QUE FELICIDAD, DOMINICANISTA, LA NOMINACION DE SINDY, DE 12 & 2 A LOS PREMIOS GARDO: 1.DE LA INDUSTRIA RADIOFONICA 2.DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA... 3. DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA DOMINICANA. 4. DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA.. --- CHARLEMAGNE. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Charlemagne denier Mayence 812 814.jpg A denarius of Charlemagne dated c. 812–814 with the inscription KAROLVS IMP AVG (Karolus Imperator Augustus) (in Latin) Emperor of the Romans Reign 25 December 800 – 28 January 814 Coronation 25 December 800 Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome Successor Louis the Pious King of the Lombards Reign 10 July 774 – 28 January 814 Coronation 10 July 774 Pavia Predecessor Desiderius Successor Bernard of Italy King of the Franks Reign 9 October 768 – 28 January 814 Coronation 9 October 768 Noyon Predecessor Pepin the Short Successor Louis the Pious Born 2 April 742,[1] 747[2] or 748 Frankish Kingdom Died 28 January 814 (aged 65, 66 or 71) Aachen, Francia (present-day Germany) Burial Aachen Cathedral Spouse Desiderata (m. c. 770; annulled 771) Hildegard of Vinzgouw (m. 771; d. 783) Fastrada (m. c. 783; d. 794) Luitgard (m. c. 794; d. 800) Issue Among others Pepin the Hunchback Charles the Younger Pepin of Italy Louis the Pious Dynasty Carolingian Father Pepin the Short Mother Bertrada of Laon Religion Roman Catholicism Signum manus Charlemagne's signature Carolingian dynasty Signum manus of Charlemagne.svg Pippinids[show] Arnulfings[show] Carolingians[show] After the Treaty of Verdun (843)[show] vte Charlemagne (English: /ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn, ˌʃɑːrləˈmeɪn/; French: [ʃaʁləmaɲ])[3] or Charles the Great[a] (2 April 748[4][b] – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was king of the Franks from 768, king of the Lombards from 774, and emperor of the Romans from 800. DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGE 1. HE UNIFY THE MAJORITY OF: 1.1. WESTERN. 1.2. CENTRAL EUROPE. 2. THE MADuring the Early Middle Ages, he united the majority of western and central Europe. HE WAS THE FIRST RECOGNIZED He was the first recognised 1. EMPEROR. 2. TO RULE WESTERN EUROPE emperor to rule from western Europe 3. SINCE THE FALL. 4. WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE since the fall of the Western Roman Empire 300 YEARS EARLIER three centuries earlier.[5] The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the CAROLINGIANEMPIRE Carolingian Empire. HE WAS LATER CANONIZED He was later canonized by Antipope Paschal III. Charlemagne was the ELDEST SON eldest SON: 1.son of Pepin the Short 2.and Bertrada of Laon, BORN BEFORE THEIR CANONICAL MARRIAGE born before their canonical marriage.[6] He became king in 768 FOLLOWING HIS FATHER;S DEATH... following his father's death, initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. Carloman's sudden death in December 771 under unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne THE SOLE RULER OF THE : 1. FRANKISH 2. KINGDOM the sole ruler of the Frankish Kingdom.[7] He continued his father's POLICY TOWARDS THE PAPACY policy towards the papacy and became its protector, REMOVING THE LOMBARDS removing the Lombards from power IN NORTHERN ITALY in northern Italy and LEADING INCURSION INTO: MUSLIM SPAIN leading an incursion into Muslim Spain. HE CAMPAIGNEG AGAINST THE SAXONS He campaigned against the Saxons to his east, 1. CHRISTIANIZING THEM 1.1. UPON PENALTY OF DEATH 1.2. AND LEADINGC EVENTS AS: THE MASACRE OF VERDEN. hristianizing them upon penalty of death and leading to events such as the Massacre of Verden. He reached the height of his power in 800 1.WHEN HE WAS CROWNED when he was crowned 2. "EMPEROR OF THE ROMANS" 2.1.BY POPE LEO III by Pope Leo III 2.2. ON CHRISTMAS DAY on Christmas Day at Rome's Old SAINT PETER BASILICA. St. Peter's Basilica. Charlemagne HAS CALLED: 1. THE FATHER OF EUROPE. has been called the "Father of Europe" 2. PATER EUROPAE (Pater Europae),[c] as 2.1. HE UNITED MOST THE WESTERN EUROPE he united most of Western Europe 2.2. FOR THE FIRST TIME. for the first time 2.3. SINCE THE CLASSICAL ERA OF ROMAN EMPIRE. since the classical era of the Roman Empire 2.4. AND UNITED PARTS OF EUROPE and united parts of Europe 2.5. THAT HAD NEVER BEEN: UNDER 1. FRANKISH. 2. ROMANN RULE. that had never been under Frankish or Roman rule. HIS RULE SPURRED: 1.THE CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE His rule spurred the Carolingian Renaissance, 2. A PERIOD OF ENERGETIC 2.1. CULTURAL. 2.2. INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY 2.3. WITHIN THE WESTERN CHURCH. a period of energetic cultural and intellectual activity within the Western Church. EMPERORS OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 1. CONSIDERED THEMSELVES 2. SUCCESSORS OF CARLEMAGNE Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire considered themselves successors of Charlemagne, 3. AS DID THE: 1. FRENCH. 2. GERMAN MONARCHS. as did the French and German monarchs. The Eastern Orthodox Church viewed Charlemagne less favorably due to his support of the filioque and the Pope's having preferred him as Emperor OVER THE BIZANTINE EMPIRE: IRENE OF ATHENS over the Byzantine Empire's Irene of Athens. These and other disputes led to the eventual split of Rome and Constantinople in the THE GREAT SCHISM OF Great Schism of 1054.[8][d] Charlemagne died in 814 and was laid to rest in his imperial capital city of Aachen. 1.HE MARRIED AT LEAST 4 FOURTH TIMES He married at least four times 2. AND HAD3 LEGIMATE SONS and had three legitimate sons who lived to adulthood, but only the youngest of them, Louis the Pious, survived to succeed him. Contents 1 Political background 2 Rise to power 2.1 Early life 2.1.1 Date of birth 2.1.2 Place of birth 2.2 Ancestry 2.3 Ambiguous high office 2.4 Aquitainian rebellion 2.4.1 Formation of a new Aquitaine 2.4.2 Acquisition of Aquitaine by the Carolingians 2.4.3 Loss and recovery of Aquitaine 2.5 Marriage to Desiderata 3 Italian campaigns 3.1 Conquest of the Lombard kingdom 3.2 Southern Italy 4 Children 5 Carolingian expansion to the south 5.1 Vasconia and the Pyrenees 5.2 Roncesvalles campaign 5.3 Contact with the Saracens 5.4 Wars with the Moors 6 Eastern campaigns 6.1 Saxon Wars 6.2 Submission of Bavaria 6.3 Avar campaigns 6.4 Northeast Slav expeditions 6.5 Southeast Slav expeditions 7 Imperium 7.1 Coronation 7.1.1 Debate 7.2 Imperial title 7.3 Imperial diplomacy 7.4 Danish attacks 7.5 Death 8 Administration 8.1 Organisation 8.2 Military 8.3 Economic and monetary reforms 8.4 Jews in Charlemagne's realm 8.5 Education reforms 8.6 Church reforms 8.7 Writing reforms 8.8 Political reforms 8.8.1 Divisio regnorum 9 Personality 9.1 Manner 9.2 Language 9.3 Appearance 9.4 Dress 9.5 Homes 10 Family 11 Name 12 Beatification 13 Cultural uses 13.1 Middle Ages 13.2 Modern era 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Citations 16.2 Bibliography 17 External links Political background Francia, early 8th century FRANCIA : EARLY 8TH CENTURY. By the 6th century, 1.THE WESTERN GERMANIC TRIBE the western Germanic tribe 2. OF THE FRANKS. 3. HAD BEEN CHRISTIANIZED of the Franks had been Christianised, due in considerable 1.MEASURE CATHOLIC 2.CONVERSION OF CLOVIS measure to the Catholic conversion of Clovis I.[9] . 1.FRANCIA RULED BY MEROVINGIANS Francia, ruled by the Merovingians, 2. WAS THE MOST POWERFUL 3. OF THE KINGDOMS was the most powerful of the kingdoms 4. THAT SUCCEDED THE: WESTER ROMAN EMPIRE that succeeded the Western Roman Empire.[10] . LOS REYES HOLGAZANES, NUNCA: 1. HAN HECHO PRODUCIR RIQUEZA 2. A LAS ECONOMIAS Following the Battle of Tertry, the Merovingians declined into powerlessness, for which they have been dubbed the rois fainéants ("do-nothing kings").[11] . 1.ALL GOVERNMENT POWERS Almost all government powers 2. WERE EXERCISED. BY THE MAJOR: CHIEF OFFICER, INTO THE PALACE. were exercised by their chief officer, the mayor of the palace.[e] In 687, Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, ended the strife between various kings and their mayors with his victory at Tertry.[12] 1.HE BECAME THE SOLE: GOVERNOR: -OF THE ENTIRE EMPIRE- 2.OF THE ENTIRE FANKISH EMPIRE. He became the sole governor of the entire Frankish kingdom. PEPIN WAS THE GRANDSON... Pepin was the grandson of two important figures of the Austrasian Kingdom: 1.Saint Arnulf of Metz and 2.Pepin of Landen.[13] Pepin of Herstal was eventually succeeded BY HIS SON by his son Charles, later known as CHARLES MARTEL Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer).[14] External video Charlemagne at dinner - British Library Royal MS 15 E vi f155r (detail).jpg The Early Middle Ages, 284–1000: Charlemagne, 46:14, YaleCourses on YouTube, Yale University Charlemagne: An Introduction, Smarthistory, 7:49, Khan Academy After 737, Charles governed the Franks in lieu of a king and declined to call himself king. Charles was succeeded in 741 by his sons Carloman and Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne. In 743, the brothers placed Childeric III on the throne to curb separatism in the periphery. HE WAS THE LAST MEROVINGIAN KING. He was the last Merovingian king. Carloman resigned office in 746, 1.PREFERRING TO ENTER THE CHURCH preferring to enter the church 2. AS A MONK as a monk. Pepin brought the question of the kingship before Pope Zachary, asking whether it was logical for a king to have no royal power. THE POPE HANDED DOWN HIS DECISION... The pope handed down his decision in 749, decreeing that it was better for Pepin to be called king, as he had the powers of high office as Mayor, so as not to confuse the hierarchy. 1.HE THEREFORE, ORDERED HIM TO BECOME: 2.THE TRUE KING He, therefore, ordered him to become the true king.[15] In 750, Pepin was elected by an assembly of the Franks, anointed by the archbishop, and then raised to the office of king. The Pope branded Childeric III as "the false king" and ordered him into a monastery. The Merovingian dynasty was thereby 1REPLACED 2.BY CAROLINGIAN DINASTY replaced by the Carolingian dynasty, named after Charles Martel. In 753, Pope Stephen II fled from Italy to Francia, appealing to Pepin for assistance for the rights of St. Peter. He was supported in this appeal by Carloman, Charles' brother. In return, the pope could provide only legitimacy. He did this by again anointing and confirming Pepin, this time 1.ADDING HIS YOUNG SON: 2.CAROLUS. adding his young sons Carolus (Charlemagne) and Carloman to the royal patrimony. They thereby became heirs to the realm that already covered most of western Europe. In 754, Pepin accepted the Pope's invitation to visit Italy on behalf of St. Peter's rights, dealing successfully with the Lombards.[15][16] Under the Carolingians, the Frankish kingdom spread to encompass an area including most of Western Europe; the east-west division of the KINGDOM FORMED THE BASIS FOR MODERN: 1. FRANCE. 2.GERMANY. kingdom formed the basis for modern France and Germany. Orman[17] portrays the Treaty of Verdun (843) between the warring grandsons of Charlemagne as the foundation event of an independent France under its first king Charles the Bald; an independent Germany under its first king Louis the German; and an independent intermediate state stretching from the Low Countries along the borderlands to south of Rome under Lothair I, who retained the title of emperor and the capitals Aachen and Rome without the jurisdiction. The middle kingdom had broken up by 890 and partly absorbed into the Western kingdom (later France) and the Eastern kingdom (Germany) and the rest developing into smaller "buffer" nations that exist between France and Germany TO THIS DAY NAMELY: 1.BENELUX. 2. SWITZERLAND. to this day, namely the Benelux and Switzerland. 1.THE CONCEPT AND MEMORY 2.OF A UNITED EUROPE The concept and memory of a united Europe remain topical to the current time and hence CHARLEMAGNE IS OFTEN 1.CONSIDERED. 2. THE FOREFATHER. 3.MODERN EUROPE. Charlemagne is often considered the forefather of modern Europe.[18] Rise to power EARLY LIFE. Early life DATE OF BIRTH. Date of birth The most likely date of Charlemagne's birth is reconstructed from several sources. THE DATE OF ... The date of 742—calculated from Einhard's date of death of January 814 at age 72— PREDATES THE MARRIAGE... predates the marriage of HIS PARENTS IN... his parents in 744. The year given in the Annales Petaviani, 747, would be more likely, except that it contradicts Einhard and a few other sources in making Charlemagne sixty-seven years old at his death. The month and day of 2 April are based on a calendar from Lorsch Abbey.[19] In 747, Easter fell on 2 April, a coincidence that likely would have been remarked upon by chroniclers but was not.[20] If Easter was being used as the beginning of the calendar year, then 2 April 747 could have been, by modern reckoning, April 748 (not on Easter). THE DATE FAVOURED THE PROPONDERANCE... The date favoured by the preponderance of evidence[6] is 2 April 742, based on Charlemagne's age at the time of his death.[19] This date supports the concept that Charlemagne WAS TECHNICALLY AND ILLEGITIMATE CHILD was technically an illegitimate child, although that is not mentioned by Einhardin either since he was born out of wedlock; Pepin and Bertrada were bound by a private contract or Friedelehe[6] at the time of his birth, but did not marry until 744.[21] PLACE OF BIRTH. Place of birth The region of Aachen-Liège (CONTEMPORARY BORDERS contemporary borders, 1. TRADE. 2. TRAVEL ROUTES trade- and travel routes) Charlemagne's exact birthplace is unknown, although historians have suggested Aachen in modern-day Germany, and Liège (HERSTALl) in present-day BELGIUM AS POSSIBLE LOCATION Belgium as possible locations.[22] Aachen and Liège are close to the 1.REGION WHENCE THE MEROVIGIAN 2.AND CAROLINGIAN region whence the Merovingian and Carolingian 3. FAMILIES ORIGINATED. families originated. Other cities have been suggested, including DUREN/ GAUTING MURLENBACH Düren, Gauting, Mürlenbach,[23] QUIERZY. PRUM. Quierzy, and Prüm. No definitive evidence resolves the question. ANCESTRY. Ancestry Charlemagne was the eldest child of Pepin the Short (714 – 24 September 768, reigned from 751) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720 – 12 July 783), daughter of Caribert of Laon. MANY HISTORIANS CONSIDER... Many historians consider Charlemagne (Charles) to have been illegitimate, although some state that this is arguable,[24] because Pepin did not marry Bertrada until 744, which was after Charles' birth; this status did not exclude him from the succession.[25][26][27] Records name only Carloman, Gisela, and three short-lived children named Pepin, Chrothais and Adelais as his younger siblings. It would be folly, I think, TO WRITE A WORD CONCERNING... to write a word concerning Charles' BIRTH AND INFANCY... birth and infancy, or even his BOYHOOD boyhood, for nothing has ever been written on the subject, and there is no one alive now who can give information on it. — Einhard[28] Ancestors of Charlemagne Ambiguous high office Further information: Mayor of the Palace.... The most powerful officers of the Frankish people, the Mayor of the Palace (Maior Domus) and one or more kings (rex, reges), were appointed by the election of the people. ELECTIONS WERE NOT PERIODIC... Elections were not periodic, but were held as required to elect officers ad quos summa imperii pertinebat, "to whom the highest matters of state pertained". Evidently, interim decisions could be made by the Pope, which ultimately needed to be ratified using an assembly of the people that met annually.[29] Before he was elected king in 751, Pepin was initially a mayor, a high office he held "as though hereditary" (velut hereditario fungebatur). Einhard explains that "the honour" was usually "given by the people" to the distinguished, but Pepin the Great and his brother Carloman the Wise received it as though hereditary, as had their father, Charles Martel. There was, however, a certain ambiguity about quasi-inheritance. The office was treated as joint property: one Mayorship held by two brothers jointly.[30] Each, however, had his own geographic jurisdiction. When Carloman decided to resign, BECOMING ULTIMATELY... 1. A BENECOMING ULTIMATELY... 2. BENEDICTINE 3. MONTE CASSINO. becoming ultimately a Benedictine at Monte Cassino,[31] the question of the disposition of his quasi-share was settled by the pope. He converted the mayorship into a kingship and awarded the joint property to Pepin, who gained the right to pass it on by inheritance.[32] This decision was not accepted by all family members. Carloman had consented to the temporary tenancy of his own share, which he intended to pass on to his son, Drogo, when the inheritance should be settled at someone's death. BY THE POPE DECISION... By the Pope's decision, in which Pepin had a hand, Drogo was to be disqualified as an heir in favour of his cousin Charles. He took up arms in opposition to the decision and was joined by Grifo, a half-brother of Pepin and Carloman, who had been given a share by Charles Martel, but was stripped of it and held under loose arrest by his half-brothers after an attempt to seize their shares by military action. Grifo perished in combat in the Battle of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne while Drogo was hunted down and taken into custody.[33] On the death of Pepin, 24 September 768, the kingship passed jointly to his sons, "with divine assent" (divino nutu).[34] 1.ACCORDING THE LIFE... 2.PEPIN DIED IN PARIS... According to the Life, Pepin died in Paris. The Franks "in general assembly" (generali conventu) gave them both the rank of a king (reges) but "partitioned the whole body of the kingdom equally" (totum regni corpus ex aequo partirentur). The annals[35] tell a slightly different version, with the king dying at St-Denis, near Paris. The two "lords" (domni) were "elevated to kingship" (elevati sunt in regnum), Charles on 9 October in Noyon, Carloman on an unspecified date in Soissons. If born in 742, 1.CHARLES WAS 26 YEARS OLD... Charles was 26 years old, 2. BUT HE HAD BEEN: CAMPAIGNING. 3. WITH HIS FATHER... but he had been campaigning 4. AT HIS FATHER RIGHT HAND... 5. FOR SEVERAL YEARS... at his father's right hand for several years, 6. WHICH MAY HELP TO ACCOUNT 7. FOR HIS MILITARY SKILL: CARLOMAN WAS 17 YEARS OLD... which may help to account for his military skill. Carloman was 17. The language, in either case, suggests that there were not two inheritances, which would have created distinct kings ruling over distinct kingdoms, but a single joint inheritance and a joint kingship tenanted by two equal kings, Charles and his brother Carloman. As before, distinct jurisdictions were awarded. Charles received Pepin's original share as Mayor: the outer parts of the kingdom bordering on the sea, namely Neustria, western Aquitaine, and the NORTHERN PARTS OF AUSTRASIA... northern parts of Austrasia; while Carloman was awarded his uncle's former share, the inner parts: southern Austrasia, Septimania, eastern Aquitaine, Burgundy, Provence, and Swabia, lands bordering Italy. The question of whether these jurisdictions were joint shares reverting to the other brother if one brother died or were inherited property passed on to the descendants of the brother who died was never definitely settled. It came up repeatedly over the succeeding decades until the grandsons of Charlemagne created distinct sovereign kingdoms. Aquitainian rebellion Formation of a new Aquitaine Main article: Aquitaine Aquitaine under Rome had been in southern Gaul, Romanised and speaking a Romance language. Similarly, Hispania had been populated by peoples who spoke various languages, including Celtic, but the area was now populated primarily by Romance language speakers. Between Aquitaine and Hispania were the Euskaldunak, Latinised to Vascones, or Basques,[36] living in Basque country, Vasconia, which extended, according to the distributions of place names attributable to the Basques, most densely in the western Pyrenees but also as far south as the upper Ebro River in Spain and as far north as the Garonne River in France.[37] THE FRENCH NAME GASCONY... The French name, Gascony, derives from Vasconia. 