the lightning marches for which the Carolingian kings became famous, Charles and his army appeared in the path of the Saracens between Tours and Poitiers, and in the Battle of Tours decisively defeated and killed al-Ghafiqi.

THE MOORS RETURNED TWICE MORE...

 The Moors returned twice more, each time suffering defeat at Charles' hands—at the River Berre near Narbonne in 737[44] and in the Dauphiné in 740.[45] Odo's price for salvation from the Saracens was incorporation into the Frankish kingdom, a decision that was repugnant to him and also to his heirs.

LOSS AND RECOVERY AQUITAINE.

Loss and recovery of Aquitaine
After the death of his father, Hunald I allied himself with free Lombardy. However, Odo had ambiguously left the kingdom jointly to his two sons, Hunald and Hatto.

The latter, loyal to Francia, now went to war with his brother over full possession. Victorious, Hunald blinded and imprisoned his brother, only to be so stricken by conscience that he resigned and entered the church as a monk to do penance.

The story is told in Annales Mettenses priores.[46] His son Waifer took an early inheritance, becoming duke of Aquitaine and ratified the alliance with Lombardy. Waifer decided to honour it, repeating his father's decision, which he justified by arguing that any agreements with Charles Martel became invalid on Martel's death.

 Since Aquitaine was now Pepin's inheritance because of the earlier assistance that was given by Charles Martel, according to some the latter and his son, the young Charles, hunted down Waifer, who could only conduct a guerrilla war, and executed him.[47]

Among the contingents of the Frankish army were Bavarians under Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria, an Agilofing, the hereditary Bavarian ducal family.

Grifo had installed himself as Duke of Bavaria, but Pepin replaced him with a member of the ducal family yet a child, Tassilo, whose protector he had become after the death of his father.

THE LOYALTY...

The loyalty of the Agilolfings

WAS PERPETUALLY IN QUESTION...

was perpetually in question, but Pepin exacted numerous oaths of loyalty from Tassilo. However, the latter had married Liutperga, a daughter of Desiderius, king of Lombardy.

At a critical point in the campaign, Tassilo left the field with all his Bavarians. Out of reach of Pepin, he repudiated all loyalty to Francia.[48] Pepin had no chance to respond as he grew ill and died within a few weeks after Waifer's execution.

The first event of the brothers' reign was the uprising of the Aquitainians and Gascons, in 769, in that territory split between the two kings.

ONE YEAR EARLIER....

 One year earlier, Pepin had finally defeated Waifer, Duke of Aquitaine, after waging a destructive, ten-year war against Aquitaine. Now, Hunald II led the Aquitainians as far north as Angoulême. Charles met Carloman, but Carloman refused to participate and returned to Burgundy. Charles went to war, leading an army to Bordeaux, where he set up a fort at Fronsac. Hunald was forced to flee to the court of Duke Lupus II of Gascony. Lupus, fearing Charles, turned Hunald over in exchange for peace, and Hunald was put in a monastery. Gascon lords also surrendered, and Aquitaine and Gascony were finally fully subdued by the Franks.

MARRIAGE TO DESIDERATA...

Marriage to Desiderata
The brothers maintained lukewarm relations with the assistance of their mother Bertrada, but in 770 Charles signed a treaty with Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria and married a Lombard Princess (commonly known today as Desiderata), the daughter of King Desiderius, to surround Carloman with his own allies. Though Pope Stephen III first opposed the marriage with the Lombard princess, he found little to fear from a Frankish-Lombard alliance.

Less than a year after his marriage, Charlemagne repudiated Desiderata and

MARRIED A

13 YEARS OLD

1.SWABIAN

2.NAMED:

HILDEGARD.

married a 13-year-old Swabian named Hildegard.

THE REPUDIATED DESIDERATA...

 The repudiated Desiderata returned to her father's court at Pavia.

Her father's wrath was now aroused, and he would have gladly allied with Carloman to defeat Charles.

Before any open hostilities could be declared, however, Carloman died on 5 December 771, apparently of natural causes. Carloman's widow Gerberga fled to Desiderius' court with her sons for protection.