1.THE ROMANS WERE NEVER ABLE TO The Romans were never able to 2. ENTERELY SUBJECT : VASCONIA. entirely subject Vasconia. The parts they did, in which they placed the region's first cities, were sources of legions in the Roman army valued for their fighting abilities. 1.THE BORDER IWTH AQUITAINE WAS 2.TOULOUSE . The border with Aquitaine was Toulouse. At about 660, the Duchy of Vasconia united with the Duchy of Aquitaine to form a single realm under Felix of Aquitaine, governing from Toulouse. This was a joint kingship with a Basque Duke, Lupus I. Lupus is the Latin translation of Basque Otsoa, "wolf".[38] At Felix's death in 670 the joint property of the kingship reverted entirely to Lupus. As the Basques had no law of joint inheritance BUT PRACTICE PRIMOGENITURE... but practised primogeniture, Lupus in effect founded a hereditary dynasty of Basque rulers of an expanded Aquitaine.[39] Acquisition of Aquitaine by the Carolingians Further information: Umayyad conquest of Hispania MOORISH HISPANIA: Moorish Hispania in 732. The Latin chronicles of the end of Visigothic Hispania omit many details, such as identification of characters, filling in the gaps and reconciliation of numerous contradictions.[40] Muslim sources, however, present a more coherent view, such as in the Ta'rikh iftitah al-Andalus ("History of the Conquest of al-Andalus") by Ibn al-Qūṭiyya ("the son of the Gothic woman", referring to the granddaughter of Wittiza, the last Visigothic king of a united Hispania, who married a Moor). Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, who had another, much longer name, must have been relying to some degree on family oral tradition. According to Ibn al-Qūṭiyya[41] Wittiza, the last Visigothic king of a united Hispania died before his three sons, Almund, Romulo, and Ardabast reached maturity. Their mother was queen regent at Toledo, but Roderic, army chief of staff, staged a rebellion, capturing Córdoba. He chose to impose a joint rule over distinct jurisdictions on the true heirs. Evidence of a division of some sort can be found in the distribution of coins imprinted with the name of each king and in the king lists.[42] Wittiza was succeeded by Roderic, who reigned for seven and a half years, followed by Achila (Aquila), who reigned three and a half years. If the reigns of both terminated with the incursion of the Saracens, then Roderic appears to have reigned a few years before the majority of Achila. The latter's kingdom is securely placed to the northeast, while Roderic seems to have taken the rest, notably modern Portugal. The Saracens crossed the mountains to claim Ardo's Septimania, only to encounter the Basque dynasty of Aquitaine, always the allies of the Goths. Odo the Great of Aquitaine was at first victorious at the Battle of Toulouse in 721.[43] Saracen troops gradually massed in Septimania and in 732 an army under Emir Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi advanced into Vasconia, and Odo was defeated at the Battle of the River Garonne. They took Bordeaux and were advancing towards Tours when Odo, powerless to stop them, appealed to his arch-enemy, Charles Martel, mayor of the Franks. In one of the first of the lightning marches for which the Carolingian kings became famous, Charles and his army appeared in the path of the Saracens between Tours and Poitiers, and in the Battle of Tours decisively defeated and killed al-Ghafiqi. THE MOORS RETURNED TWICE MORE... The Moors returned twice more, each time suffering defeat at Charles' hands—at the River Berre near Narbonne in 737[44] and in the Dauphiné in 740.[45] Odo's price for salvation from the Saracens was incorporation into the Frankish kingdom, a decision that was repugnant to him and also to his heirs. LOSS AND RECOVERY AQUITAINE. Loss and recovery of Aquitaine After the death of his father, Hunald I allied himself with free Lombardy. However, Odo had ambiguously left the kingdom jointly to his two sons, Hunald and Hatto. The latter, loyal to Francia, now went to war with his brother over full possession. Victorious, Hunald blinded and imprisoned his brother, only to be so stricken by conscience that he resigned and entered the church as a monk to do penance. The story is told in Annales Mettenses priores.[46] His son Waifer took an early inheritance, becoming duke of Aquitaine and ratified the alliance with Lombardy. Waifer decided to honour it, repeating his father's decision, which he justified by arguing that any agreements with Charles Martel became invalid on Martel's death. Since Aquitaine was now Pepin's inheritance because of the earlier assistance that was given by Charles Martel, according to some the latter and his son, the young Charles, hunted down Waifer, who could only conduct a guerrilla war, and executed him.[47] Among the contingents of the Frankish army were Bavarians under Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria, an Agilofing, the hereditary Bavarian ducal family. Grifo had installed himself as Duke of Bavaria, but Pepin replaced him with a member of the ducal family yet a child, Tassilo, whose protector he had become after the death of his father. THE LOYALTY... The loyalty of the Agilolfings WAS PERPETUALLY IN QUESTION... was perpetually in question, but Pepin exacted numerous oaths of loyalty from Tassilo. However, the latter had married Liutperga, a daughter of Desiderius, king of Lombardy. At a critical point in the campaign, Tassilo left the field with all his Bavarians. Out of reach of Pepin, he repudiated all loyalty to Francia.[48] Pepin had no chance to respond as he grew ill and died within a few weeks after Waifer's execution. The first event of the brothers' reign was the uprising of the Aquitainians and Gascons, in 769, in that territory split between the two kings. ONE YEAR EARLIER.... One year earlier, Pepin had finally defeated Waifer, Duke of Aquitaine, after waging a destructive, ten-year war against Aquitaine. Now, Hunald II led the Aquitainians as far north as Angoulême. Charles met Carloman, but Carloman refused to participate and returned to Burgundy. Charles went to war, leading an army to Bordeaux, where he set up a fort at Fronsac. Hunald was forced to flee to the court of Duke Lupus II of Gascony. Lupus, fearing Charles, turned Hunald over in exchange for peace, and Hunald was put in a monastery. Gascon lords also surrendered, and Aquitaine and Gascony were finally fully subdued by the Franks. MARRIAGE TO DESIDERATA... Marriage to Desiderata The brothers maintained lukewarm relations with the assistance of their mother Bertrada, but in 770 Charles signed a treaty with Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria and married a Lombard Princess (commonly known today as Desiderata), the daughter of King Desiderius, to surround Carloman with his own allies. Though Pope Stephen III first opposed the marriage with the Lombard princess, he found little to fear from a Frankish-Lombard alliance. Less than a year after his marriage, Charlemagne repudiated Desiderata and MARRIED A 13 YEARS OLD 1.SWABIAN 2.NAMED: HILDEGARD. married a 13-year-old Swabian named Hildegard. THE REPUDIATED DESIDERATA... The repudiated Desiderata returned to her father's court at Pavia. Her father's wrath was now aroused, and he would have gladly allied with Carloman to defeat Charles. Before any open hostilities could be declared, however, Carloman died on 5 December 771, apparently of natural causes. Carloman's widow Gerberga fled to Desiderius' court with her sons for protection. ITALIAN CAMPAIGNS. Italian campaigns Conquest of the Lombard kingdom The Frankish king Charlemagne was a devout Catholic and maintained a close relationship with the papacy throughout his life. In 772, when Pope Adrian I was threatened by invaders, the king rushed to Rome to provide assistance. Shown here, the pope asks Charlemagne for help at a meeting near Rome. At his succession in 772, Pope Adrian I demanded the return of certain cities in the former exarchate of Ravenna in accordance with a promise at the succession of Desiderius. Instead, Desiderius took over certain papal cities and invaded the Pentapolis, heading for Rome. Adrian sent ambassadors to Charlemagne in autumn requesting he enforce the policies of his father, Pepin. Desiderius sent his own ambassadors denying the pope's charges. The ambassadors met at Thionville, and Charlemagne upheld the pope's side. Charlemagne demanded what the pope had requested, but Desiderius swore never to comply. Charlemagne and his uncle Bernard crossed the Alps in 773 and chased the Lombards back to Pavia, which they then besieged.[49] Charlemagne temporarily left the siege to deal with Adelchis, son of Desiderius, who was raising an army at Verona. The young prince was chased to the Adriatic littoral and fled to Constantinople to plead for assistance from Constantine V, who was waging war with Bulgaria.[50][32] The siege lasted until the spring of 774 when Charlemagne visited the pope in Rome. There he confirmed his father's grants of land,[51] with some later chronicles falsely claiming that he also expanded them, granting Tuscany, Emilia, Venice and Corsica. The pope granted him the title patrician. He then returned to Pavia, where the Lombards were on the verge of surrendering. In return for their lives, the Lombards surrendered and opened the gates in early summer. Desiderius was sent to the abbey of Corbie, and his son Adelchis died in Constantinople, a patrician. Charles, unusually, had himself crowned with the Iron Crown and made the magnates of Lombardy pay homage to him at Pavia. Only Duke Arechis II of Benevento refused to submit and proclaimed independence. Charlemagne was then master of Italy as king of the Lombards. He left Italy with a garrison in Pavia and a few Frankish counts in place the same year. Instability continued in Italy. In 776, Dukes Hrodgaud of Friuli and Hildeprand of Spoleto rebelled. Charlemagne rushed back from Saxony and defeated the Duke of Friuli in battle; the Duke was slain.[32] The Duke of Spoleto signed a treaty. Their co-conspirator, Arechis, was not subdued, and Adelchis, their candidate in Byzantium, never left that city. Northern Italy was now faithfully his. SOUTHERN ITALY. Southern Italy In 787, Charlemagne directed his attention towards the Duchy of Benevento,[52] where Arechis II was reigning independently with the self-given title of Princeps. Charlemagne's siege of Salerno forced Arechis into submission. However, after Arechis II's death in 787, his son Grimoald III proclaimed the Duchy of Benevento newly independent. Grimoald was attacked many times by Charles' or his sons' armies, without achieving a definitive victory.[53] Charlemagne lost interest and never again returned to Southern Italy where Grimoald was able to keep the Duchy free from Frankish suzerainty. CHILDREN. Children Charlemagne (left) and Pepin the Hunchback (10th-century copy of 9th-century original) During the first peace of any substantial length (780–782), Charles began to appoint his sons to positions of authority. In 781, during a visit to Rome, he made his two youngest sons kings, crowned by the Pope.[f][g] The elder of these two, Carloman, was made the king of Italy, taking the Iron Crown that his father had first worn in 774, and in the same ceremony was renamed "Pepin"[32][51] (not to be confused with Charlemagne's eldest, possibly illegitimate son, Pepin the Hunchback). The younger of the two, Louis, became King of Aquitaine. Charlemagne ordered Pepin and Louis to be raised in the customs of their kingdoms, and he gave their regents some control of their subkingdoms, but kept the real power, though he intended his sons to inherit their realms. 1.HE DID NOT TOLERATE: 2.INSUBORDINATION 3.IN HIS SONS... He did not tolerate insubordination in his sons: in 792, he banished Pepin the Hunchback to the monastery of Prüm, because the young man had joined a rebellion against him. CHARLES WAS DETERMINED TO HAVE: 1. HIS CHILDREN 2. EDUCATED. 3. INCLUDING: HIS DAUGHTERS. Charles was determined to have his children educated, including his daughters, 1.AND HIS PARENTS HAD: INSTILED as his parents had instilled 2. THE IMPORTANCE: OF LEARNING... 3. IN HIM: AN EARLY AGE... the importance of learning in him at an early age.[56] 1. HIS CHILDREN... 1.1. WERE TAUGHT. 1.2. IN ACCORD: THEIR ARISTOCRATIC STATUS. His children were also taught skills in accord with their aristocratic status, WHICH INCLUDED TRAINING: 1. IN RIDDING. 2. WEAPONRY. which included training in riding and weaponry for his sons, WHAT TO DO WITH GIRLS? 1. EMBRIDERY. 2. SPINNING. 3. WEAVING. and embroidery, spinning and weaving for his daughters.[57] The sons fought many wars on behalf of their father. Charles was mostly preoccupied with the Bretons, whose border he shared and who insurrected on at least two occasions and were easily put down. He also fought the Saxons on multiple occasions. In 805 and 806, he was sent into the Böhmerwald (MODERN BOHEMIA) to deal with the Slavs living there (BOHEMIAN TRIBES:Bohemian tribes, ANCESTORS OF THE MODERN CZECHS ancestors of the modern Czechs). He subjected them to Frankish authority and devastated the valley of the Elbe, forcing tribute from them. Pippin had to hold the Avar and Beneventan borders and fought the Slavs to his north. He was uniquely poised to fight the Byzantine Empire when that conflict arose after Charlemagne's imperial coronation and a Venetian rebellion. Finally, Louis was in charge of the Spanish March and fought the Duke of Benevento in southern Italy on at least one occasion. He took Barcelona in a great siege in 797. Charlemagne instructing his son Louis the Pious Charlemagne kept his daughters at home with him AND REFUSED TO ALLOW THEM TO CONTRACT: SACRAMENTAL MARRIAGES and refused to allow them to contract sacramental marriages (though he originally condoned an engagement between his eldest daughter Rotrude and Constantine VI of Byzantium, this engagement was annulled when Rotrude was 11).[58] CHARLEMAGNE OPPOSITION... Charlemagne's opposition 1.TO HIS DAUGHTERS MARRIAGES to his daughters' marriages 2. MAY HAVE INTENDED: PREVENT... may possibly have intended to prevent 3. THE CREATION OF CADET BRANCHES: OF THE FAMILY. the creation of cadet branches of the family 3.1. TO CHALLENGE THE MAIN LINE. to challenge the main line, 3.2.AS HAD BEEN THE CASE... as had been the case with Tassilo of Bavaria. However, HE TOLERATD THEIR EXTRA-MARITAL: RELATIONShips... he tolerated their extramarital relationships, even rewarding their common-law husbands and treasuring the illegitimate grandchildren they produced for him. HE ALSO APPARENTLY REFUSED... he also, apparently refused.... He also, apparently, refused to believe stories of their wild behaviour. After his death the surviving daughters were banished from the court by their brother, the pious Louis, to take up residence in the convents they had been bequeathed by their father. At least one of them, Bertha, had a recognised relationship, if not a marriage, with Angilbert, a member of Charlemagne's court circle.[59][60] Carolingian expansion to the south See also: Abbasid–Carolingian alliance This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Charlemagne" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Vasconia and the Pyrenees The destructive war led by Pepin in Aquitaine, although brought to a satisfactory conclusion for the Franks, proved the Frankish power structure south of the Loire was feeble and unreliable. After the defeat and death of Waiofar in 768, while Aquitaine submitted again to the Carolingian dynasty, a new rebellion broke out in 769 led by Hunald II, a possible son of Waifer. He took refuge with the ally Duke Lupus II of Gascony, but probably out of fear of Charlemagne's reprisal, Lupus handed him over to the new King of the Franks to whom he pledged loyalty, which seemed to confirm the peace in the Basque area south of the Garonne.[61] Wary of new Basque uprisings, Charlemagne seems to have tried to contain Duke Lupus's power by appointing Seguin as the Count of Bordeaux (778) and other counts of Frankish background in bordering areas (Toulouse, County of Fézensac). THE BASQUE DUKE... The Basque Duke, in turn, seems to have contributed decisively or schemed the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (referred to as "Basque treachery"). THE DEFEAT... The defeat of Charlemagne's army in Roncevaux (778) confirmed his determination to rule directly by establishing the Kingdom of Aquitaine (ruled by Louis the Pious) based on a power base of Frankish officials, distributing lands among colonisers and allocating lands to the Church, which he took as an ally. A Christianisation programme was put in place across the high Pyrenees (778).[61] EUROPE IN 771.... Europe in 771 The new political arrangement for Vasconia did not sit well with local lords. As of 788 Adalric was fighting and capturing Chorson, Carolingian Count of Toulouse. He was eventually released, but Charlemagne, enraged at the compromise, decided to depose him and appointed his trustee William of Gellone. William, in turn, fought the Basques and defeated them after banishing Adalric (790).[61] From 781 (Pallars, Ribagorça) to 806 (Pamplona under Frankish influence), taking the County of Toulouse for a power base, Charlemagne asserted Frankish authority over the Pyrenees by subduing the south-western marches of Toulouse (790) and establishing vassal counties on the southern Pyrenees that were to make up the Marca Hispanica.[62] As of 794, a Frankish vassal, the Basque lord Belasko (al-Galashki, 'the Gaul') ruled Álava, but Pamplona remained under Cordovan and local control up to 806. Belasko and the counties in the Marca Hispánica provided the necessary base to attack the Andalusians (an expedition led by William Count of Toulouse and Louis the Pious to capture Barcelona in 801). Events in the Duchy of Vasconia (REBELLION IN PAMPLONA... rebellion in Pamplona, count overthrown IN ARAGON... in Aragon, Duke Seguin of Bordeaux deposed, uprising of the Basque lords, etc.) were to prove it ephemeral upon Charlemagne's death. Roncesvalles campaign According to the Muslim historian Ibn al-Athir, the Diet of Paderborn had received the representatives of the Muslim rulers of Zaragoza, Girona, Barcelona and Huesca. Their masters had been cornered in the Iberian peninsula by Abd ar-Rahman I, the Umayyad emir of Cordova. These "Saracen" (Moorish and Muladi) rulers offered their homage to the king of the Franks in return for military support. Seeing an opportunity to extend Christendom and his own power and believing the Saxons to be a fully conquered nation, Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain. In 778, he led the Neustrian army across the Western Pyrenees, while the Austrasians, Lombards, and Burgundians passed over the Eastern Pyrenees. The armies met at Saragossa and Charlemagne received the homage of the Muslim rulers, Sulayman al-Arabi and Kasmin ibn Yusuf, but the city did not fall for him. Indeed, Charlemagne faced the toughest battle of his career. THE MUSLIMS FORCED HIM TO RETREAT.. The Muslims forced him to retreat. He decided to go home since he could not trust the Basques, whom he had subdued by conquering Pamplona. He turned to leave Iberia, but as he was passing through the Pass of Roncesvalles one of the most famous events of his reign occurred. THE BASQUES ATTACKED... The Basques attacked AND DESTROYED... and destroyed his rearguard and baggage train. The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, though less a battle than a skirmish, left many famous dead, including the seneschal Eggihard, the count of the palace Anselm, and the warden of the Breton March, Roland, inspiring the subsequent creation of the Song of Roland (La Chanson de Roland). Contact with the Saracens Harun al-Rashid receiving a delegation of Charlemagne in Baghdad, by Julius Köckert (1864) The conquest of Italy brought Charlemagne in contact with the Saracens who, at the time, controlled the Mediterranean. Charlemagne's eldest son, Pepin the Hunchback, was much occupied with Saracens in Italy. Charlemagne conquered Corsica and Sardinia at an unknown date and in 799 the Balearic Islands. The islands were often attacked by Saracen pirates, but the counts of Genoa and Tuscany (Boniface) controlled them with large fleets until the end of Charlemagne's reign. Charlemagne even had contact with the caliphal court in Baghdad. In 797 (or possibly 801), the caliph of Baghdad, Harun al-Rashid, presented Charlemagne with an Asian elephant named Abul-Abbas and a clock.