ITALIAN CAMPAIGNS.

Italian campaigns
Conquest of the Lombard kingdom

The Frankish king Charlemagne was a devout Catholic and maintained a close relationship with the papacy throughout his life. In 772, when Pope Adrian I was threatened by invaders, the king rushed to Rome to provide assistance.

Shown here, the pope asks Charlemagne for help at a meeting near Rome.
At his succession in 772, Pope Adrian I demanded the return of certain cities in the former exarchate of Ravenna in accordance with a promise at the succession of Desiderius. Instead,

Desiderius took over certain papal cities and invaded the Pentapolis, heading for Rome. Adrian sent ambassadors to Charlemagne in autumn requesting he enforce the policies of his father, Pepin.

 Desiderius sent his own ambassadors denying the pope's charges. The ambassadors met at Thionville, and Charlemagne upheld the pope's side. Charlemagne demanded what the pope had requested, but Desiderius swore never to comply. Charlemagne and his uncle Bernard crossed the Alps in 773 and chased the Lombards back to Pavia, which they then besieged.[49]

Charlemagne temporarily left the siege to deal with Adelchis, son of Desiderius, who was raising an army at Verona. The young prince was chased to the Adriatic littoral and fled to Constantinople to plead for assistance from Constantine V, who was waging war with Bulgaria.[50][32]

The siege lasted until the spring of 774 when Charlemagne visited the pope in Rome. There he confirmed his father's grants of land,[51] with some later chronicles falsely claiming that he also expanded them, granting Tuscany, Emilia, Venice and Corsica.

The pope granted him the title patrician. He then returned to Pavia, where the Lombards were on the verge of surrendering. In return for their lives, the Lombards surrendered and opened the gates in early summer.

 Desiderius was sent to the abbey of Corbie, and his son Adelchis died in Constantinople, a patrician. Charles, unusually, had himself crowned with the Iron Crown and made the magnates of Lombardy pay homage to him at Pavia.

Only Duke Arechis II of Benevento refused to submit and proclaimed independence. Charlemagne was then master of Italy as king of the Lombards. He left Italy with a garrison in Pavia and a few Frankish counts in place the same year.

Instability continued in Italy. In 776, Dukes Hrodgaud of Friuli and Hildeprand of Spoleto rebelled. Charlemagne rushed back from Saxony and defeated the Duke of Friuli in battle; the Duke was slain.[32]

 The Duke of Spoleto signed a treaty. Their co-conspirator, Arechis, was not subdued, and Adelchis, their candidate in Byzantium, never left that city. Northern Italy was now faithfully his.

SOUTHERN ITALY.

Southern Italy
In 787, Charlemagne directed his attention towards the Duchy of Benevento,[52] where Arechis II was reigning independently with the self-given title of Princeps.

Charlemagne's siege of Salerno forced Arechis into submission. However, after Arechis II's death in 787, his son Grimoald III proclaimed the Duchy of Benevento newly independent.

Grimoald was attacked many times by Charles' or his sons' armies, without achieving a definitive victory.[53] Charlemagne lost interest and never again returned to Southern Italy where Grimoald was able to keep the Duchy free from Frankish suzerainty.

CHILDREN.

Children

Charlemagne (left) and Pepin the Hunchback (10th-century copy of 9th-century original)
During the first peace of any substantial length (780–782), Charles began to appoint his sons to positions of authority. In 781, during a visit to Rome, he made his two youngest sons kings, crowned by the Pope.[f][g] The elder of these two, Carloman, was made the king of Italy, taking the Iron Crown that his father had first worn in 774, and in the same ceremony was renamed "Pepin"[32][51] (not to be confused with Charlemagne's eldest, possibly illegitimate son, Pepin the Hunchback).

The younger of the two, Louis, became King of Aquitaine. Charlemagne ordered Pepin and Louis to be raised in the customs of their kingdoms, and he gave their regents some control of their subkingdoms, but kept the real power, though he intended his sons to inherit their realms.