[63] Wars with the Moors In Hispania, the struggle against the Moors continued unabated throughout the latter half of his reign. Louis was in charge of the Spanish border. In 785, his men captured Girona permanently and extended Frankish control into the Catalan littoral for the duration of Charlemagne's reign (the area remained nominally Frankish until the Treaty of Corbeil in 1258). The Muslim chiefs in the northeast of Islamic Spain were constantly rebelling against Cordovan authority, and they often turned to the Franks for help. The Frankish border was slowly extended until 795, when Girona, Cardona, Ausona and Urgell were united into the new Spanish March, within the old duchy of Septimania. In 797, Barcelona, the greatest city of the region, fell to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against Cordova and, failing, handed it to them. The Umayyad authority recaptured it in 799. However, Louis of Aquitaine marched the entire army of his kingdom over the Pyrenees and besieged it for two years, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated. The Franks continued to press forward against the emir. They took Tarragona in 809 and Tortosa in 811. The last conquest brought them to the mouth of the Ebro and gave them raiding access to Valencia, prompting the Emir al-Hakam I to recognise their conquests in 813. Eastern campaigns Saxon Wars Further information: Saxon Wars A map showing Charlemagne's additions (in light green) to the Frankish Kingdom Charlemagne was engaged in almost constant warfare throughout his reign,[64] often at the head of his elite scara bodyguard squadrons. In the Saxon Wars, spanning thirty years and eighteen battles, he conquered Saxonia and proceeded to convert it to Christianity. The Germanic Saxons were divided into four subgroups in four regions. Nearest to Austrasia was Westphalia and furthest away was Eastphalia. Between them was Engria and north of these three, at the base of the Jutland peninsula, was Nordalbingia. In his first campaign, in 773, Charlemagne forced the Engrians to submit and cut down an Irminsul pillar near Paderborn.[65] The campaign was cut short by his first expedition to Italy. He returned in 775, marching through Westphalia and conquering the Saxon fort at Sigiburg. He then crossed Engria, where he defeated the Saxons again. Finally, in Eastphalia, he defeated a Saxon force, and its leader Hessi converted to Christianity. Charlemagne returned through Westphalia, leaving encampments at Sigiburg and Eresburg, which had been important Saxon bastions. He then controlled Saxony with the exception of Nordalbingia, but Saxon resistance had not ended. Following his subjugation of the Dukes of Friuli and Spoleto, Charlemagne returned rapidly to Saxony in 776, where a rebellion had destroyed his fortress at Eresburg. The Saxons were once again defeated, but their main leader, Widukind, escaped to Denmark, his wife's home. Charlemagne built a new camp at Karlstadt. In 777, he called a national diet at Paderborn to integrate Saxony fully into the Frankish kingdom. Many Saxons were baptised as Christians. In the summer of 779, he again invaded Saxony and reconquered Eastphalia, Engria and Westphalia. At a diet near Lippe, he divided the land into missionary districts and himself assisted in several mass baptisms (780). He then returned to Italy and, for the first time, the Saxons did not immediately revolt. Saxony was peaceful from 780 to 782. Charlemagne receiving the submission of Widukind at Paderborn in 785, painted c. 1840 by Ary Scheffer He returned to Saxony in 782 and instituted a code of law and appointed counts, both Saxon and Frank. The laws were draconian on religious issues; for example, the Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae prescribed death to Saxon pagans who refused to convert to Christianity. This led to renewed conflict. That year, in autumn, Widukind returned and led a new revolt. In response, at Verden in Lower Saxony, Charlemagne is recorded as having ordered the execution of 4,500 Saxon prisoners by beheading, known as the Massacre of Verden ("Verdener Blutgericht"). The killings triggered three years of renewed bloody warfare. During this war, the East Frisians between the Lauwers and the Weser joined the Saxons in revolt and were finally subdued.[66] The war ended with Widukind accepting baptism.[67] The Frisians afterwards asked for missionaries to be sent to them and a bishop of their own nation, Ludger, was sent. Charlemagne also promulgated a law code, the Lex Frisonum, as he did for most subject peoples.[68] Thereafter, the Saxons maintained the peace for seven years, but in 792 Westphalia again rebelled. The Eastphalians and Nordalbingians joined them in 793, but the insurrection was unpopular and was put down by 794. An Engrian rebellion followed in 796, but the presence of Charlemagne, Christian Saxons and Slavs quickly crushed it. The last insurrection occurred in 804, more than thirty years after Charlemagne's first campaign against them, but also failed. According to Einhard: The war that had lasted so many years was at length ended by their acceding to the terms offered by the King; which were renunciation of their national religious customs and the worship of devils, acceptance of the sacraments of the Christian faith and religion, and union with the Franks to form one people. Submission of Bavaria Equestrian statue of Charlemagne by Agostino Cornacchini (1725), St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City. By 774, Charlemagne had invaded the Kingdom of Lombardy, and he later annexed the Lombardian territories and assumed its crown, placing the Papal States under Frankish protection.[69] The Duchy of Spoleto south of Rome was acquired in 774, while in the central western parts of Europe, the Duchy of Bavaria was absorbed and the Bavarian policy continued of establishing tributary marches, (borders protected in return for tribute or taxes) among the Slavic Serbs and Czechs. The remaining power confronting the Franks in the east were the Avars. However, Charlemagne acquired other Slavic areas, including Bohemia, Moravia, Austria and Croatia.[69] In 789, Charlemagne turned to Bavaria. He claimed that Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria was an unfit ruler, due to his oath-breaking. The charges were exaggerated, but Tassilo was deposed anyway and put in the monastery of Jumièges.[70] In 794, Tassilo was made to renounce any claim to Bavaria for himself and his family (the Agilolfings) at the synod of Frankfurt; he formally handed over to the king all of the rights he had held.[71] Bavaria was subdivided into Frankish counties, as had been done with Saxony. Avar campaigns In 788, the Avars, an Asian nomadic group that had settled down in what is today Hungary (Einhard called them Huns), invaded Friuli and Bavaria. Charlemagne was preoccupied with other matters until 790 when he marched down the Danube and ravaged Avar territory to the Győr. A Lombard army under Pippin then marched into the Drava valley and ravaged Pannonia. The campaigns ended when the Saxons revolted again in 792. For the next two years, Charlemagne was occupied, along with the Slavs, against the Saxons. Pippin and Duke Eric of Friuli continued, however, to assault the Avars' ring-shaped strongholds. The great Ring of the Avars, their capital fortress, was taken twice. The booty was sent to Charlemagne at his capital, Aachen, and redistributed to his followers and to foreign rulers, including King Offa of Mercia. Soon the Avar tuduns had lost the will to fight and travelled to Aachen to become vassals to Charlemagne and to become Christians. Charlemagne accepted their surrender and sent one native chief, baptised Abraham, back to Avaria with the ancient title of khagan. Abraham kept his people in line, but in 800, the Bulgarians under Khan Krum attacked the remains of the Avar state. In 803, Charlemagne sent a Bavarian army into Pannonia, defeating and bringing an end to the Avar confederation.[72] In November of the same year, Charlemagne went to Regensburg where the Avar leaders acknowledged him as their ruler.[72] In 805, the Avar khagan, who had already been baptised, went to Aachen to ask permission to settle with his people south-eastward from Vienna.[72] The Transdanubian territories became integral parts of the Frankish realm, which was abolished by the Magyars in 899–900. Northeast Slav expeditions In 789, in recognition of his new pagan neighbours, the Slavs, Charlemagne marched an Austrasian-Saxon army across the Elbe into Obotrite territory. The Slavs ultimately submitted, led by their leader Witzin. Charlemagne then accepted the surrender of the Veleti under Dragovit and demanded many hostages. He also demanded permission to send missionaries into this pagan region unmolested. The army marched to the Baltic before turning around and marching to the Rhine, winning much booty with no harassment. The tributary Slavs became loyal allies. In 795, when the Saxons broke the peace, the Abotrites and Veleti rebelled with their new ruler against the Saxons. Witzin died in battle and Charlemagne avenged him by harrying the Eastphalians on the Elbe. Thrasuco, his successor, led his men to conquest over the Nordalbingians and handed their leaders over to Charlemagne, who honoured him. The Abotrites remained loyal until Charles' death and fought later against the Danes. Southeast Slav expeditions Europe around 800 When Charlemagne incorporated much of Central Europe, he brought the Frankish state face to face with the Avars and Slavs in the southeast.[73] The most southeast Frankish neighbours were Croats, who settled in Pannonian Croatia and Dalmatian Croatia. While fighting the Avars, the Franks had called for their support.[74] During the 790s, he won a major victory over them in 796.[75] Pannonian Croat Duke Vojnomir of Pannonian Croatia aided Charlemagne, and the Franks made themselves overlords over the Croats of northern Dalmatia, Slavonia and Pannonia.[75] The Frankish commander Eric of Friuli wanted to extend his dominion by conquering the Littoral Croat Duchy. During that time, Dalmatian Croatia was ruled by Duke Višeslav of Croatia. In the Battle of Trsat, the forces of Eric fled their positions and were routed by the forces of Višeslav.[76] Eric was among those killed which was a great blow for the Carolingian Empire.[73][76][77] Charlemagne also directed his attention to the Slavs to the west of the Avar khaganate: the Carantanians and Carniolans. These people were subdued by the Lombards and Bavarii and made tributaries, but were never fully incorporated into the Frankish state. Imperium Coronation Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne, by Friedrich Kaulbach, 1861 In 799, Pope Leo III had been assaulted by some of the Romans, who tried to put out his eyes and tear out his tongue.[78] Leo escaped and fled to Charlemagne at Paderborn.[79] Charlemagne, advised by scholar Alcuin, travelled to Rome, in November 800 and held a synod. On 23 December, Leo swore an oath of innocence to Charlemagne. His position having thereby been weakened, the Pope sought to restore his status. Two days later, at Mass, on Christmas Day (25 December), when Charlemagne knelt at the altar to pray, the Pope crowned him Imperator Romanorum ("Emperor of the Romans") in Saint Peter's Basilica. In so doing, the Pope rejected the legitimacy of Empress Irene of Constantinople: Pope Leo III, crowning Charlemagne from Chroniques de France ou de Saint Denis, vol. 1; France, second quarter of 14th century. When Odoacer compelled the abdication of Romulus Augustulus, he did not abolish the Western Empire as a separate power, but caused it to be reunited with or sink into the Eastern, so that from that time there was a single undivided Roman Empire ... [Pope Leo III and Charlemagne], like their predecessors, held the Roman Empire to be one and indivisible, and proposed by the coronation of [Charlemagne] not to proclaim a severance of the East and West ... they were not revolting against a reigning sovereign, but legitimately filling up the place of the deposed Constantine VI ... [Charlemagne] was held to be the legitimate successor, not of Romulus Augustulus, but of Constantine VI ...[80] Charlemagne's coronation as Emperor, though intended to represent the continuation of the unbroken line of Emperors from Augustus to Constantine VI, had the effect of setting up two separate (and often opposing) Empires and two separate claims to imperial authority. It led to war in 802, and for centuries to come, the Emperors of both West and East would make competing claims of sovereignty over the whole. Einhard says that Charlemagne was ignorant of the Pope's intent and did not want any such coronation: [H]e at first had such an aversion that he declared that he would not have set foot in the Church the day that they [the imperial titles] were conferred, although it was a great feast-day, if he could have foreseen the design of the Pope.[81] A number of modern scholars, however,[82] suggest that Charlemagne was indeed aware of the coronation; certainly, he cannot have missed the bejewelled crown waiting on the altar when he came to pray; something even contemporary sources support.[83] Debate The throne of Charlemagne and the subsequent German Kings in Aachen Cathedral Historians have debated for centuries whether Charlemagne was aware before the coronation of the Pope's intention to crown him Emperor (Charlemagne declared that he would not have entered Saint Peter's had he known, according to chapter twenty-eight of Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni),[84] but that debate obscured the more significant question of why the Pope granted the title and why Charlemagne accepted it. Collins points out "[t]hat the motivation behind the acceptance of the imperial title was a romantic and antiquarian interest in reviving the Roman empire is highly unlikely."[85] For one thing, such romance would not have appealed either to Franks or Roman Catholics at the turn of the ninth century, both of whom viewed the Classical heritage of the Roman Empire with distrust. The Franks took pride in having "fought against and thrown from their shoulders the heavy yoke of the Romans" and "from the knowledge gained in baptism, clothed in gold and precious stones the bodies of the holy martyrs whom the Romans had killed by fire, by the sword and by wild animals", as Pepin III described it in a law of 763 or 764.[86] Furthermore, the new title—carrying with it the risk that the new emperor would "make drastic changes to the traditional styles and procedures of government" or "concentrate his attentions on Italy or on Mediterranean concerns more generally"—risked alienating the Frankish leadership.[87] For both the Pope and Charlemagne, the Roman Empire remained a significant power in European politics at this time. The Byzantine Empire, based in Constantinople, continued to hold a substantial portion of Italy, with borders not far south of Rome. Charles' sitting in judgment of the Pope could be seen as usurping the prerogatives of the Emperor in Constantinople: By whom, however, could he [the Pope] be tried? Who, in other words, was qualified to pass judgement on the Vicar of Christ? In normal circumstances the only conceivable answer to that question would have been the Emperor at Constantinople; but the imperial throne was at this moment occupied by Irene. That the Empress was notorious for having blinded and murdered her own son was, in the minds of both Leo and Charles, almost immaterial: it was enough that she was a woman. The female sex was known to be incapable of governing, and by the old Salic tradition was debarred from doing so. As far as Western Europe was concerned, the Throne of the Emperors was vacant: Irene's claim to it was merely an additional proof, if any were needed, of the degradation into which the so-called Roman Empire had fallen. — John Julius Norwich[88] Coronation of Charlemagne, drawing by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld For the Pope, then, there was "no living Emperor at that time"[89] though Henri Pirenne[90] disputes this saying that the coronation "was not in any sense explained by the fact that at this moment a woman was reigning in Constantinople". Nonetheless, the Pope took the extraordinary step of creating one. The papacy had since 727 been in conflict with Irene's predecessors in Constantinople over a number of issues, chiefly the continued Byzantine adherence to the doctrine of iconoclasm, the destruction of Christian images; while from 750, the secular power of the Byzantine Empire in central Italy had been nullified. Coronation of an idealised king, depicted in the Sacramentary of Charles the Bald (about 870) By bestowing the Imperial crown upon Charlemagne, the Pope arrogated to himself "the right to appoint ... the Emperor of the Romans, ... establishing the imperial crown as his own personal gift but simultaneously granting himself implicit superiority over the Emperor whom he had created." And "because the Byzantines had proved so unsatisfactory from every point of view—political, military and doctrinal—he would select a westerner: the one man who by his wisdom and statesmanship and the vastness of his dominions ... stood out head and shoulders above his contemporaries."[91] With Charlemagne's coronation, therefore, "the Roman Empire remained, so far as either of them [Charlemagne and Leo] were concerned, one and indivisible, with Charles as its Emperor", though there can have been "little doubt that the coronation, with all that it implied, would be furiously contested in Constantinople".[92] Alcuin writes hopefully in his letters of an Imperium Christianum ("Christian Empire"), wherein, "just as the inhabitants of the [Roman Empire] had been united by a common Roman citizenship", presumably this new empire would be united by a common Christian faith.[86] This writes the view of Pirenne when he says "Charles was the Emperor of the ecclesia as the Pope conceived it, of the Roman Church, regarded as the universal Church".[93] The Imperium Christianum was further supported at a number of synods all across Europe by Paulinus of Aquileia.[94] What is known, from the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes,[95] is that Charlemagne's reaction to his coronation was to take the initial steps towards securing the Constantinopolitan throne by sending envoys of marriage to Irene, and that Irene reacted somewhat favourably to them. The Coronation of Charlemagne, by assistants of Raphael, c. 1516–1517 It is important to distinguish between the universalist and localist conceptions of the empire, which remain controversial among historians. According to the former, the empire was a universal monarchy, a "commonwealth of the whole world, whose sublime unity transcended every minor distinction"; and the emperor "was entitled to the obedience of Christendom". According to the latter, the emperor had no ambition for universal dominion; his realm was limited in the same way as that of every other ruler, and when he made more far-reaching claims his object was normally to ward off the attacks either of the Pope or of the Byzantine emperor. According to this view, also, the origin of the empire is to be explained by specific local circumstances rather than by overarching theories.[96] According to Ohnsorge, for a long time, it had been the custom of Byzantium to designate the German princes as spiritual "sons" of the Romans. What might have been acceptable in the fifth century had become provoking and insulting to the Franks in the eighth century. Charles came to believe that the Roman emperor, who claimed to head the world hierarchy of states, was, in reality, no greater than Charles himself, a king as other kings, since beginning in 629 he had entitled himself "Basileus" (translated literally as "king"). Ohnsorge finds it significant that the chief wax seal of Charles, which bore only the inscription: "Christe, protege Carolum regem Francorum [Christ, protect Charles, king of the Franks], was used from 772 to 813, even during the imperial period and was not replaced by a special imperial seal; indicating that Charles felt himself to be just the king of the Franks. Finally, Ohnsorge points out that in the spring of 813 at Aachen Charles crowned his only surviving son, Louis, as the emperor without recourse to Rome with only the acclamation of his Franks. The form in which this acclamation was offered was Frankish-Christian rather than Roman. This implies both independence from Rome and a Frankish (non-Roman) understanding of empire.