1.HE DID NOT TOLERATE:

2.INSUBORDINATION

3.IN HIS SONS...

He did not tolerate insubordination in his sons: in 792, he banished Pepin the Hunchback to the monastery of Prüm, because the young man had joined a rebellion against him.

CHARLES WAS DETERMINED TO HAVE:

1. HIS CHILDREN

2. EDUCATED.

3. INCLUDING: HIS DAUGHTERS.

Charles was determined to have his children educated, including his daughters,

1.AND HIS PARENTS HAD: INSTILED

as his parents had instilled

2. THE IMPORTANCE:

OF LEARNING...

3. IN HIM: AN EARLY AGE...

the importance of learning in him at an early age.[56]

1. HIS CHILDREN...

1.1. WERE TAUGHT.

1.2. IN ACCORD:

THEIR ARISTOCRATIC STATUS.

His children were also taught skills in accord with their aristocratic status,

WHICH INCLUDED TRAINING:

1. IN RIDDING.

2. WEAPONRY.

which included training in riding and weaponry

for his sons,

WHAT TO DO WITH GIRLS?

1. EMBRIDERY.

2. SPINNING.

3. WEAVING.

and embroidery, spinning and weaving for his daughters.[57]

The sons fought many wars on behalf of their father. Charles was mostly preoccupied with the Bretons, whose border he shared and who insurrected on at least two occasions and were easily put down.

He also fought the Saxons on multiple occasions.

 In 805 and 806, he was sent into the Böhmerwald

(MODERN BOHEMIA) to deal with the

Slavs living there

 (BOHEMIAN TRIBES:Bohemian tribes,

ANCESTORS OF THE MODERN CZECHS

ancestors of the modern Czechs).

He subjected them to Frankish authority and devastated the valley of the Elbe, forcing tribute from them. Pippin had to hold the Avar and Beneventan borders and fought the Slavs to his north.

He was uniquely poised to fight the Byzantine Empire when that conflict arose after Charlemagne's imperial coronation and a Venetian rebellion.

Finally, Louis was in charge of the Spanish March and fought the Duke of Benevento in southern Italy on at least one occasion. He took Barcelona in a great siege in 797.

Charlemagne instructing his son Louis the Pious
Charlemagne kept his daughters at home with him

AND REFUSED TO ALLOW THEM TO CONTRACT:

SACRAMENTAL MARRIAGES

and refused to allow them to contract sacramental marriages (though he originally condoned an engagement between his eldest daughter Rotrude and Constantine VI of Byzantium, this engagement was annulled when Rotrude was 11).[58]

CHARLEMAGNE OPPOSITION...

Charlemagne's opposition

1.TO HIS DAUGHTERS MARRIAGES

to his daughters' marriages

2. MAY HAVE INTENDED:

PREVENT...

may possibly have intended to prevent

3. THE CREATION OF CADET BRANCHES:

OF THE FAMILY.

 the creation of cadet branches of the family

3.1. TO CHALLENGE THE MAIN LINE.

to challenge the main line,

3.2.AS HAD BEEN THE CASE...

as had been the case with Tassilo of Bavaria.

However,

HE TOLERATD THEIR EXTRA-MARITAL:

 RELATIONShips...

he tolerated their extramarital relationships, even rewarding their common-law husbands and treasuring the illegitimate grandchildren they produced for him.

HE ALSO APPARENTLY REFUSED...

he also, apparently refused....

He also, apparently, refused to believe stories of their wild behaviour.

After his death the surviving daughters were banished from the court by their brother, the pious Louis, to take up residence in the convents they had been bequeathed by their father.

At least one of them, Bertha, had a recognised relationship, if not a marriage, with Angilbert, a member of Charlemagne's court circle.[59][60]

Carolingian expansion to the south
See also: Abbasid–Carolingian alliance

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Vasconia and the Pyrenees
The destructive war led by Pepin in Aquitaine, although brought to a satisfactory conclusion for the Franks, proved the Frankish power structure south of the Loire was feeble and unreliable.