[97] Imperial title Charlemagne used these circumstances to claim that he was the "renewer of the Roman Empire", which had declined under the Byzantines. In his official charters, Charles preferred the style Karolus serenissimus Augustus a Deo coronatus magnus pacificus imperator Romanum gubernans imperium[98] ("Charles, most serene Augustus crowned by God, the great, peaceful emperor ruling the Roman empire") to the more direct Imperator Romanorum ("Emperor of the Romans"). The title of Emperor remained in the Carolingian family for years to come, but divisions of territory and in-fighting over supremacy of the Frankish state weakened its significance.[99] The papacy itself never forgot the title nor abandoned the right to bestow it. When the family of Charles ceased to produce worthy heirs, the Pope gladly crowned whichever Italian magnate could best protect him from his local enemies. The empire would remain in continuous existence for nearly a millennium, as the Holy Roman Empire, a true imperial successor to Charles.[100] Imperial diplomacy Europe around 814 The iconoclasm of the Byzantine Isaurian Dynasty was endorsed by the Franks.[101] The Second Council of Nicaea reintroduced the veneration of icons under Empress Irene. The council was not recognised by Charlemagne since no Frankish emissaries had been invited, even though Charlemagne ruled more than three provinces of the classical Roman empire and was considered equal in rank to the Byzantine emperor. And while the Pope supported the reintroduction of the iconic veneration, he politically digressed from Byzantium.[101] He certainly desired to increase the influence of the papacy, to honour his saviour Charlemagne, and to solve the constitutional issues then most troubling to European jurists in an era when Rome was not in the hands of an emperor. Thus, Charlemagne's assumption of the imperial title was not a usurpation in the eyes of the Franks or Italians. It was, however, seen as such in Byzantium, where it was protested by Irene and her successor Nikephoros I—neither of whom had any great effect in enforcing their protests. The East Romans, however, still held several territories in Italy: Venice (what was left of the Exarchate of Ravenna), Reggio (in Calabria), Otranto (in Apulia), and Naples (the Ducatus Neapolitanus). These regions remained outside of Frankish hands until 804, when the Venetians, torn by infighting, transferred their allegiance to the Iron Crown of Pippin, Charles' son. The Pax Nicephori ended. Nicephorus ravaged the coasts with a fleet, initiating the only instance of war between the Byzantines and the Franks. The conflict lasted until 810 when the pro-Byzantine party in Venice gave their city back to the Byzantine Emperor, and the two emperors of Europe made peace: Charlemagne received the Istrian peninsula and in 812 the emperor Michael I Rangabe recognised his status as Emperor,[102] although not necessarily as "Emperor of the Romans".[103] Danish attacks After the conquest of Nordalbingia, the Frankish frontier was brought into contact with Scandinavia. The pagan Danes, "a race almost unknown to his ancestors, but destined to be only too well known to his sons" as Charles Oman described them, inhabiting the Jutland peninsula, had heard many stories from Widukind and his allies who had taken refuge with them about the dangers of the Franks and the fury which their Christian king could direct against pagan neighbours. In 808, the king of the Danes, Godfred, expanded the vast Danevirke across the isthmus of Schleswig. This defence, last employed in the Danish-Prussian War of 1864, was at its beginning a 30 km (19 mi) long earthenwork rampart. The Danevirke protected Danish land and gave Godfred the opportunity to harass Frisia and Flanders with pirate raids. He also subdued the Frank-allied Veleti and fought the Abotrites. Godfred invaded Frisia, joked of visiting Aachen, but was murdered before he could do any more, either by a Frankish assassin or by one of his own men. Godfred was succeeded by his nephew Hemming, who concluded the Treaty of Heiligen with Charlemagne in late 811. Death See also: Testament of Charlemagne Persephone sarcophagus of Charlemagne A portion of the 814 death shroud of Charlemagne. It represents a quadriga and was manufactured in Constantinople. Musée de Cluny, Paris. In 813, Charlemagne called Louis the Pious, king of Aquitaine, his only surviving legitimate son, to his court. There Charlemagne crowned his son as co-emperor and sent him back to Aquitaine. He then spent the autumn hunting before returning to Aachen on 1 November. In January, he fell ill with pleurisy.[104] In deep depression (mostly because many of his plans were not yet realised), he took to his bed on 21 January and as Einhard tells it: He died January twenty-eighth, the seventh day from the time that he took to his bed, at nine o'clock in the morning, after partaking of the Holy Communion, in the seventy-second year of his age and the forty-seventh of his reign. Frederick II's gold and silver casket for Charlemagne, the Karlsschrein He was buried that same day, in Aachen Cathedral, although the cold weather and the nature of his illness made such a hurried burial unnecessary. The earliest surviving planctus, the Planctus de obitu Karoli, was composed by a monk of Bobbio, which he had patronised.[105] A later story, told by Otho of Lomello, Count of the Palace at Aachen in the time of Emperor Otto III, would claim that he and Otto had discovered Charlemagne's tomb: Charlemagne, they claimed, was seated upon a throne, wearing a crown and holding a sceptre, his flesh almost entirely incorrupt. In 1165, Emperor Frederick I re-opened the tomb again and placed the emperor in a sarcophagus beneath the floor of the cathedral.[106] In 1215 Emperor Frederick II re-interred him in a casket made of gold and silver. Charlemagne's death emotionally affected many of his subjects, particularly those of the literary clique who had surrounded him at Aachen. An anonymous monk of Bobbio lamented:[107] From the lands where the sun rises to western shores, people are crying and wailing ... the Franks, the Romans, all Christians, are stung with mourning and great worry ... the young and old, glorious nobles, all lament the loss of their Caesar ... the world laments the death of Charles ... O Christ, you who govern the heavenly host, grant a peaceful place to Charles in your kingdom. Alas for miserable me. Louis succeeded him as Charles had intended. He left a testament allocating his assets in 811 that was not updated prior to his death. His empire lasted only another generation in its entirety; its division, according to custom, between Louis's own sons after their father's death laid the foundation for the modern states of Germany and France.[108] Administration Main article: Government of the Carolingian Empire Organisation The Carolingian king exercised the bannum, the right to rule and command. Under the Franks, it was a royal prerogative but could be delegated.[109] He had supreme jurisdiction in judicial matters, made legislation, led the army, and protected both the Church and the poor.[citation needed] His administration was an attempt to organise the kingdom, church and nobility around him. As an administrator, Charlemagne stands out for his many reforms: monetary, governmental, military, cultural and ecclesiastical. He is the main protagonist of the "Carolingian Renaissance". Military Charlemagne's success rested primarily on novel siege technologies and excellent logistics[110] rather than the long-claimed "cavalry revolution" led by Charles Martel in 730s. However, the stirrup, which made the "shock cavalry" lance charge possible, was not introduced to the Frankish kingdom until the late eighth century.[111] Horses were used extensively by the Frankish military because they provided a quick, long-distance method of transporting troops, which was critical to building and maintaining the large empire.[111] Economic and monetary reforms Monogram of Charlemagne, including signum manus, from the subscription of a royal diploma: Signum (monogr.: KAROLVS) Karoli gloriosissimi regis Charlemagne had an important role in determining Europe's immediate economic future. Pursuing his father's reforms, Charlemagne abolished the monetary system based on the gold sou. Instead, he and the Anglo-Saxon King Offa of Mercia took up Pippin's system for pragmatic reasons, notably a shortage of the metal. The gold shortage was a direct consequence of the conclusion of peace with Byzantium, which resulted in ceding Venice and Sicily to the East and losing their trade routes to Africa. The resulting standardisation economically harmonised and unified the complex array of currencies that had been in use at the commencement of his reign, thus simplifying trade and commerce. Denier from the era of Charlemagne, Tours, 793–812 Charlemagne established a new standard, the livre carolinienne (from the Latin libra, the modern pound), which was based upon a pound of silver—a unit of both money and weight—worth 20 sous (from the Latin solidus [which was primarily an accounting device and never actually minted], the modern shilling) or 240 deniers (from the Latin denarius, the modern penny). During this period, the livre and the sou were counting units; only the denier was a coin of the realm. Charlemagne instituted principles for accounting practice by means of the Capitulare de villis of 802, which laid down strict rules for the way in which incomes and expenses were to be recorded. Charlemagne applied this system to much of the European continent, and Offa's standard was voluntarily adopted by much of England. After Charlemagne's death, continental coinage degraded, and most of Europe resorted to using the continued high-quality English coin until about 1100. Jews in Charlemagne's realm Early in Charlemagne's rule he tacitly allowed Jews to monopolise money lending. At the time, lending of money for interest was proscribed in 814 because it violated Church law. Charlemagne introduced the Capitulary for the Jews, a prohibition on Jews engaging in money-lending due to the religious convictions of the majority of his constituents, in essence banning it across the board, a reversal of his earlier recorded general policy.[112] In addition to this broad change, Charlemagne also performed a significant number of microeconomic reforms, such as direct control of prices and levies on certain goods and commodities. His Capitulary for the Jews, however, was not representative of his overall economic relationship or attitude towards the Frankish Jews, and certainly not his earlier relationship with them, which evolved over his life. His personal physician, for example, was Jewish,[113] and he employed one Jew, Isaac, who was his personal representative to the Muslim caliphate of Baghdad.[114] Letters have been credited to him that invited Jews to settle in his kingdom.[115][116][117] Education reforms Charlemange in a copper engraving of the 16th-century by Giovanni Battista Cavalieri Part of Charlemagne's success as a warrior, an administrator and ruler can be traced to his admiration for learning and education. His reign is often referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance because of the flowering of scholarship, literature, art and architecture that characterise it. Charlemagne came into contact with the culture and learning of other countries (especially Moorish Spain, Anglo-Saxon England,[118] and Lombard Italy) due to his vast conquests. He greatly increased the provision of monastic schools and scriptoria (centres for book-copying) in Francia. Charlemagne was a lover of books, sometimes having them read to him during meals. He was thought to enjoy the works of Augustine of Hippo.[119] His court played a key role in producing books that taught elementary Latin and different aspects of the church. It also played a part in creating a royal library that contained in-depth works on language and Christian faith.[120] Charlemagne encouraged clerics to translate Christian creeds and prayers into their respective vernaculars as well to teach grammar and music. Due to the increased interest of intellectual pursuits and the urging of their king, the monks accomplished so much copying that almost every manuscript from that time was preserved. At the same time, at the urging of their king, scholars were producing more secular books on many subjects, including history, poetry, art, music, law, theology, etc. Due to the increased number of titles, private libraries flourished. These were mainly supported by aristocrats and churchmen who could afford to sustain them. At Charlemagne's court, a library was founded and a number of copies of books were produced, to be distributed by Charlemagne.[121][122] Book production was completed slowly by hand and took place mainly in large monastic libraries. Books were so in demand during Charlemagne's time that these libraries lent out some books, but only if that borrower offered valuable collateral in return.[122] The privileges of Charlemagne at the Modena Cathedral (containing the monogram of Charlemagne), dated 782 Most of the surviving works of classical Latin were copied and preserved by Carolingian scholars. Indeed, the earliest manuscripts available for many ancient texts are Carolingian. It is almost certain that a text which survived to the Carolingian age survives still. The pan-European nature of Charlemagne's influence is indicated by the origins of many of the men who worked for him: Alcuin, an Anglo-Saxon from York; Theodulf, a Visigoth, probably from Septimania; Paul the Deacon, Lombard; Italians Peter of Pisa and Paulinus of Aquileia; and Franks Angilbert, Angilram, Einhard and Waldo of Reichenau. Charlemagne promoted the liberal arts at court, ordering that his children and grandchildren be well-educated, and even studying himself (in a time when even leaders who promoted education did not take time to learn themselves) under the tutelage of Peter of Pisa, from whom he learned grammar; Alcuin, with whom he studied rhetoric, dialectic (logic), and astronomy (he was particularly interested in the movements of the stars); and Einhard, who tutored him in arithmetic.[123] His great scholarly failure, as Einhard relates, was his inability to write: when in his old age he attempted to learn—practising the formation of letters in his bed during his free time on books and wax tablets he hid under his pillow—"his effort came too late in life and achieved little success", and his ability to read—which Einhard is silent about, and which no contemporary source supports—has also been called into question.[123] In 800, Charlemagne enlarged the hostel at the Muristan in Jerusalem and added a library to it. He certainly had not been personally in Jerusalem.[124][125] Church reforms See also: Charlemagne and church music Charlemagne's chapel at Aachen Cathedral Charlemagne expanded the reform Church's programme unlike his father, Pippin, and uncle, Carloman. The deepening of the spiritual life was later to be seen as central to public policy and royal governance. His reform focused on strengthening the church's power structure, improving clergy's skill and moral quality, standardising liturgical practices, improvements on the basic tenets of the faith and the rooting out of paganism. His authority extended over church and state. He could discipline clerics, control ecclesiastical property and define orthodox doctrine. Despite the harsh legislation and sudden change, he had developed support from clergy who approved his desire to deepen the piety and morals of his subjects.[126] In 809–810, Charlemagne called a church council in Aachen, which confirmed the unanimous belief in the West that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son (ex Patre Filioque) and sanctioned inclusion in the Nicene Creed of the phrase Filioque (and the Son). For this Charlemagne sought the approval of Pope Leo III. The Pope, while affirming the doctrine and approving its use in teaching, opposed its inclusion in the text of the Creed as adopted in the 381 First Council of Constantinople.[127] This spoke of the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father, without adding phrases such as "and the Son", "through the Son", or "alone". Stressing his opposition, the Pope had the original text inscribed in Greek and Latin on two heavy shields that were displayed in Saint Peter's Basilica.[128][129][130] Writing reforms Page from the Lorsch Gospels of Charlemagne's reign During Charles' reign, the Roman half uncial script and its cursive version, which had given rise to various continental minuscule scripts, were combined with features from the insular scripts in use in Irish and English monasteries. Carolingian minuscule was created partly under the patronage of Charlemagne. Alcuin, who ran the palace school and scriptorium at Aachen, was probably a chief influence. The revolutionary character of the Carolingian reform, however, can be over-emphasised; efforts at taming Merovingian and Germanic influence had been underway before Alcuin arrived at Aachen. The new minuscule was disseminated first from Aachen and later from the influential scriptorium at Tours, where Alcuin retired as an abbot. Political reforms Charlemagne engaged in many reforms of Frankish governance while continuing many traditional practices, such as the division of the kingdom among sons.[131] Divisio regnorum In 806, Charlemagne first made provision for the traditional division of the empire on his death. For Charles the Younger he designated Austrasia and Neustria, Saxony, Burgundy and Thuringia. To Pippin, he gave Italy, Bavaria, and Swabia. Louis received Aquitaine, the Spanish March and Provence. The imperial title was not mentioned, which led to the suggestion that, at that particular time, Charlemagne regarded the title as an honorary achievement that held no hereditary significance. Pepin died in 810 and Charles in 811. Charlemagne then reconsidered the matter, and in 813, crowned his youngest son, Louis, co-emperor and co-King of the Franks, granting him a half-share of the empire and the rest upon Charlemagne's own death. The only part of the Empire that Louis was not promised was Italy, which Charlemagne specifically bestowed upon Pippin's illegitimate son Bernard.[132] Personality Manner 13th-century stained glass depiction of Charlemagne, Strasbourg Cathedral Einhard tells in his twenty-fourth chapter: Charles was temperate in eating, and particularly so in drinking, for he abominated drunkenness in anybody, much more in himself and those of his household; but he could not easily abstain from food, and often complained that fasts injured his health. He very rarely gave entertainments, only on great feast-days, and then to large numbers of people. His meals ordinarily consisted of four courses, not counting the roast, which his huntsmen used to bring in on the spit; he was more fond of this than of any other dish. While at table, he listened to reading or music. The subjects of the readings were the stories and deeds of olden time: he was fond, too, of St. Augustine's books, and especially of the one titled "The City of God".[133] Charlemagne threw grand banquets and feasts for special occasions such as religious holidays and four of his weddings. When he was not working, he loved Christian books, horseback riding, swimming, bathing in natural hot springs with his friends and family, and hunting.[134] Franks were well known for horsemanship and hunting skills.[134] Charles was a light sleeper and would stay in his bed chambers for entire days at a time due to restless nights. During these days, he would not get out of bed when a quarrel occurred in his kingdom, instead summoning all members of the situation into his bedroom to be given orders. Einhard tells again in the twenty-fourth chapter: "In summer after the midday meal, he would eat some fruit, drain a single cup, put off his clothes and shoes, just as he did for the night, and rest for two or three hours. He was in the habit of awaking and rising from bed four or five times during the night."