 After the defeat and death of Waiofar in 768, while Aquitaine submitted again to the Carolingian dynasty, a new rebellion broke out in 769 led by Hunald II, a possible son of Waifer.

He took refuge with the ally Duke Lupus II of Gascony, but probably out of fear of Charlemagne's reprisal, Lupus handed him over to the new King of the Franks to whom he pledged loyalty, which seemed to confirm the peace in the Basque area south of the Garonne.[61]

Wary of new Basque uprisings, Charlemagne seems to have tried to contain Duke Lupus's power by appointing Seguin as the Count of Bordeaux (778) and other counts of Frankish background in bordering areas (Toulouse, County of Fézensac).

THE BASQUE DUKE...

 The Basque Duke, in turn, seems to have contributed decisively or schemed the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (referred to as "Basque treachery").

THE DEFEAT...

The defeat of Charlemagne's army in Roncevaux (778) confirmed his determination to rule directly by establishing the Kingdom of Aquitaine (ruled by Louis the Pious) based on a power base of Frankish officials, distributing lands among colonisers and allocating lands to the Church, which he took as an ally. A Christianisation programme was put in place across the high Pyrenees (778).[61]

EUROPE IN 771....

Europe in 771

The new political arrangement for Vasconia did not sit well with local lords. As of 788 Adalric was fighting and capturing Chorson, Carolingian Count of Toulouse. He was eventually released, but Charlemagne, enraged at the compromise, decided to depose him and appointed his trustee William of Gellone. William, in turn, fought the Basques and defeated them after banishing Adalric (790).[61]

From 781 (Pallars, Ribagorça) to 806 (Pamplona under Frankish influence), taking the County of Toulouse for a power base, Charlemagne asserted Frankish authority over the Pyrenees by subduing the south-western marches of Toulouse (790) and establishing vassal counties on the southern Pyrenees that were to make up the Marca Hispanica.[62] As of 794, a Frankish vassal, the Basque lord Belasko (al-Galashki, 'the Gaul') ruled Álava, but Pamplona remained under Cordovan and local control up to 806. Belasko and the counties in the Marca Hispánica provided the necessary base to attack the Andalusians (an expedition led by William Count of Toulouse and Louis the Pious to capture Barcelona in 801).

Events in the Duchy of Vasconia

 (REBELLION IN PAMPLONA...

rebellion in Pamplona, count overthrown

IN ARAGON... in Aragon, Duke Seguin of Bordeaux deposed, uprising of the Basque lords, etc.) were to prove it ephemeral upon Charlemagne's death.

Roncesvalles campaign
According to the Muslim historian Ibn al-Athir, the Diet of Paderborn had received the representatives of the Muslim rulers of Zaragoza, Girona, Barcelona and Huesca. Their masters had been cornered in the Iberian peninsula by Abd ar-Rahman I, the Umayyad emir of Cordova. These "Saracen" (Moorish and Muladi) rulers offered their homage to the king of the Franks in return for military support. Seeing an opportunity to extend Christendom and his own power and believing the Saxons to be a fully conquered nation, Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain.

In 778, he led the Neustrian army across the Western Pyrenees, while the Austrasians, Lombards, and Burgundians passed over the Eastern Pyrenees. The armies met at Saragossa and Charlemagne received the homage of the Muslim rulers, Sulayman al-Arabi and Kasmin ibn Yusuf, but the city did not fall for him. Indeed, Charlemagne faced the toughest battle of his career.

THE MUSLIMS FORCED HIM TO RETREAT..

The Muslims forced him to retreat.

He decided to go home since he could not trust the Basques, whom he had subdued by conquering Pamplona. He turned to leave Iberia, but as he was passing through the Pass of Roncesvalles one of the most famous events of his reign occurred.

THE BASQUES ATTACKED...

 The Basques attacked

AND DESTROYED...

and destroyed his rearguard and baggage train. The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, though less a battle than a skirmish, left many famous dead, including the seneschal Eggihard, the count of the palace Anselm, and the warden of the Breton March, Roland, inspiring