[134] Language Main article: Theodiscus By Charlemagne's time, the French vernacular had already diverged significantly from Latin. This is evidenced by one of the regulations of the Council of Tours 813, which required that parish priests preach either in the "rusticam Romanam linguam" (Romance) or "Theotiscam" (the Germanic vernacular) rather than in Latin. The goal of this rule was to make sermons comprehensible to the common people.[135] Charlemagne himself probably spoke a Rhenish Franconian dialect.[136][137][138] He also spoke Latin and had at least some understanding of Greek, according to Einhard (Grecam vero melius intellegere quam pronuntiare poterat, "he could understand Greek better than he could speak it").[139] The largely fictional account of Charlemagne's Iberian campaigns by Pseudo-Turpin, written some three centuries after his death, gave rise to the legend that the king also spoke Arabic.[140] Appearance The Carolingian-era equestrian statuette thought to represent Charlemagne (from Metz Cathedral, now in the Louvre) Charlemagne's personal appearance is known from a good description by Einhard after his death in the biography Vita Karoli Magni. Einhard states:[141] He was heavily built, sturdy, and of considerable stature, although not exceptionally so, since his height was seven times the length of his own foot. He had a round head, large and lively eyes, a slightly larger nose than usual, white but still attractive hair, a bright and cheerful expression, a short and fat neck, and he enjoyed good health, except for the fevers that affected him in the last few years of his life. Towards the end, he dragged one leg. Even then, he stubbornly did what he wanted and refused to listen to doctors, indeed he detested them, because they wanted to persuade him to stop eating roast meat, as was his wont, and to be content with boiled meat. The physical portrait provided by Einhard is confirmed by contemporary depictions such as coins and his 8-inch (20 cm) bronze statuette kept in the Louvre. In 1861, Charlemagne's tomb was opened by scientists who reconstructed his skeleton and estimated it to be measured 1.95 metres (6 ft 5 in).[142] An estimate of his height from an X-ray and CT scan of his tibia performed in 2010 is 1.84 metres (6 ft 0 in). This puts him in the 99th percentile of height for his period, given that average male height of his time was 1.69 metres (5 ft 7 in). The width of the bone suggested he was gracile in body build.[143] Dress Later depiction of Charlemagne in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France Charlemagne wore the traditional costume of the Frankish people, described by Einhard thus:[144] He used to wear the national, that is to say, the Frank, dress—next his skin a linen shirt and linen breeches, and above these a tunic fringed with silk; while hose fastened by bands covered his lower limbs, and shoes his feet, and he protected his shoulders and chest in winter by a close-fitting coat of otter or marten skins. He wore a blue cloak and always carried a sword typically of a golden or silver hilt. He wore intricately jeweled swords to banquets or ambassadorial receptions. Nevertheless:[144] He despised foreign costumes, however handsome, and never allowed himself to be robed in them, except twice in Rome, when he donned the Roman tunic, chlamys, and shoes; the first time at the request of Pope Hadrian, the second to gratify Leo, Hadrian's successor. On great feast days, he wore embroidery and jewels on his clothing and shoes. He had a golden buckle for his cloak on such occasions and would appear with his great diadem, but he despised such apparel according to Einhard, and usually dressed like the common people.[144] Homes Charlemagne had residences across his kingdom, including numerous private estates that were governed in accordance with the Capitulare de villis. A 9th-century document detailing the inventory of an estate at Asnapium listed amounts of livestock, plants and vegetables and kitchenware including cauldrons, drinking cups, brass kettles and firewood. The manor contained seventeen houses built inside the courtyard for nobles and family members and was separated from its supporting villas.[145] Family Charlemagne had eighteen children with eight of his ten known wives or concubines.[146] Nonetheless, he had only four legitimate grandsons, the four sons of his fourth son, Louis. In addition, he had a grandson (Bernard of Italy, the only son of his third son, Pippin of Italy), who was illegitimate but included in the line of inheritance. Among his descendants are several royal dynasties, including the Habsburg, Capetian and Plantagenet dynasties. By consequence, most if not all established European noble families ever since can genealogically trace their background to Charlemagne. Start date Marriages and heirs Concubinages and illegitimate children c.768 His first relationship was with Himiltrude. The nature of this relationship is variously described as concubinage, a legal marriage, or a Friedelehe.[147] (Charlemagne put her aside when he married Desiderata.) The union with Himiltrude produced a son: Pippin the Hunchback (c. 769–811) c. 770 After her, his first wife was Desiderata, daughter of Desiderius, king of the Lombards; married in 770, annulled in 771. c. 771 His second wife was Hildegard of the Vinzgau (757 or 758–783), married 771, died 783. By her he had nine children: Charles the Younger (c. 772–4 December 811), Duke of Maine, and crowned King of the Franks on 25 December 800 Carloman, renamed Pippin (April 773–8 July 810), King of Italy Adalhaid (774), who was born whilst her parents were on campaign in Italy. She was sent back to Francia, but died before reaching Lyons Rotrude (or Hruodrud) (775–6 June 810) Louis (778–20 June 840), twin of Lothair, King of Aquitaine since 781, crowned King of the Franks/co-emperor in 813, senior Emperor from 814 Lothair (778–6 February 779/780), twin of Louis, he died in infancy[148] Bertha (779–826) Gisela (781–808) Hildegarde (782–783) c. 773 His first known concubine was Gersuinda. By her he had: Adaltrude (b.774) c. 774 His second known concubine was Madelgard. By her he had: Ruodhaid (775–810), abbess of Faremoutiers c. 784 His third wife was Fastrada, married 784, died 794. By her he had: Theodrada (b.784), abbess of Argenteuil Hiltrude (b.787) c. 794 His fourth wife was Luitgard, married 794, died childless. c. 800 His fourth known concubine was Regina. By her he had: Drogo (801–855), Bishop of Metz from 823 and abbot of Luxeuil Abbey Hugh (802–844), archchancellor of the Empire c. 804 His fifth known concubine was Ethelind. By her he had: Richbod (805–844), Abbott of Saint-Riquier Theodoric (b. 807) Further information: Carolingian dynasty Name Blessed Charlemagne Karl der Große als Gründer des Klosters Liesborn.jpg Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor of the Romans, Emperor of the West, King of the Franks, King of the Lombards, Grandfather of Europe.[149] Venerated in Catholic Church Feast 28 January Patronage University of Paris[150] Bust of Charlemagne, located at Aachen Cathedral Treasury Arm reliquary of Charlemagne at Aachen Cathedral Treasury He was named Charles in French and English, Carolus in Latin, after his grandfather, Charles Martel. Later Old French historians dubbed him Charles le Magne (Charles the Great),[151] becoming Charlemagne in English after the Norman conquest of England. The epithet Carolus Magnus was widely used, leading to numerous translations into many languages of Europe. Charles' achievements gave a new meaning to his name. In many languages of Europe, the very word for "king" derives from his name; e.g., Polish: król, Ukrainian: король (korol'), Czech: král, Slovak: kráľ, Hungarian: király, Lithuanian: karalius, Latvian: karalis, Russian: король, Macedonian: крал, Bulgarian: крал, Romanian: crai, Serbo-Croatian: краљ/kralj, Turkish: kral. This development parallels that of the name of the Caesars in the original Roman Empire, which became kaiser and tsar (or czar), among others.[122] Beatification Charlemagne was revered as a saint in the Holy Roman Empire and some other locations after the twelfth century. The Apostolic See did not recognise his invalid canonisation by Antipope Paschal III, done to gain the favour of Frederick Barbarossa in 1165. The Apostolic See annulled all of Paschal's ordinances at the Third Lateran Council in 1179.[152] He is not enumerated among the 28 saints named "Charles" in the Roman Martyrology.[153] His beatification has been acknowledged as cultus confirmed and is celebrated on 28 January.[152][154] Cultural uses Middle Ages Charlemagne had a sustained impact on European culture. The author of the Visio Karoli Magni written around 865 uses facts gathered apparently from Einhard and his own observations on the decline of Charlemagne's family after the dissensions war (840–43) as the basis for a visionary tale of Charles' meeting with a prophetic spectre in a dream. Charlemagne was a model knight as one of the Nine Worthies who enjoyed an important legacy in European culture. One of the great medieval literary cycles, the Charlemagne cycle or the Matter of France, centres on his deeds—the Emperor with the Flowing Beard of Roland fame—and his historical commander of the border with Brittany, Roland, and the 12 paladins. These are analogous to, and inspired the myth of, the Knights of the Round Table of King Arthur's court.[155] Their tales constitute the first chansons de geste. In the 12th century, Geoffrey of Monmouth based his stories of Arthur largely on stories of Charlemagne.[156] During the Hundred Years' War in the 14th century, there was considerable cultural conflict in England, where the Norman rulers were aware of their French roots and identified with Charlemagne, Anglo-Saxon natives felt more affinity for Arthur, whose own legends were relatively primitive. Therefore, storytellers in England adapted legends of Charlemagne and his 12 Peers to the Arthurian tales.[157] In the Divine Comedy, the spirit of Charlemagne appears to Dante in the Heaven of Mars, among the other "warriors of the faith".[158] Modern era Emperor Charlemagne, by Albrecht Dürer, 1511–1513, Germanisches Nationalmuseum Charlemagne appears in Adelchi, the second tragedy by Italian writer Alessandro Manzoni, first published in 1822.[159] In 1867, an equestrian statue of Charlemagne was made by Louis Jehotte and was inaugurated in 1868 on the Boulevard d'Avroy in Liège. In the niches of the neo-roman pedestal are six statues of Charlemagne's ancestors (Sainte Begge, Pépin de Herstal, Charles Martel, Bertrude, Pépin de Landen and Pépin le Bref). The North Wall Frieze in the courtroom of the Supreme Court of the United States depicts Charlemagne as a legal reformer.[160] The city of Aachen has, since 1949, awarded an international prize (called the Karlspreis der Stadt Aachen) in honour of Charlemagne. It is awarded annually to "personages of merit who have promoted the idea of western unity by their political, economic and literary endeavours."[161] Winners of the prize include Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, the founder of the pan-European movement, Alcide De Gasperi, and Winston Churchill. In its national anthem, "El Gran Carlemany", the nation of Andorra credits Charlemagne with its independence. In 1964, young French singer France Gall released the hit song "Sacré Charlemagne" in which the lyrics blame the great king for imposing the burden of compulsory education on French children. Charlemagne is quoted by Dr Henry Jones, Sr. in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. After using his umbrella to induce a flock of seagulls to smash through the glass cockpit of a pursuing German fighter plane, Henry Jones remarks, "I suddenly remembered my Charlemagne: 'Let my armies be the rocks and the trees and the birds in the sky.'" Despite the quote's popularity since the movie, there is no evidence that Charlemagne actually said this.[162] The Economist features a weekly column entitled "Charlemagne", focusing generally on European affairs and, more usually and specifically, on the European Union and its politics.[163] Actor and singer Christopher Lee's symphonic metal concept album Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross[164] and its heavy metal follow-up Charlemagne: The Omens of Death feature the events of Charlemagne's life.[165] A 2010 episode of QI discussed the mathematics completed by Mark Humphrys[166] that calculated that all modern Europeans are highly likely to share Charlemagne as a common ancestor (see most recent common ancestor). In April 2014, on the occasion of the 1200th anniversary of Charlemagne's death, public art Mein Karl by Ottmar Hörl at Katschhof place was installed between city hall and the Aachen cathedral, displaying 500 Charlemagne statues.[167] The expansion pack Age of Charlemagne for the 2015 strategy game Total War: Attila features Charlemagne as the faction leader for his half of the Carolingian Empire. Inauguration of the statue of Charlemagne, Liège, 26 July 1868 Art installation Mein Karl by Ottmar Hörl on Katschhof place of Aachen Stained-glass of Charlemagne sitting on his throne in the railway station of Metz, representing the imperial protection over Metz during the German annexation of the city Statue of Charlemagne near Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris See also The Metropolitan M Stamp.PNGMiddle Ages portalP vip.svgBiography portal Notes In Latin: Karolus or Carolus, whence Charles in English or Karl in German (for this individual, specifically Karl der Große). The French form Charlemagne and the Italian Carlo Magno or Carlomagno (Italian: [ˌkar.lo ˈmaɲ.ɲo]) come from his nickname Carolus Magnus ("Charles the Great"). Alternative birth years for Charlemagne include 742 and 748. There is scholarly debate over this topic, summarised in J. Nelson, Charlemagne (London, 2019), pp. 28-29. See further Karl Ferdinand Werner, Das Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen, in Francia 1, 1973, pp. 115–57 (online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine); Matthias Becher: Neue Überlegungen zum Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen, in: Francia 19/1, 1992, pp. 37–60 (online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine); Papst Johannes Paul II (2004). "Ansprache von seiner Heiligkeit Papst Johannes Paul II" (in German). Internationaler Karlspreis zu Aachen. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Also see: The Great Schism – St. George Orthodox Cathedral or The Great Schism – Assumption Greek Orthodox Church See:"France :: The hegemony of Neustria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica.com. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014. From 781 Adrian began dating papal documents by the years of Charlemagne's reign, instead of the reign of the Byzantine Emperor.[54] It was during this visit to Rome that Charlemagne met Alcuin of York and invited him to join his court.[55] References Citations McKitterick 2008, p. 72. Wilson, Derek (2014). Charlemagne: Barbarian and Emperor. Random House. p. 8. ISBN 978-1448103256. Wells, John (3 April 2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0. Nelson 2019, p. 29. Becher, Matthias (2005). Charlemagne. Yale University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0300107586. Barbero, Alessandro (2004). Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. University of California Press. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-0-520-23943-2. Bradbury, Jim (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. Routledge. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-1-134-59847-2. Gregory 2005, pp. 251–52. Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 270, 274–75. Collins 1999, pp. 161–72. Fouracre 2005, pp. 5–8. Frassetto 2003, p. 292. Frassetto 2003, p. 292–93. Waldman & Mason 2006, p. 271. "France :: Pippin III – Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014. The background relies heavily on Einhard, putative & 741–829, Years 745–755 Oman 1914, pp. 409–10. "World News, Economics and Analysis Based on Bible Prophecy". theTrumpet.com. Baldwin, Stewart (2007–2009). "Charlemagne". The Henry Project. Matheson, Lister M. (2012). Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints. ABC-CLIO. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-0-313-34080-2. Northen Magill, Frank; Aves, Alison (1998). Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages. Routledge. pp. 226–. ISBN 978-1-57958-041-4. "Charlemagne". History.com. Retrieved 14 January 2014. Route Gottfried von Bouillon e.V. – deutsche Sektion Archived 2 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Route-gottfried-von-bouillon.de. Retrieved on 7 September 2013. Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages, Volume 2. Routledge. 1998. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-579-58041-4. Collins, Roger (1998). Charlemagne. University of Toronto Press. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-0-8020-8218-3. Matheson, Lister M. (2012). Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints. ABC-CLIO. pp. 152–. ISBN 978-0-313-34080-2. Fichtenau, Heinrich (1957). The Carolingian Empire. University of Toronto Press. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-0-8020-6367-0. Einhard 1999, 4. Plan of This Work. Einhard 1999, 1. The Merovingian Family. The Annales uses maiores domus, a plural followed by a singular: one house, two chief officers. Einhard, putative & 741–829, Year 742 Einhard, putative & 741–829, Years 745, 746. Einhard 1999, 6. Lombard War. Collins 1998, pp. 32–33. Einhard 1999, 3. Charlemagne's Accession. Einhard, putative & 741–829, Year 768. Collins 1987, p. 32. Collins 1987, p. 105. Douglass & Bilbao 2005, pp. 36–37. Collins 1987, p. 100. Collins 2004, pp. 130–31, "The sequence of events...has not been assisted by the tendency of the historians to take all the information...from all the available sources and combine it to produce a single synthetic account...As a rule of thumb, reliability, and also brevity of narrative, are usually in direct proportion to chronological proximity." James 2009, p. 49. Collins 2004, pp. 131–32. Douglass & Bilbao 2005, p. 40. Einhard 2007, p. 24. Lewis, David Levering (2009). God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570–1215. W.W. Norton. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-393-33356-5. Freeman, Edward Augustus (1904). Western Europe in the Eighth Century & Onward: An Aftermath. Macmillan and Company, limited. p. 74. Russell 1930, p. 88. McKitterick 2008, pp. 118–25. Kohn, George C. (2006). Dictionary of Wars. Infobase Publishing. pp. 125–. ISBN 978-1-4381-2916-7. Paul Halsall, Einhard: The Wars of Charlemagne, c. 770–814, Internet Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University, 1998 Charlemagne, Encyclopædia Britannica Hodgkin 1889. Hodgkin 1889, pp. 85–86. Asimov, I. (1968) The Dark Ages, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 157. Asimov, p. 168 Gelfand, Dale Evva (2003). Charlemagne. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438117850. Butt, John J. (2002). Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313316685. Runciman, Steven. "The Empress Irene the Athenian." Medieval Women. Ed. Derek Baker. Oxford: Ecclesiastical History Society, 1978. Becher 2005, p. 122. McKitterick 2008, p. 91. Lewis, Archibald Ross. The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718–1050, University of Texas Press, 1965 Lewis, Archibald Ross (1965), p. 40. Heck, Gene W. (2007). When Worlds Collide: Exploring the Ideological and Political Foundations of the Clash of Civilizations. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 172–. ISBN 978-0-7425-5856-4. France, John, "The Composition and Raising of the Armies of Charlemagne", in Journal of Medieval Military History, ed. B. Bachrach (2002), pp. 63–65 Revised annals of the kingdom of the Franks, ed. and trans. King, Sources, p. 110 Oebele Vries, "Friesland", Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia (Routledge, 2001), pp. 252–56. Frassetto, Michael (2003). "Widukind". Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation. ABC-CLIO. p. 368. ISBN 9781576072639. A. M. L. Fadda (2000), "The Vernacular and the Propagation of the Faith in Anglo-Saxon Missionary Activity", Studies in Church History. Subsidia, 13, 1–15. Historical Atlas of Knights and Castles, Cartographica, Dr Ian Barnes, 2007 pp.30&31 Goldberg, Eric Joseph (2006). Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876. Cornell University Press. pp. 48–. ISBN 978-0-8014-3890-5. Collins, Roger (1998). Charlemagne. University of Toronto Press. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-0-8020-8218-3. Bachrach, Bernard S.; Clifford J. Rogers; Kelly DeVries (2002). Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-909-6. Bruce Ross, James (April 1945). "Two Neglected Paladins of Charlemagne: Erich of Friuli and Gerold of Bavaria Speculum, Vol. 20, No. 2". Speculum. 20 (2): 212–35. doi:10.2307/2854596. JSTOR 2854596. Sinor, Denis (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century. University of Michigan Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3. Klaić, Vjekoslav (1988). Povijest Hrvata: od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX stoljeća. Treće doba: vladanje kraljeva iz raznih porodica (1301–1526). Knj. 2 (in Croatian). Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Matice Hrvatske. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-86-401-0051-9. Turner, Samuel Epes (1880). Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne (Vita Karoli Magni). New York: Harper & Brothers. Einhard, Life of Charles the Great "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Charlemagne". James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire, 1864, pp. 62–64 Einhard Life of Charlemagne 28. Tierney, Brian. The Crisis of the Church and State 1050–1300. University of Toronto Press, 1964. p. 17. Meek, Harry. "Charlemagne's Imperial Coronation: The Enigma of Sources and Use to Historians". www.academia.edu/HMeek. "[...] he said that he would have refused to enter the church that day, although it was a major festival, had he been aware of the Pope's plans". Einhard, Vita Karoli Magni, 28. Collins 1987, p. 147. Collins 1987, p. 151. Collins 1987, p. 149. Norwich 1992b, p. 378. Norwich 1992b, p. 379. Pirenne 2012, p. 234n. Norwich, John Julius (2011). The Popes: A History. Random House. p. 55. ISBN 978-0701182908. Norwich 1992a, p. 3. Pirenne 2012, p. 233. Butler, Alban; Hugh Farmer, David (1995). "St Paulinus of Aquileia, Bishop (c. 726–804)". Butler's Lives of the Saints: New Full Edition. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-0-86012-250-0. Collins 1987, p. 153. "Holy Roman Empire". Britannica.com. 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014. "Ohnsorge, Werner, Das Zweikaiserproblem im früheren Mittelalter. Die Bedeutung des byzantinischen Reiches für die Entwicklung der Staatsidee in Europa, (Hildesheim, August Lax Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1947), pp. 15–31. Translated by Richard E. Sullivan in The Coronation of Charlemagne D. C. Heath and Company, Boston, 1959, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 59-14499". Clc-library-org-docs.angelfire.com. Retrieved 14 January 2014. Cf. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Karolinorum I, 77ff.; title used from 801 onward. Cantor 2015, pp. 194–95, 212. Davies1996, pp. 316–17. Becher, Matthias (2011). "Die Außenpolitik Karls des Großen. Zwischen Krieg und Diplomatie". Damals (in German). 2011 Special Volume: 33–46. eum imperatorem et basileum appellantes, cf. Royal Frankish Annals, a. 812. Eichmann, Eduard (1942). Die Kaiserkrönung im Abendland: ein Beitrag zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des kirchlichen Rechte, der Liturgie und der Kirchenpolitik. Echter-Verlag. p. 33. Einhard, Life, p. 59 Godman, Peter (1985). Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance. Duckworth. pp. 206–11. ISBN 978-0-7156-1768-7. Chamberlin, Russell (1986). The Emperor, Charlemagne. F. Watts. pp. 222–24. ISBN 978-0-531-15004-7. Dutton 2004. von Hellfeld, Matthias. "Die Geburt zweier Staaten – Die Straßburger Eide vom 14. Februar 842". Deutsche Welle (in German). Retrieved 22 October 2011. Theodore Evergates, "Ban, Banalité", in Joseph R. Strayer (ed.), Dictionary of the Middle Ages (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983), vol. 2, p. 69. Bowlus, Charles R. (2006). The Battle of Lechfeld and Its Aftermath, August 955: The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-0-7546-5470-4. Hooper, Nicholas; Bennett, Matthew (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 768–1487. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-0-521-44049-3. "Charlemagne created a peaceful environment for Jews in his kingdom. Charlemagne fostered a system where the Christian majority could procure credit through Jewish constituents. Christians were forbidden to loan money at an interest rate, a restriction not shared by the Jews". Worldology.com. 25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014. "Charlemagne". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 14 January 2014. "Charlemagne". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 October 2017. Scheindlin, Raymond P. (1998). A Short History of the Jewish People. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–04. "Ashkenazic Jewry in France". Jewishhistory.org. Retrieved 14 January 2014. Goldfoot, Nadene (8 October 2012). "includes sourced excerpts". Jewishfactsfromportland.blogspot.com. Retrieved 14 January 2014. Charlemagne and Anglo-Saxon England, Joanna Story, Charlemagne: Empire and Society, ed. Joanna Story, (Manchester University Press, 2005), 195. Bullough, Donald A. (December 2003). "Charlemagne's court library revisited". Early Medieval Europe. 12 (4): 339–63. doi:10.1111/j.0963-9462.2004.00141.x. "Charlemagne | Holy Roman emperor [747?–814]". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 November 2015. "Charlemagne's court library revisited". Early Medieval Europe. 12 (4): 339–63. 2003. doi:10.1111/j.0963-9462.2004.00141.x. Anderson, Perry (2013). Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-78168-008-7. Dutton 2016. Karl der Grosse und das Erbe der Kulturen, Band 1999, Franz-Reiner Erkens, Akademie Verlag, 2001. Saint-Denis zwischen Adel und König, Rolf Große, Thorbecke, Stuttgart 2002. "Charlemagne". Britannica.com. 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2014. Sterk, Andrea (1 October 1988). "The Silver Shields of Pope Leo III: A Reassessment of the Evidence". Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 19: 62–79. "The Filioque: A Church-Dividing Issue?: An Agreed Statement of the North American Orthodox-Catholic Consultation". Usccb.org. Retrieved 14 January 2014. Adolf Harnack (1 June 2005). "2. The Controversy regarding the Filioque and Pictures". History of Dogma – Volume V. Retrieved 14 January 2014 – via CCEL.org. Gerald Bray (1983). "The Filioque Clause in History and Theology" (PDF). Tyndale Bulletin. 34: 91–144 [121]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011. Schulman, Jana K. (2002). The rise of the medieval world, 500–1300: a biographical dictionary. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. xx. ISBN 978-0313011085. Noble, Thomas F. X., Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, Penn State Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0271035734, p. 10 Einhard 1999, 24. Habits. Bhote, Tehmina (2005). Charlemagne: The Life and Times of an Early Medieval Emperor. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1404201613. Barbero 2004, p. 106. Keller, R.E. (1964). "The Language of the Franks". Bulletin of the John Rylands Library of Manchester. 47 (1): 101–22 [122]. doi:10.7227/BJRL.47.1.6. Chambers, William Walker; Wilkie, John Ritchie (2014). A Short History of the German Language (RLE Linguistics E: Indo-European Linguistics). London: Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-317-91852-3. McKitterick 2008, p. 318. Einhard 1999, 25. Studies. Van Herwaarden, J. (2003). Between Saint James and Erasmus: Studies in Late-Medieval Religious Life : Devotions and Pilgrimages in the Netherlands. Brill. p. 475. ISBN 978-90-04-12984-9. Barbero 2004, p. 116. Barbero 2004, p. 118. Ruhli, F.J.; Blumich, B.; Henneberg, M. (2010). "Charlemagne was very tall, but not robust". Economics and Human Biology. 8 (2): 289–90. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2009.12.005. PMID 20153271. Einhard 1999, 23. Dress. "Internet History Sourcebooks Project". legacy.fordham.edu. Retrieved 2 May 2016. Durant, Will. "King Charlemagne." Archived 24 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Story of Civilization, Vol III, The Age of Faith. Online version in the Knighthood, Tournaments & Chivalry Resource Library, Ed. Brian R. Price. Charlemagne's biographer Einhard (Vita Karoli Magni, ch. 20) calls her a "concubine" and Paulus Diaconus speaks of Pippin's birth "before legal marriage", whereas a letter by Pope Stephen III refers to Charlemagne and his brother Carloman as being already married (to Himiltrude and Gerberga), and advises them not to dismiss their wives. Historians have interpreted the information in different ways. Some, such as Pierre Riché (The Carolingians, p.86.), follow Einhard in describing Himiltrude as a concubine. Others, for example Dieter Hägemann (Karl der Große. Herrscher des Abendlands, p. 82f.), consider Himiltrude a wife in the full sense. Still others subscribe to the idea that the relationship between the two was "something more than concubinage, less than marriage" and describe it as a Friedelehe, a form of marriage unrecognised by the Church and easily dissolvable. Russell Chamberlin (The Emperor Charlemagne, p. 61.), for instance, compared it with the English system of common-law marriage. This form of relationship is often seen in a conflict between Christian marriage and more flexible Germanic concepts. "By [Hildigard] Charlemagne had four sons and four daughters, according to Paul the Deacon: one son, the twin of Lewis, called Lothar, died as a baby and is not mentioned by Einhard; two daughters, Hildigard and Adelhaid, died as babies, so that Einhard appears to err in one of his names, unless there were really five daughters." Thorpe, Lewis, Two Lives of Charlemagne, p.185 Cheney, Ian. "A Bright Spot in the Dark Ages: How Charlemagne Almost Saved Western Civilization". "Blessed Charlemagne". CatholicSaints.Info. 3 September 2019. Web. 21 September 2019. Church historians of the period wrote universally in Latin, regardless of native language. Charles le Magne only translates Carolus Magnus given in the Latin manuscripts into French, which was subsequent to whatever language Charles spoke. Shahan, Thomas; Ewan Macpherson. "Charlemagne". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 January 2013. In some parts of the empire popular affection placed him among the saints. For political purposes and to please Frederick Barbarossa he was canonised (1165) by the antipope Paschal III, but this act was never ratified by insertion of his feast in the Roman Breviary or by the Universal Church; his cultus, however, was permitted at Aachen [Acta SS., 28 Jan., 3d ed., II, 303–07, 490–93, 769; his office is in Canisius, "Antiq. Lect.", III (2)] Martyrologium Romanum, Ad Formam Editionis Typicae Scholiis Historicis Instructum. 1940. p. 685. Hoche, Dominique T (2012). "Charlemagne". In Lister M. Matheson (ed.). Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood. pp. 143–74 [172]. ISBN 978-0-313-34080-2. Retrieved 1 January 2013. "Arthurian legend". Encyclopedia Britannica. Fraley, Michael (1993). Arthur: King of Britain. Caliber Comics. ISBN 978-1626657984. "To anyone familiar with the early Medieval Period of European history, Geoffrey's story begins to sound familiar here. It should. It seems to be based, in large part, on the historical adventures of Charlemagne, the Frankish King of the Ninth Century, who eventually became Emperor. Looking at Charlemagne's life and personality, it becomes clear that he and Geoffrey's Arthur are practically twins." Charlemagne, King Arthur and Contested National Identity in English Romances Modelling his narrative on earlier Middle English texts, the English AMA-poet, appropriates aspects of the historical reality of Charlemagne and refashions them to fit Arthur, creating a hero that the English can claim as their own. Dorothy L. Sayers, Paradise, notes on Canto XVII. Banham (1998, 678). "US Supreme Court Courtroom Friezes" (PDF). Retrieved 19 February 2019. Chamberlin, Russell, The Emperor Charlemagne, p. ??? "Quid plura? | "Flying birds, excellent birds ..."". Quidplura.com. 5 August 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2014. "Where do The Economist's unusual names come from?". The Economist. 5 September 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2017. Michaels, Sean (5 January 2010). "Christopher Lee to release 'symphonic metal' album, The man who played Dracula and Saruman is to tell the story of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, through the universal language of metal". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 January 2013. The man who played Dracula, Saruman and the Man with the Golden Gun is now to portray Charlemagne—through the medium of song. Actor Christopher Lee is to release an album of 'symphonic metal', telling the story of his own direct ancestor, the first Holy Roman Emperor. Farrell, John (28 May 2012). "Christopher Lee Celebrates 90th Birthday By Recording Heavy Metal". Forbes. Retrieved 1 January 2013. 'Let Legend Mark Me As King;' and 'The Ultimate Sacrifice', arranged by Judas Priest lead guitarist Richie Falkner, are part of a new album, Charlemagne: The Omens of Death. Common ancestors of all humans. Humphrysfamilytree.com. Retrieved on 7 September 2013. "Mein Karl". Euregio Aachen. 18 October 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014. Bibliography Charlemagne, from Encyclopædia Britannica, full-article, latest edition. Barbero, Alessandro (2004). Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. trans. Allan Cameron. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23943-2. Becher, Matthias (2005). Charlemagne. Translated by Bachrach, David S. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09796-2. Cantor, Norman F. (2015). Civilization of the Middle Ages: Completely Revised and Expanded Edition, A. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-244460-8. Collins, Roger (1987) [1986]. The Basques. New York: Basil Blackwell Inc. Collins, Roger (1998). Charlemagne. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Collins, Roger (1999). Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-33365-808-6. Collins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Spain, 409–711. History of Spain. Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell Pub. Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7. Douglass, William A; Bilbao, Jon (2005). Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World. The Basque series. Reno & Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0874176254. Dutton, P. (2016). Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-06228-4. Dutton, Paul Edward (2004). Carolingian Civilization: A Reader. Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-492-7. Einhard, putative (741–829). Annales Regni Francorum (Annales Laurissenses Maiores). Medieval Latin. The Latin Library. Einhard (1999) [1880]. Halsall, Paul (ed.). The Life of Charlemagne. Translated by Samuel Epes Turner. New York: Harper & Brothers; Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University. Fouracre, Paul (2005). "The Long Shadow of the Merovingians". In Joanna Story (ed.). Charlemagne: Empire and Society. Machester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-71907-089-1. Frassetto, Michael (2003). Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-263-9. Ganshof, F. L. (1971). The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy: Studies in Carolingian History. trans. Janet Sondheimer. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0635-5. Gregory, Timothy E. (2005). A History of Byzantium. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-63123-513-2. Hodgkin, Thomas (1889). Italy and Her Invaders. 8. Oxford: Clarendon Press. James, David; Ibn al-Qūṭiyya (2009). Early Islamic Spain: The History of Ibn al-Qūṭiyya: a study of the unique Arabic manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, with a translation, notes and comments. London and New York: Routledge. Lewers Langston, Aileen; Buck, Jr., J. Orton, eds. (1974). Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub. Co. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-47285-2. Molina Figueras, Joan (2004). "Arnau de Montrodon y la catedral de San Carlomagno: sobre la imagen y el culto al emperador carolingio en Gerona". Anuario de Estudios Medievales (in Spanish). 34 (1): 417–54. doi:10.3989/aem.2004.v34.i1.190. Janet L. Nelson, King and Emperor: A new life of Charlemagne (London, 2019) Norwich, John Julius (1992a). Byzantium: The Apogee. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-53779-5. Norwich, John Julius (1992b). Byzantium: The Early Centuries. Penguin Books. Oman, Charles (1914). The Dark Ages, 476–918 (6th ed.). London: Rivingtons. Painter, Sidney (1953). A History of the Middle Ages, 284–1500. New York: Knopf. Pirenne, Henri (2012) [1937 posthumous]. Mohammed and Charlemagne (Dover ed.). Mineola, NY: Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-12225-0. Riché, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1342-3. Russell, Charles Edward (1930). Charlemagne, first of the moderns. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. Santosuosso, Antonio (2004). Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-9153-3. Sarti, Laury (2016). "Frankish Romanness and Charlemagne's Empire". Speculum. 91 (4): 1040–58. doi:10.1086/687993. Scholz, Bernhard Walter; Barbara Rogers (1970). Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08790-7. Comprises the Annales regni Francorum and The History of the Sons of Louis the Pious Sypeck, Jeff (2006). Becoming Charlemagne: Europe, Baghdad, and The Empires of A.D. 800. New York: Ecco/HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-079706-5. Tierney, Brian (1964). The Crisis of Church and State 1050–1300. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-6701-2. Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0816049646. Wilson, Derek (2005). Charlemagne: The Great Adventure. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-179461-3. External links Charlemagne at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity The Making of Charlemagne's Europe (freely available database of prosopographical and socio-economic data from legal documents dating to Charlemagne's reign, produced by King's College London) Einhard. "Vita Karoli Magni". Medieval Latin. The Latin Library. Bakker, Marco (2003–2011). "Charlemagne". Reportret. The Sword of Charlemagne (myArmoury.com article) Snell, Melissa (2011). "Charlemagne Picture Gallery". Medieval History. About.com. Charter given by Charlemagne for St. Emmeram's Abbey showing the Emperor's seal, 22.2.794 . Taken from the collections of the Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden at Marburg University Works by or about Charlemagne at Internet Archive Works by Charlemagne at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) An interactive map of Charlemagne's travels "Carolus Magnus imperator". Repertorium "Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages" (Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters). Charlemagne Authority control Edit this at Wikidata BIBSYS: 90719298BNC: 000036546BNE: XX977993BNF: cb11940325v (data)BPN: 87063263CANTIC: a10199408CiNii: DA04355380GND: 118560034HDS: 020775ISNI: 0000 0001 2143 0569LCCN: n79043619LNB: 000141162NCL: 003706396NDL: 00620482NKC: jo20000082682NLA: 49885978NLI: 000599572NLP: A11823045NLR: 000037856NSK: 000051953NTA: 071126805RERO: 02-A000034353RSL: 000048871SELIBR: 192448SNAC: w6pc36mhSUDOC: 027339793Trove: 1506937ULAN: 500097003VIAF: 89643029WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 89643029 Categories: Charlemagne8th-century Frankish kings8th-century kings of Italy8th-century rulers of Bavaria9th-century French monarchs9th-century Holy Roman Emperors9th-century kings of Italy9th-century rulers of Bavaria740s births814 deathsBibliophilesCaptains General of the ChurchCarolingian dynastyCharacters in Orlando Innamorato and Orlando FuriosoCharacters in The Song of RolandChristian monarchsChristian royal saintsDeaths from respiratory diseaseFounding monarchsFrankish kings of BurgundyFrankish warriorsFrench ChristiansGerman ChristiansHistory of the Low CountriesLombard kingsRoman Catholic royal saints Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Čeština Español Français Latina Lietuvių Magyar Polski Slovenčina Українська 134 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2019, at 06:29 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementMobile view --------- HOY ES EL DIA DEL EJERCITO DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, fundados por el POETA, JUAN PABLO DUARTE DIEZ & CIENTIFICO TICs DOMINICANO y por el GENERAL PEDRO SANTANA, desde el trabucazo DE MATIAS RAMON MELLA, EN LA PUERTA DEL CONDE PENALBA, en la noche del 27 de febrero de 1844...para luchar contra la OCUPACION MILITAR HAITIANA, con sus lideres irresponsables Y ANALFABETAS, bajo la DOCTRINA MILITAR & POLITICA: ABSURDA DE QUE LA ISLA HISPANIOLA ES UNA E INDIVISIBLE... Pero desde 1801, HAITI no ha sido capaz de: 1. PARIR UN INGENIERO ELECTRONICO COMO DON FRANK HATTON GUERRERO (1897-1981). 1.1. INVENTOR DOMINICANO DE LA RADIO COMERCIAL DOMINICANA (1920s): HIZ. 1.2. INVENTOR de la ASOCIACION de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil dominicana como RADIO CLUB DOMINICANO, INC. 1.3. PRIMER DIRECTOR DE DEPORTES DE LA NACION DOMINICANA (1938) 1.4. PRIMER CIENTIFICO DE LAS CIENCIAS DOMINICANAS DEL OCIO, al disenar, administrar, organizar la PRIMERA ESCUELA DOMINICANA DE ATLETISMO. 1.5. PRIMER LOCUTOR POLIGLOTA DOMINICANO, CON CARNET DE LOCUTOR (1938) 1.6. PRIMER NARRADOR EN ESPANOL de los JUEGOS DE BEISBOL DE LAS GRANDES LIGAS. 1.7. PRIMER LOCUTOR COMERCIAL: DOMINICANO. 1.8. PRIMER IMPULSOR DEL BOXEO, MEDIANTE LOS REPORTES & NARRACION DE LOS CARTELES BOXISTICOS internacionales por SU EMISORA EXPERIMENTAL, en los anos 20s, DEL PASADO SIGLO XX. 1.9. INVENTOR DEL DOBLE PLAY, en su participacion como SHORT-STOP POR EL EQUIPO DE BEISBOL MAS ANTIGUO DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA: -EN SANTO DOMINGO DE GUZMAN- LOS TIGRES DEL LICEY. 1..10. CIENTIFICO MULTITASKING, DE: PERSONALIDAD COMPLEJA, -En la perspectiva de las NEUROCIENCIAS O DE LA NEUROCOGNICION, LA META-COGNICION, en siglo XIX, en sus anos infantiles y juveniles: ANTES DE CUMPLIR LOS 35 ANOS DE EDAD: 1. FUE GOLFISTA. 2. BASKETBOLISTA. 3. FUTBOLISTA, AFICIONADO.... 1. ELEVADO AL SALON DE LA FAMA DEL DEPORTE, por el CIRCULO DE CRONISTAS DEPORTIVOS (CCD) de la nacion & de la Republica Dominicana, EN EL ANO : 1970, POR SUS APORTES AL DEPORTE DOMINICANO, DESDE SU FUNCION DE: 1. LOCUTOR DEPORTIVO. 2. DE GERENTE O EMPLEADO PUBLICO: DESDE LA DIRECCION GENERAL DE DEPORTES DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA (1938). 3. CONDECORADO POR SUS APORTES CIENTIFICOS, RADIOFONICOS, INGENIERILES -COMO INGENIERO ELECTRONICO- A LA PATRIA DOMINICANA, por el PRESIDENTE JOAQUIN AMPARO BALAGUER RICARDO, EN EL ANO: 1968 CON LA ORDEN DE: CRISTOBAL COLON. EN EL GRADO DE: CABALLERO. 1981. A. FALLECIDO COMO CIENTIFICO DOMINICANO: 1. CIENCIAS DEL OCIO & RECREACION, DOMINICANAS. 2. CIENCIAS DEL DEPORTE & RECREACION, DOMINICANAS. 3. CIENCIAS INGENIERILES ELECTRONICAS, DOMINICANAS. 4. CIENCIAS RADIOFONICAS COMERCIALES DOMINICANAS. B. EN EL ANONIMATO -Por toda la poblacion dominicana y SU DESCONOCIMIENTO DE LA : HISTORIA EN CIENCIAS TICs: DOMINICANAS- EN EL ANO 1981, SOLO: 1. RADIO CLUB DOMINICANO, INC, institucion CIENTIFICA EN CIENCIAS RADIOFONICAS & EN INGENIERIA ELECTRONICA, que ayudo a fundar Y PRESIDIO, en 1926: MONTO UNA GUARDIA DE HONOR EN TORNO A SU FERETRO O ATAUD, en 1981. EL UNICO & REAL PADRE DOMINICANO, DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA DOMINICANA. DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA. DE LOS DERECHOS DE PROPIEDAD: INDUSTRIAL, POR MEDIOS ELECTRONICOS NO ESCRITOS DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA: 1. INDUSTRIA RADIOFONICA DOMINICANA EXPORTADORA. 2. INDUSTRIA PUBLICITARIA EXPORTADORA DOMINICANA. 3. INDUSTRIA TELECOMUNICACIONAL EXPORTADORA DE CONTENIDOS: ORIGINALES, DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA: UN CIENTIFICO DOMINICANO, PIONERO DE LA NUEVA ECONOMIA, DE LA ECONOMIA LA INDUSTRIA & EL COMERCIO DOMINICANO DEL SIGLO XXI... 1. DESDE EL DESARROLLO INDIVIDUAL: DEL TALENTO HUMANO. 2. DESDE EL DESARROLLO INDIVIDUAL: DEL CAPITAL HUMANO... 2.1. EN LOS DEPORTES. 2.2. EN LAS ARTES & CIENCIAS DEL : ESPECTACULO DE CALIDAD MUNDIAL O INTERNACIONAL: POR RADIO...COMERCIAL, RENTABLE, FINANCIERAMENTE FACTIBLE, EN LA CREACION DE RIQUEZA DOMINICANA, EN LA CREACIOIN DE EMPLEOS PRODUCTIVOS & EXPORTACIONES DOMINICANAS, PARA LA: ECONOMIA DOMINICANA. EL PADRE INNEGABLE DE LA : FARANDULA DOMINICANA, DEL SHOW BUSINESS DOMINICANO, COMO DE TODOS Y TODAS LOS : KNOWLEDGE WORKERS O TRABAJADORES DE CONOCIMIENTO, UN CIUDADANO DOMINICANO: SIN LUGAR A DUDAS, DEL SIGLO XXI, DE LA NUEVA ECONOMIA, DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA DOMINICANA, DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA: 1. AUDIOVISUAL. 2. COMERCIAL. 3. EXPORTADORA DE CONTENIDOS: DOMINICANOS, DOMINICANISTAS, DOMINICANISIMOS, JUANPABLODUARTIANOS, HOSTOSIANOS, PEDROHENRIQUEZURENISTAS BOSCHISTAS, en el siglo XXI... 1983. EL GOBIERNO DOMINICANO, EL ESTADO DOMINICANO, LA ADMINISTRACION PUBLICA DOMINICANA, CON SUS CIENTIFICOS & CIENTIFICAS, CON SUS EXPERTOS & EXPERTAS: LO DECLARO : PROPULSOR DE LA RADIO NACIONAL DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. ------- 2. NI UN CIENTIFICO TICs como: TEO VERAS LOPEZ (1950-2018). PADRE DE TODA LAS INDUSTRIAS CULTURALES O CREATIVAS, que giran en torno a la 1. FUNCION DEL LOCUTOR & LA LOCUTORA. 2. COMO ACTORES & ACTRICES: STANISLAVSKIANOS O DE CALIDAD MUNDIAL. 3. DESDE LAS EMISORAS RADIALES: 3.1. MUSICALES. 3.2. HUMORISTICAS DOMINICANAS, EN LA FRACUENCIA DE FM O FRECUENCIA MODULADA. 3. NI UN CIENTIFICO TICs como: EUGENIO MARIA DE HOSTOS. PAIDOLOGO EXPERTO: DOMINICANO hasta 1901, 4. Ni un CIENTIFICA TICs, como: SALOME URENENA DE HENRIQUEZ, CON LA FUNDACION DE SU LABORATORIO EN CIENCIAS DEL APRENDIZAJE INFANTIL HOSTOSIANO: EL INSTITUTO DOMINICANO DE SENORITAS. 5. NI UN CIENTIFICO TICs, ECONOMISTA, ANTROPOLOGO, HISTORIADOR, RADIODIFUSOR, como JUAN EMILIO BOSCH GAVINO (1909-2001). DESDE LA PUBLICACION DE SU PRIMERA INVESTIGACION ANTROPOLOGICA: INDIOS EN 1935. NI DESDE SU INVESTIGACION ORIGINAL PARA FUNDAR EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA: 1. LAS CIENCIAS ADMINISTRATIVAS O GERENCIALES. 2. LAS CIENCIAS ESTADISTICAS DOMINICANAS. 3. LAS CIENCIAS DE LA : ECONOMIA -EN CIENCIAS AGRONOMICAS Y PECUARIAS- DOMINICANAS, COMO UN HUMILDE: CIENTIFICO, JOVEN, ANONIMO: EMPLEADO PUBLICO, DE LA OFICINA NACIONAL DE ESTADISTICAS (ONE) 1930-1938... COMO EN SU VIDA, LABORAL PRODUCTIVA COMO EDITOR, RADIODIFUSOR PIONERO EN EL E-LEARNING, en AMERICA LATINA Y CARIBE, desde ALASKA HASTA LA ARGENTINA al fundar en CMQ, LA HABANA, en 1940 sus DOS PROGRAMAS RADIOFONICOS, ESPECIALIZADOS EN : 1. LA RADIO, COMO CIENCIA TICs: LA RADIODIFUSION. 2. LA HISTORIA DE AMERICA. Por la estacion CMQ, LA HABANA. COMO POR SUS MULTIPLES SUGERENCIAS & CONTRIBUCIONES A LA : MODERNIZACION. INSTITUCIONALIZACION. GLOBALIZACION. EXPORTACION. ELECTRIFICACION DE LA ECONOMIA DOMINICANA (1962-2001)... NI UN CENTIFICO TICs como: INGENIERO QUIMICO, ECONOMISTA, especializado en NEGOCIOS & ECONOMIA, en la MEJOR UNIVERSIDAD DOMINICANA DE CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS & NEGOCIOS -Con maestros como JOSE LUIS DE RAMON- EL INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO DE SANTO DOMINGO (INTEC) Fundado en la ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros, en el ano:1971, POR MAESTROS & MAESTRAS: UNIVERSITARIOS... POSICIONAMIENTO DE LIDERAZGO QUE HA OCUPADO INTECT EN LA : 1. FORMACION DE CAPITAL HUMANO. 2. DE TALENTO HUMANO, PARA LA ECONOMIA NARANJA O LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. LUEGO DE DESTRONAR EN EL; POSICIONAMIENTO lider A LA: ESCUELA DE ECONOMIA & NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES, como parte de la: COMPETITIVIDAD INDUSTRIAL DOMINICANA de la PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA MADRE & MAESTRA (PUCMM), FUNDADA por el DR. JOSE LUIS ALEMAN DUPUY (Mexico, 1928- 2007), a su regreso de su ESPECIALIZACION EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DE FRANKFURT, en ALEMANIA OCCIDENTAL en el ano 1966. ALEMAN DUPUY, fue uno de los actores de las ciencias economicas & el comercio internacional DOMINICANO de: IMPORTACION & EXPORTACION, quien ayudo al CIENTIFICO DE LAS CIENCIAS AGRICOLAS, DEL MERCADEO AGRICOLA EXPORTADOR ING. HIPOLITO MEJIA DOMINGUEZ -3 de Diciembre, 2001- A FUNDAR: LA AGENCIA GERENCIAL CIENTIFICA DOMINICANA, de consorcio: PUBLICO-PRIVADA CONSEJO NACIONAL DE COMPETITIVIDAD (CNC)... ENTIDAD CON FINALIDADES CONCRETAS DE PROYECTAR INDUSTRIAL & COMERCIALMENTE, la DOMINICANIDAD, en los 5 continentes, EN LA ECONOMIA NARANJA, EN LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, DESDE LA FORMACION DEL: 1. CAPITAL HUMANO DOMINICANO. 2. LA CREACION DE NUEVAS CADENAS DE VALOR. 3. LA CREACION DE NUEVAS FUENTES DE EMPLEOS PRODUCTIVOS, EN LOS CAMPOS & CIUDADES, DOMINICANAS... 4. EL TIMON REAL DE LA VIDA INDUSTRIAL & COMERCIAL DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA... El ORGANISMO CIENTIFICO ESPECIALIZADO no estuvo cumpliendo su FUNCION: 1. ASERTIVA, 2. PROSPECTIVA. 3. SINERGISTICA, 4. INSPIRADORA DEL ESTUDIO DE LAS CIENCIAS PAIDOLOGICAS DOMINICANAS, 5. INSPIRADORA DEL ESTUDIO DE LAS CIENCIAS ANDRAGOGICAS DOMINICANAS, Hasta la eleccion en el ano 2012, del CIENTIFICO, ING. QUIMICO & ECONOMISTA, DOMINICANO, LIC. DANILO MEDINA SANCHEZ, quien CONFIANDO EN LA JUVENTUD DOMINICANA, CONTRATO & NOMBRO A UN: JOVEN CIENTIFICO, DE LAS CIENCIAS GERENCIALES, ESTADISTICAS, ADMINISTRATIVAS AL ESPECIALISTA DOMINICANO, formado -En el CONEP, en su EXITOSA VICE-PRESIDENCIA- 1. CREANDO SOLUCIONES PRACTICAS. 2. CREANDO SOLUCIONES ECONOMICAS & GERENCIALES GLOBALES, GLOBALIZADAS... LIC. RAFAEL PAZ FAMILIA. UN AGENTE, DE TODA UNA JOVEN VIDA TRABAJANDO A FAVOR DE LA: 1. ECONOMIA NARANJA DOMINICANA. 2. DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA. AL IGUAL QUE EL CONTRATO DEL CIENTIFICO: ING. OSMAR BENITEZ, quien ha dedicado toda SU VIDA, a la INVESTIGACION AGROPECUARIA, SOSTENIBLE, RENTABLE, DESDE LOS AGRONEGOCIOS, como: SUSTITUCION DEL CONUQUISMO DOMINICANO, EN LA JUNTA AGRO-EMPRESARIAL DOMINICANA (JAD), COMO: MINISTRO O SECRETARIO DE ESTADO DE AGRICULTURA... HA PRODUCIDO FRUTOS, EXPLORANDO MERCADOS MUNDIALES, EN LA ECONOMIA: AGROPECUARIA DOMINICANA, EN LA GANADERIA DOMINICANA, siendo el principal indicador, que ya el APETECIDO E INSACIABLE MERCADO DE LA CHINA CONTINENTAL O CHINA COMUNISTA: ESTA COMIENDO CARNE DE VACA, CARNE DE RES ... 1. SURGIDA DE LAS FINCAS GANADERAS. 2. ESTABULADAS DOMINICANAS... 3. CON PRODUCTOS CARNICOS DE : PRIMERISIMA CALIDAD & AMPLIA ACEPTACION INTERNACIONAL... --------- 1964. SE FUNDA EN EL MUNDO, EL UNCTAD, como INSTRUMENTO DE DESARROLLO: 1. HUMANO. 2. ECONOMICO 3. EXPORTADOR, para todos los paises NO INDUSTRIALIZADOS del mundo, mediante EL FOMENTO DEL COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL & LA INDUSTRIALIZACION, esa es la razon por la cual: 194 PAISES, SE HICIEERON SOCIOS DE ESTE: ORGANISMO MULTILATERAL DEL SISTEMA DE LA ORGANIZACIOIN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS (ONU)... --------- DEL MISMO MODO QUE SE HICIERON SOCIOS, DE LA ORGANIZACION MUNDIAL DEL COMERCIO O OMC -------- DEL MISMO MODO QUE SE HICIERON SOCIOS DESDE 1944, DE ICAO, para la REGULACION & DESARROLLO MUNDIAL DE LA AVIACION COMERCIAL, DENTRO DE LAS CIENCIAS LOGISTICAS: 1.Gestionar, organizar, PROMOVER LOS VIAJES & EL TURISMO MUNDIAL, de: 1. PERSONAS. 2. FAMILIAS. COMO DE LOS FLUJOS DE CARGA, de productos AGROPECUARIOS, con destino al mercado MUNDIAL. REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, tenia desde : 1944 su PROPIA LINEA AEREA, en su ECONOMIA: DOMINICANA DE AVIACION.... AVIACION: CIVIL & COMERCIAL hasta los anos: 1990s. ------------ HOY ES EL DIA DEL EJERCITO DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, fundados por el POETA, JUAN PABLO DUARTE DIEZ & CIENTIFICO TICs DOMINICANO y por el GENERAL PEDRO SANTANA, desde el trabucazo DE MATIAS RAMON MELLA, EN LA PUERTA DEL CONDE PENALBA, en la noche del 27 de febrero de 1844...para luchar contra la OCUPACION MILITAR HAITIANA, con sus lideres irresponsables Y ANALFABETAS, bajo la DOCTRINA MILITAR & POLITICA: ABSURDA DE QUE LA ISLA HISPANIOLA ES UNA E INDIVISIBLE... Pero desde 1801, HAITI no ha sido capaz de: 1. PARIR UN INGENIERO ELECTRONICO COMO DON FRANK HATTON GUERRERO (1897-1981). 2. NI UN CIENTIFICO TICs como: TEO VERAS LOPEZ (1950-2018). 3. NI UN CIENTIFICO TICs como: EUGENIO MARIA DE HOSTOS. 4. Ni un CIENTIFICA TICs, como: SALOME URENENA DE HENRIQUEZ. 5. NI UN CIENTIFICO TICs, ECONOMISTA, ANTROPOLOGO, HISTORIADOR, RADIODIFUSOR, como JUAN EMILIO BOSCH GAVINO (1909-2001). NI UN CENTIFICO TICs como: INGENIERO QUIMICO, ECONOMISTA, especializado en NEGOCIOS & ECONOMIA, en la MEJOR UNIVERSIDAD DOMINICANA DE CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS & NEGOCIOS -Con maestros como JOSE LUIS DE RAMON- EL INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO DE SANTO DOMINGO (INTEC) Fundado en la ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros, en el ano:1971, POR MAESTROS & MAESTRAS: UNIVERSITARIOS... POSICIONAMIENTO DE LIDERAZGO QUE HA OCUPADO INTECT EN LA : 1. FORMACION DE CAPITAL HUMANO. 2. DE TALENTO HUMANO, PARA LA ECONOMIA NARANJA O LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. LUEGO DE DESTRONAR EN EL; POSICIONAMIENTO lider A LA: ESCUELA DE ECONOMIA & NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES, como parte de la: COMPETITIVIDAD INDUSTRIAL DOMINICANA de la PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA MADRE & MAESTRA (PUCMM), FUNDADA por el DR. JOSE LUIS ALEMAN DUPUY (Mexico, 1928- 2007), a su regreso de su ESPECIALIZACION EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DE FRANKFURT, en ALEMANIA OCCIDENTAL en el ano 1966. ALEMAN DUPUY, fue uno de los actores de las ciencias economicas & el comercio internacional DOMINICANO de: IMPORTACION & EXPORTACION, quien ayudo al CIENTIFICO DE LAS CIENCIAS AGRICOLAS, DEL MERCADEO AGRICOLA EXPORTADOR ING. HIPOLITO MEJIA DOMINGUEZ -3 de Diciembre, 2001- A FUNDAR: LA AGENCIA GERENCIAL CIENTIFICA DOMINICANA, de consorcio: PUBLICO-PRIVADA CONSEJO NACIONAL DE COMPETITIVIDAD (CNC)... ENTIDAD CON FINALIDADES CONCRETAS DE PROYECTAR INDUSTRIAL & COMERCIALMENTE, la DOMINICANIDAD, en los 5 continentes, EN LA ECONOMIA NARANJA, EN LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, DESDE LA FORMACION DEL: 1. CAPITAL HUMANO DOMINICANO. 2. LA CREACION DE NUEVAS CADENAS DE VALOR. 3. LA CREACION DE NUEVAS FUENTES DE EMPLEOS PRODUCTIVOS, EN LOS CAMPOS & CIUDADES, DOMINICANAS... 4. EL TIMON REAL DE LA VIDA INDUSTRIAL & COMERCIAL DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA... El ORGANISMO CIENTIFICO ESPECIALIZADO no estuvo cumpliendo su FUNCION: 1. ASERTIVA, 2. PROSPECTIVA. 3. SINERGISTICA, 4. INSPIRADORA DEL ESTUDIO DE LAS CIENCIAS PAIDOLOGICAS DOMINICANAS, 5. INSPIRADORA DEL ESTUDIO DE LAS CIENCIAS ANDRAGOGICAS DOMINICANAS, Hasta la eleccion en el ano 2012, del CIENTIFICO, ING. QUIMICO & ECONOMISTA, DOMINICANO, LIC. DANILO MEDINA SANCHEZ, quien CONFIANDO EN LA JUVENTUD DOMINICANA, CONTRATO & NOMBRO A UN: JOVEN CIENTIFICO, DE LAS CIENCIAS GERENCIALES, ESTADISTICAS, ADMINISTRATIVAS AL ESPECIALISTA DOMINICANO, formado -En el CONEP, en su EXITOSA VICE-PRESIDENCIA- 1. CREANDO SOLUCIONES PRACTICAS. 2. CREANDO SOLUCIONES ECONOMICAS & GERENCIALES GLOBALES, GLOBALIZADAS... LIC. RAFAEL PAZ FAMILIA. UN AGENTE, DE TODA UNA JOVEN VIDA TRABAJANDO A FAVOR DE LA: 1. ECONOMIA NARANJA DOMINICANA. 2. DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA. AL IGUAL QUE EL CONTRATO DEL CIENTIFICO: ING. OSMAR BENITEZ, quien ha dedicado toda SU VIDA, a la INVESTIGACION AGROPECUARIA, SOSTENIBLE, RENTABLE, DESDE LOS AGRONEGOCIOS, como: SUSTITUCION DEL CONUQUISMO DOMINICANO, EN LA JUNTA AGRO-EMPRESARIAL DOMINICANA (JAD), COMO: MINISTRO O SECRETARIO DE ESTADO DE AGRICULTURA... HA PRODUCIDO FRUTOS, EXPLORANDO MERCADOS MUNDIALES, EN LA ECONOMIA: AGROPECUARIA DOMINICANA, EN LA GANADERIA DOMINICANA, siendo el principal indicador, que ya el APETECIDO E INSACIABLE MERCADO DE LA CHINA CONTINENTAL O CHINA COMUNISTA: ESTA COMIENDO CARNE DE VACA, CARNE DE RES ... 1. SURGIDA DE LAS FINCAS GANADERAS. 2. ESTABULADAS DOMINICANAS... 3. CON PRODUCTOS CARNICOS DE : PRIMERISIMA CALIDAD & AMPLIA ACEPTACION INTERNACIONAL... -------------- DEDE EL ANO 1964QUE ES LA OPORTUNIDAD NARANJA COMO: OPORTUNIDAD INFINITA O ECONOMIA : CREATIVA? 1. La que pone EL ENFASIS EN LA : EDUCACION, escolar, universitaria de TODA LA POBLACION... 2. Para el desarrollo de una ECONOMIA DEL CONOCIMIENTO, de las CIENCIAS TICs, particularmente, en aquellas AREAS DE LA ECONOMIA, que dependen de la: 1. ELECTRIFICACION. 2. DE LA PRODUCCION DE CONTENIDOS AUDIOVISUALES, desde sus industrias culturales, desde sus industrias creativas, desde LOS TALENTOS & FORMACION EN CIENCIAS EXACTAS de toda su POBLACION...para: 1. LA CREACION DE LOCUTORES & LOCUTORAS DE : RADIO. TELEVISION CINE INTERNET 2. DE CAMAROGRAFOS, CAMAROGRAFAS de: CINE, TELEVISON, INTERNET Para el desarrollo de NUEVOS PRODUCTOS & NUEVOS SERVICIOS, dependientes de la INVENCION HUMANA llamada: 1.ELECTRICIDAD 2.DE LA INGENIERIA ELECTRONICA, 3.DE LA INGENIERIA AUDIOVISUAL, 4. DE LA FORMACION DE ACTORES & ACTRICES, ESPECIALIZADOS EN EL METODO DE KONSTANTIN STANISLAVSKI 4.1. DE RADIO. 4.2. DE TELEVISION. 4.3. DE CINE. 4.4. DE INTERNET de la FORMACION DE TECNICOS, TECNICAS & ESPECIALISTAS, en la : PRE-PRODUCCION DE CONTENIDOS MANUFACTURADOS, EN LAS METRICAS -INTERNACIONALES DEL KAYZEN & TQM- 1. EN SU PRE-PRODUCCION. 2. EN SU PRODUCCION. 3. EN SU POST-PRODUCCION. MEDIANTE LAS FACILIDADES DEL ESTADO DOMINICANO DE PROMOCION & FOMENTO DEL MICRO -CREDITO, desde: 1. BANCA SOLIDARIA. 2. BANCO DOMINICANO PARA PROMOCION & FOMENTO DE LAS EXPORTACIONES: DOMINICANAS (BANDEX) PRODUCCION, CREACION, ORGANIZACION -de MYPIMES dominicanas EXPORTADORAS- de MICRO & PEQUENAS UNIDADES de produccion de riqueza, sobre la base de la: 1. MENTE-FACTURA. 2. LA MANUFACTURA DE PRODUCTOS AUDIOVISUALES DOMINICANOS, exportables HACIA EL MERCADO MUNDIAL, en su: 2.1. INDUSTRIA PUBLICITARIA. 2.2. INDUSTRIA TELECOMUNICACIONAL. 2.3. INDUSTRIA TELEVISIVA NACIONAL. 2.4. INDUSTRIA CINEMATOGRAFICA NACIONAL -DE CALIDAD INTERNACIONAL O EXPORTABLE- 2.5. INDUSTRIA DOMINICANA DE LAS CIENCIAS TICs, o de las NUEVAS TECNOLOGIAS DE LA INFORMACION & DE LA COMUNICACION (NTICs), desde PLATAFORMAS DE STREAMING en el meta-medio de COMUNICACION ELECTRONICA O DIGITAL, en que han devenido: LA INTERNET & EL CIBERESPACIO, en todo el mundo, a partir del ano: 1990 hasta el dia de hoy... PARA EL DESARROLLO DE UNA NUEVA ESPECIALIDAD EN EL MERCADO AUDIOVISUAL MUNDIAL: WEB COMMUNITY MANAGER-EDUTATION Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV. Talents, Criticism,Friendship! Salut, Polis, Ecumene! (1959-2019) ---------- CO-Founder, Co-Developer, Project Owner & CEO. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, WEST INDIES, THINK TANK HUMAN TALENT, HUMAN CAPITAL, INNOVATION, COMPETITIVENESS, Strategical Scienes, Logistics Sciences, Economical Sciences: ORANGE ECONOMY, Creative Economy, Small Business, B2B, Digital Contents, Human Talents, Marketing, World's Markets for HUMAN SCIENTIFIC SKILLS, CHILD-GIRL SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION, CHILD-GIRL MEDICAL EDUCATION, CHILD-GIRL: Teens Pregnancy, Mother-Child PUBLIC HEALTH. PUBLIC HEALTH. PUBLIC POLICIES. PUBLIC-PRIVATES ALLIANCES. Consejo Nacional de la Seguridad Social de Republica Dominicana (CNSS): 1. PATIENT CENTERED CARE: UNEMPLOYEES DOMINICAN CITIZENS. 2. PATIENT CENTERED CARE: DISABILITY PEOPLES, DOMINICAN CITIZENS. 3. PATIENT CENTERED CARE: GERENTOLOGY SCIENCES. 4. PATIENT CENTERED CARE: PEDIATRICAL SCIENCES. 5. PATIENT CENTERED CARE: LEISURE SCIENCES. 6. PATIENT CENTERED CARE: SPORT SCIENCES. 7. PATIENT CENTERED CARE: PREVENTION CAR & ROADS CRASHED, BY SAFE ROADS, WORLDWIDE, 7.1. AMPUTATION. 7.2. MUTILATION. 7.3. EMERGENCY MEDICINE 7.4. OROTHOPEDICS COSTS. 7.5. HOSPITALIZATION. 7.6 ECONOMICS NEGATIVES : IMPACTS FOR BUSINESS IN LABOR MARKETS. 7.7. RATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC TOOLS FOR FIGHT POVERTY, EXCLUSION, BUILDING PRODUCTIVE, CREATIVE, INNOVATIVE, SCIENTIFC SKILLS BY UNIVERSAL SCHOOLIIN PROCESSES... 1. FOR ALL POPULATION. 2. FOR ALL AGES. 3. RURAL & URBAN CITIZENS 4. INNOVATION, COMPETITIVENES BY SMALL BUSINESS on UNLIMITED CREATIVE OPPORTUNITY OR ORANGE ECONOMY, in early childhood BIOGRAPHIES. -------- LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA HA CAPTADO 22,000 MILLONES DE DOLARES en: inversion EXTRANJERA DIRECTA, en los ultimos anos... ------------------- MINISTRO DE CULTURA de la República Digital Dominicana, ARQUITECTO Eduardo Selman, felicito a legisladores del Congreso Nacional de Republica Dominicana, por APROBAR EL PRESTAMO DE 90 millones de dolares, del BANCO INTERAMERICANO DE DESARROLLO (BID) para: 1. REMOZAMIENTO, 2. PUESTA EN VALOR, 3.PUESTA A PUNTO A NIVEL URBANISTICO de la CIUDAD INTRAMUROS, ZONA COLONIAL, CIUDAD COLONIAL uno de os mayores atractivos de que dispone la ciudad de Santo Domingo de Guzman, para su proyecccion turistica mundial, COMO PATRIMONIO INTANGIBLE DE LA HUMANIDAD, declarada por UNESCO, en anos a tras. DICHO PRESTAMO, constituira un beneficio ECONOMICO DIRECTO, para todos los propietariios y propietarias de BIENES INMUEBLES EN DICHA ZONA, asi como un nuevo impulso, para todas las MYPIMES de la industria turistica, localizadas, en dicha zona, en el corto y mediano plazos. LO MISMO QUE AL CONJUNTO DE TALENTOS, del capital humano, especializado, en ciencias de la HOSPITALIDAD & DEL TURISMO, a todo lo largo y lo ancho, de la INFRAESTRUCTURA TURISTICA DESARROLLADA EN DICHA AREA: DE LA GEOGRAFIA ECONOMIA & DESARROLO LOCAL, de la nacion y de la Republica Dominicana, en la segunda decada del sigo XXI,camino a la cuarta revolucion industrial o industria 4.0 Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV CCIAV,CC4AVE Talents, Criticism, Friendship! Salut, Polis Ecumene! (1959-2019) --------------- POR QUE LAS CIENCIAS TICs, como la INGENIERIA ELECTRONICA O DE LAS TELECOMUNICACIONES, tocan todas las 1. ACTIVIDADES HUMANAS DE: OFICINA. 2. LAS CIENCIAS SECRETARIALES. 3. EL VIEJO & EN NEW MANAGEMENT. 4. LAS CIENCIAS DEL OCIO. 5. LAS CIENCIAS DEL DEPORTE. 7. LAS CIENCIAS LOGISTICAS. 8. LAS CIENCIAS ESTRATEGICAS. 9. LAS CIENCAS ESTADISTICAS. 10. LAS CIENCIAS PSICOGRAFICAS O DEL MARKETING? EL CONSULTORIO. EL TALLER DE MECANICA. LA ESCUELA DE BALLET. LA ESCUELA DE CINE. LA ESCUELA DE TELEVISION LA ESCUELA DE INTERNET. LA ESCUELA DE ENFERMERIA. EL GIMNASIO. LA GRANJA PISCICOLA. LA GRANJA CUNICULA. LA GRANJA APICOLA. LA GRANJA DE CAMARONES EN ESTANQUE O CAMARONI-FACTORIA. LA GRANJA PORCICOLA. LA GRANJA AVICOLA...? LAS ESTETICAS, LAS METRICAS & LAS SEMIOLOGIAS DENTRO DE LOS ESTANDARES DE CALIDAD DEL TRABAJO MANUAL, SEMI-CALIFICADO O MUY CALIFICADO? 1. LOS ESTANDARES DE : PRECISION DE EXACTITUD, MILIMETRIA... LOS USAN POR IGUAL: EL CARPINTERO... EL CIRUJANO. EL BAILARIN EL CAMAROGRAFO EL SONORISTA O SONIDISTA. EL EDITOR... EL PERSONAL TRAINER EN EL GIMNASIO. EL MAESTRO DE ESCUELA EN CIENCIAS EXACTAS O BASICAS... QUIMICA. BIOLOGIA. MATEMATICAS. ANATOMIA. CIENCIAS HISTORICAS. CIENCIAS ANTROPOLOGICAS. CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS... EL PENSAMIENTO NUMERICO, COMO LOS LABORATORIOS COMO LOS TALLERES, son la cuna: de la : 1. INNOVACION. 2. DE LA CREATIVIDAD PATENTABLE... 3. DE LA OBSERVACION. 4. DE LA EXPERIMENTACION... 5. DE LA MANUFACTURA. 6. DEL TQM... 7. DEL KAIZEN... 8. DEL LIFELONG LEARNING. 9. DEL SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING. 10. DEL PROBLEM BASIC LEARNING... LO MISMO EN CIENCIAS EXACTAS COMO: 1. LA PAIDOLOGIA O EDUCACION INFANTIL. 2. UNA CLASE DE ACTUACION, BAJO METODO KONSTANTIN STANISLAVSKI. 3. LAS CIENCIAS ANDRAGOGICAS O DE LOS APRENDIZAJES DE PERSONAS: ADULTAS... --------- Que es lo bueno que tienen las ciencias EXACTAS? 1. SON CIENCIAS DE RESULTADOS -Contables, financieros, sociales, culturales, ECONOMICOS- 1..1. LA INGENIERIA ELECTRONICA, es una ciencia EXACTA, como todas las ingenierias, PERO ESTA SE LIGA DIRECTAMENTE, con: LA INDUSTRIA DE LAS TELECOMUNICACIONES O CIENCIAS TICs, como INFRAESTRUCTRURA TRANSVERSAL, que recorre completa : TODA LA ECONOMIA... 1. LA INDUSTRIA PUBLICITARIA NO ESCRITA -RADIAL. -TELEVISIVA. -CINEMATOGRAFICA. -INTERNET. 2. LA INDUSTRIA TURISTICA. 3. LA INDUSTRIA DE AERO-TRANSPORTACION. 4. LA INDUSTRIA DE LAS CIENCIAS: LOGISTICAS. -TERRESTRE O POR CARRETERAS. -POR MAR VEASE ASOCIACION DE NAVIEROS DE SANTO DOMINGO. -POR TRANSBORDO VEASE CASO FERRIES DEL CARIBE. LA AGRICULTURA Y SUS COMPRAS DE : INSUMOS AGRICOLAS INTERNACIONALES. LA GANADERIA & LA ZOOTECNIA y sus IMPORTACIONES DE INSUMOS INTERNACIONALES LA AGROINDUSTRIA y sus importaciones o compras de insumos internacionales. LA INDUSTRIA y sus importaciones o compras de INSUMOS INTERNACIONALES.... LA INDUSTRIA MEDICA ESPECIALIZADA y sus compras de bienes de capital, IMPORTADOS DE LOS PAISES QUE: PRODUCEN INVESTIGACION & DESARROLLO: 1.PARA LA GENERACION DE INNOVACION -EN TECNOLOGIAS PUNTA- 2.A PRECIOS COMPETITIVOS, 3.EN EL MERCADO MUNDIAL... ---------- LA INDUSTRIA DE LA CONSTRUCCION... 1. PUBLICA. 2. PRIVADA 3. DESDE ORGANIZACIONES DE LA SOCIEDAD CIVIL (OSCs) CON SUS CAPITANES INDISCUTIBLES, SUS MOTORES INDISCUTIBLES: 1. ARQUITECTOS, ARQUITECTAS. 2. URBANISTAS... CIENTIFICOS EN CIENCIAS PURAS, -DURAS, FUNDAMENTALES, EXACTAS- LAS SEMIOTICAS O LAS SEMIOLOGIAS DE LAS CIENCIAS ESPACIALES... --------- LOS 114, 000 ...MILLONES DE PESOS DOMINICANOS QUE : HA PRESTADO EL BANCO AGRICOLA EN LOS ULTIMOS ANOS (2012-2019) SON: 1. PARA PRODUCIR COMIDA, PARA PODER TENER: 2. SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA... YA EL 85% de la comida que comen los dominicanos & dominicanas, se producen en los campos y en las fincas dominicanas... EL DINERO INVERTIDO EN AGRICULTURA & GANADERIA, no ES DERROCHE... ES EL PRECIO DE QUE TENGAMOS: 1. COMIDA...DOMINICANA... 2.COMER ES PRIMERO! ------- MIRA MUCHACHO, ES VERDAD, QUE EL QUE NO SABE... TU NO ENTIENDES QUE LOS AGRONEGOCIOS & LAS EXPORTACIONES AGRICOLAS, son el unico CAMINO SOSTENIBLE, para salvar LOS BOSQUES DOMINICANOS DE LA : 1. DEPREDACION. 2. CARBON. 3. DEL CONUQUISMO. 4. DE LA AGRICULTURA DE: SUBSISTENCIA, en los minifundios DOMINICANOS... FINQUITAS DE 14 TAREAS & MENOS... QUE NO LES ALCANZAN, mas que para : comer... PERO NO PARA ACCEDER A LOS MERCADOS, NI SIQUIERA AL MERCADO DE SU PROPIO PUEBLO... SI NO CONTROLAMOS EL : CONUQUISMO & LA DEPREDACION DE LOS BOSQUES DOMINICANOS, por la migracion haitiana, IRREGULAR, ANALFABETA, CARBONERA 1. NO pararan los INCENDIOS FORESTALES. 2. NO PARARA EL CONUQUISMO y al final de la jornada, nuestros ninos y ninas DOMINICANOS ... SE VAN A QUEDAR SIN AGUA POTABLE... TENDRAN QUE VIVIR COMO EN CURACAO... COMPRANDO EL AGUA, para todos los USOS DOMESTICOS... -Cocina, bano, trapear, para TODO- O METIENDO AL ESTADO DOMINICANO DE : 2030, 2060, 2090... EN LA CAMISA DE 11 VARAS DE: en tener que DESALINIZAR EL AGUA MARINA... -------- 1 MILLON 300 MIL, INFANTES HAN SIDO LIBERADOS DE LA ESCLAVITUD DEL TRABAJO INFANTIL & DE LA ESCLAVIZACION DE SUS PADRES, POR HAMBRE EN EL TRABAJO AGRICOLA DOMINICANO DE : 4 DE LA MANANA A 6 DE LA TARDE, CON LA TANDA EXTENDIDA, en tiempo record: (2012-2019)...en la REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. ------- DOS FRASES, PARA SOBREVIVIR... EN LA ECONOMIA NARANJA... EN LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA... CAMMINO a la cuarta revolucion industrial o industria 4.0, como: ACTORES, EN LA INDUSTRIA DEL: CINE & LA TELEVISION DE CALIDAD EXPORTABLE O DE MANUFACTURA DE CALIDAD MUNDIAL - EN TQM, KAYZEN, LIVELONG LEARNING- 1. PRIMERO COMAMOS... LUEGO ( Si es que el TIEMPO ALCANZA) FILOSOFAMOS.... Karl Marx. 2. EL MAL COMIO ... NO PIENSA LIDIO CADET... ESA ES LA PRINCIPAL MOTIVACION FILOSOFICA DE LA TANDA EXTENDIDA.. DE LOS DESAYUNOS,para ninos y ninas pobres, DOMINICANOS, del campo y de la ciudad... DE LOS ALMUERZOS & DEL ENCIERRO DE NINOS Y NINAS DOMINICANOS, POBRES EN ESCUELAS, en la tanda extendida: de 8 de la manana a 4 de la tarde.... DARLES COMIDA, para que sus CEREBROS & SUS CUERPOS, se desarrollen NORMALMENTE, como: PERSONAS... SI NO NO PODRAN APRENDER NADA: CON HAMBRE NO SE APRENDE, la gente se la pasa PENSANDO EN COMIDA, en las horas de clases... LAS MERIENDAS? BUENO PORQUE NO SON PRISIONEROS, SINO SIMPLES NINOS Y NINAS, como los de todo el planeta: NECESITAN TENER INFANCIAS FELICES!... SOLO QUE ESTOS NINOS, NO LLEGARON por el hilo del telefono, SON HIJOS E HIJAS DE MADRES DOMINICANAS, DE LAS MILLENNIALS DOMINICANAS, de 40 anos y menos de edad... LAS UNICAS QUE SE EMBARAZAN Y PAREN... en todo el planeta tierra... --------- CONOCES HURI BROADCAST? ------------- SON INGENIEROS EXPERTOS EN EL SECTOR AUDIOVISUAL, DE CALIDAD MUNDIAL... Te pueden ayudar & asesorar, en los pasos QUE TIENES QUE DAR AHORA QUE TIENES 16 anos de edad, para: 1, PONER A CORRER... 2. ABRIR TU PRIMERA MYPIME, COMO: PRODUCTORA AUDIOVISUAL, para TV. Por que es un trabajo, honesto, digno, limpio CON MUCHO FUTURO EN EL SIGLO XXI, como nicho de mercado, EN CUALQUIER PAIS, donde tu vivas? ------ 1.COMO MONTAR TU PRIMERA PRODUCTORA AUDIOVISUAL PARA TELEVISION? 2.POR QUE HACERLO SI YA CUMPLISTE LOS 16 ANOS DE EDAD Y TIENES CARNET DE LOCUTOR O LOCUTORA, EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, expedido validamente por CNEPR? ---------- Cómo montar una productora audiovisual? ---------------- Posted by adminTecnología Productora Audiovisual Huri Broadcast En los últimos años los CONTENIDOS AUDIOVISUALES relevancia y CREAR UNA PRODUCTORA crear una productora audiovisual puede ser un BUEN NICHO DE MERCADO. 1.CADA VEZ FUNCIONA MEJOR EL CONTENIDO 1.1.DE PRODUCCION NACIONAL Cada vez funciona mejor el contenido de producción nacional en cadenas TDT, emisoras regionales y locales e 1,2.E INCLUSO EN PLATAFORMAS DE PAGO... incluso en plataformas de pago. Incluso un gigante internacional como Amazon ha entrado ya en el negocio audiovisual. --------- --------- EXISTEN EXPERTOS ... EXPERTAS & CIENTIFICOS, CIENTIFICAS EN TODAS LAS AREAS DEL SABER HUMANO... SI TE INTERESA ASESORIA ESPECIALIZADA EN LA MANUFACTURA, GESTION & DESARROLLO DE TU PRIMERA COMPANIA: PRODUCTORA DE AUDIOVISUALES PARA LA INDUSTRIA DE LA TELEVISION DE CALIDAD MUNDIAL O EXPORTABLE, Te recomendamos: HURI...BROADCASTING... COMO PRIMERA OPCION. Por que? PORQUE COMO TU YO, hablan: ESPANOL. Es su lengua materna. LA LENGUA ESPANOLA, ES LA SEGUNDA LENGUA DE MAYOR VISIBILIDAD EN LA : INTERNET & CIBERESPACIO (2019). EN HURI,no solo hablan espanol, sino que: SON EXPERTOS & EXPERTAS EN : INGENIERIA AUDIOVISUAL. Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV. CCIAV, CC4AVE. Talents, Criticism, Friendship! Salut, Polis, Ecumene! (1959-2019) -------- Cómo montar una productora audiovisual? Posted by adminTecnología. Productora Audiovisual Huri BroadcastEn los últimos años los contenidos audiovisuales están tomando especial relevancia y crear una productora audiovisual puede ser un buen nicho de mercado. Cada vez funciona mejor el contenido de producción nacional en cadenas TDT, emisoras regionales y locales e incluso en plataformas de pago. Incluso un gigante internacional como Amazon ha entrado ya en el negocio audiovisual. EL CONTENIDO EN VIDEO ADQUIERE CADA VEZ MAYOR RELEVANCIA... En redes sociales y buscadores, por otro lado, el contenido en vídeo adquiere cada día mayor relevancia. YOUTUBE YA ES MAS UTILIZADO QUE: FACEBOOK Youtube ya es más utilizado que Facebook ENTRE LAS FRANJAS MAS JOVENES... entre las franjas más jóvenes de edad y los “Youtubers” ganan cantidades astronómicas PRODUCIENDO CONTENIDO DE MANERA CASI ARTESANAL produciendo contenido de manera casi artesanal. PRIMEROS PASOS... Primeros Pasos para montar una Productora Audiovisual Es, en definitiva, un buen momento para montar una productora audiovisual. LOS SERVICIOS DE : 1. CREACION. 2. BROADCASTING Los servicios de creación de contenido audiovisual, producción y broadcasting CADA VEZ MAS DEMANDADOS POR: 1. MEDIOS. 2. MARCAS. son cada vez más demandados por medios y marcas. UNA BUENA ESTRATEGIA PARA ENTRAR: 1. AL MERCADO. 2. ES LA ESPECIALIZACION. Una buena estrategia para entrar en el mercado es la especialización, 1.ORIENTAR EL SERVICIO O PRODUCTO: 2.A UN PUBLICO CONCRETO... orientar el servicio a un producto o público concreto. ---------- QUE ES LO QUE PUEDE HACER : 1.POR TUS SUENOS, 2.PARA OPERACIONALIZAROS, ATERRIZARLOS Y 3.VOLVERLOS PLANES DE NEGOCIOS, CONCRETOS, -SOSTENIBLES, RENTABLES, BANCARIZABLES- desde tu: PRIMERA MYPIME? --------------- La ingeniería audiovisual permite CREAR MATERIAL : 1. TECNICO. 2. ABSOLUTAMENTE : PERSONALIZADO crear material técnico absolutamente personalizado PARA: 1. DIFERENCIAR UN PRODUCTO. 2. PARA DIFERENCIAR: EL MODO ESTA HECHO, CONSTRUIDO: MANUFACTURADO. para diferenciar un producto también por el modo en que está realizado. TRAMITES LEGALES. Trámites Legales Para poner en marcha una productora audiovisual LO PRIMERO: DECIDIR LA FIGURA LEGAL lo primero es decidir la figura legal con la que se va a iniciar la actividad: COMO TRABAJADOR AUTONOMO como trabajador autónomo si el proyecto lo lidera una sola persona O COMO SOCIEDAD o como sociedad si los impulsores son más de uno. Cada sistema tiene sus ventajas e inconvenientes fiscales Y ORGANIZATIVOS... (Gerenciales, Administrativos) y organizativos, también hay que tener en cuenta a la hora de la elección 1. SI HAY SUBVENCIONES. si hay subvenciones disponibles en el sector 2. QUE REQUISITOS... y qué requisitos son necesarios para solicitarlas. Tomadas las decisiones administrativas es el MOMENTO DE OCUPARSE DE: LA IMAGEN DE MARCA momento de ocuparse de la imagen de marca, 1. el llamado “branding”: 2.nombre comercial, 3.imagen, 4.valores, 5.misión, 6.visión, 7objetivos… Es necesario TENER UN PLAN DE EMPRESA tener un plan de empresa, unas directrices de 1. QUE ES LO QUE QUEREMOS LOGRAR? qué queremos conseguir y 2. COMO, CON QUE PASOS, PRETENDEMOS: LOGRARLO? cómo queremos conseguirlo. Otro aspecto que no debéis olvidar es SI ES NECESARIO REGISTRAR si es necesario registrar tu futura empresa audiovisual. Plan de Empresa Dentro de dicho plan, no podemos olvidar un aspecto tan importante como es la comunicación de la empresa. HURI DESARROLLA A MEDIDA (ON DEMAND) PLANES DE COMUNICACION... Hurí desarrolla a medida planes de comunicación ESPECIFICOS PARA : EMPRESAS AUDIOVISUALES específicos para empresas audiovisuales. Desde la creación de proyectos, presentaciones, eventos, ruedas de prensa, etc., hasta la comunicación y difusión de los contenidos (material audiovisual, notas y dossier de prensa…) a los distintos medios de comunicación y redes sociales. Recursos Técnicos y Humanos Finalmente, EL SUENO DE PONER EN MARCHA... el sueño de poner en marcha una productora audiovisual SE MATERIALIZA GRACIAS A: se materializará gracias al HARDWARE, EQUIPO TECNICO equipo técnico 1. CAMARAS. 2. UNICADES MOVILES. 3. MESAS DE CONTROL 4. SALAS O ISLAS DE EDICION (cámaras, unidades móviles, mesas de control, entre otros) Y AL EQUIPO HUMANO, y al equipo humano. 1.AL TALENTO HUMANO...que operara tales equipos... 2.AL CAPITAL HUMANO...que operara tales equipos... Debido a la gran variedad que existe en el mercado de materiales, ES ACONSEJABLE: ESTUDIAR... 1. BIEN. 2. LAS NECESIDADES...TECNICAS. 3. ESTUDIAR BIEN: LAS NECESIDADES HUMANAS... es aconsejable estudiar bien las necesidades técnicas y humanas que tendremos en nuestro negocio para escoger el material adecuado. Puede ser habitual sobredimensionar adquiriendo material que después no nos será de utilidad o bien no incluir en el equipo inicial herramientas que después descubriremos eran imprescindibles PARA OFRECER UN: PRODUCTO 1. DE LA CALIDAD QUE QUEREMOS... para ofrecer un producto de la calidad que queremos. En Hurí somos expertos en ingeniería audiovisual y hemos proporcionado TODO EL MATERIAL NECESARIO... 1. FABRICACION O MANUFACTURA. 2. MONTAJE. 3. ALQUILER. 4. VENTA. todo el material necesario (fabricación, montaje, alquiler y venta) para echar a andar. ------------- CONSULTANOS SIN COMPROMISO ------------- http://huribroadcast.com/como-montar-productora-audiovisual/ Consúltanos sin compromiso. -------- PEOPLE ALSO ASK. ------------- People also ask 1.¿Cuál es el papel de un productor? 2.¿Cómo se elabora una producción audiovisual? 3.¿Qué es la produccion en los medios de comunicacion? 4.¿Qué es la produccion y postproduccion? ------ PRODUCCION AUDIOVISUAL. -------------- Producción audiovisual - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre https://es.wikipedia.org › wiki › Producción_audiovisual Producción audiovisual es la 1. PRODUCCION DE CONTENIDOS. 2. PARA MEDIOS ... producción de contenidos para medios de comunicación audiovisuales; ESPECIALMENTE: 1. CINE. 2. TELEVISION. especialmente el cine y la televisión; independientemente del soporte utilizado (film, vídeo, ... ES UNA PLANIFICACION ... Es a esta planificación a la que se conoce, tanto en el mundo de la industria cinematográfica como en el de la industria ... ----------- PLAN DE NEGOCIOS PARA UNA EMPRESA DE PRODUCCION... ------------- plan de negocios para una empresa de producción de ... repositorio.uchile.cl › bitstream › handle › Plan-de-nego... by MA Vallejos Zapata - ‎2016 Oct 25, 2016 - que a través del contenido audiovisual se les provee; análisis técnico, ... para mí un ejemplo en la forma de relacionarse y tener una ...... televisión de pago alcanza un 53,2% de penetración en hogares y que la cantidad de. ----------- PRODUCTORA AUDIOVISUAL: CONSEJOS & TIPS para: CREARLA. ----------- Productora audiovisual: Consejos y tips para crearla https://www.emprender-facil.com › crear-una-productor... Debes leer estos consejos fáciles y productivos para crear las bases perfectas ... SUS IDEAS A TRAVES DE: 1. IMAGENES. 2. SONIDOS. sus ideas a través de imagen y sonido, ESPECIFICAMENTE EN: 1. CINE. 2. TELEVISION. específicamente en cine y televisión. ... que cada individuo puede ser su propia productos de contenidos audiovisuales. ... Antes de crear la productora audiovisual te recomiendo COMPLETAR LOS PASOS DE TALLER... completar los pasos de ... Taller: COMO CREAR CONTENIDOS AUDIOVISUALES? Cómo Crear Contenidos Audiovisuales para ... - EOI https://www.eoi.es › clubeoi › eventos › taller-como-cre... Taller: Cómo Crear Contenidos Audiovisuales PARA PROMOCIONAR: 1. TU EMPRESA.. 2. TU MARCA. para Promocionar tu Empresa o Marca ... del contenido, a quién va destinado, narrativas y lugar de emisión (TV, web, ... -------------- FASES PARA AUTOCREACION DE: CONTENIDOS AUDIOVISUALES... ----------- Fases para la autocreación de contenidos: Preproducción, producción y ... ------------------- LAS INDUSTRIAS PRODUCTORAS DE CONTENIDOS... ---------- Las productoras de contenidos - Dialnet https://dialnet.unirioja.es › descarga › articulo by EG Pérez - ‎2010 - ‎ Palabras clave: televisión, productoras, cadenas, producción, multimedia. .... De esta forma, TVE, Tele 5, Antena 3 y .... de negocio para las compañías que se. 12 -------- HERRAMIENTAS PARA : CREAR CONTENIDOS DIGITALES... ------------- Herramientas para crear contenidos digitales - Antevenio https://www.antevenio.com › blog › 2016/09 › 12-herra... Sep 2, 2016 - Te presentamos ALGUNOS DE LOS PROGRAMAS: MAS POTENTES PARA CREAR... algunos de los programas más potentes para crear contenidos digitales. ... 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Después del descubrimiento de las "ondas hertzianas" (el término "radio" se adoptaría unos 20 años) muchos ... ---- LA RADIO CLAVE EN LA GESTION: 1. COMERCIAL. 2. DE MARKETING... ---- La radio, clave en la gestión comercial y de marketing de las ... asesoresdepymes.com › la-radio-clave-la-gestion-comer... Feb 1, 2018 - La radio debe SER PARTE FUNDAMENTAL ser parte fundamental DE TODA ESTRATEGIA DE GESTION COMERCIAL de toda estrategia de gestión comercial y ... en el resto de plataformas de comunicación fluctúa de forma importante. ... 1.DE NUESTRA EMPRESA 2.O DELOS PRODUCTOS Y LOS SERVICIOS 3. QUE SE VENDEN... de nuestra empresa o de los productos o servicios que se venden. ---- La Radio - Monografias.com https://www.monografias.com › trabajos13 › radio › radio ORIGINALIDAD: 1. EL COMERCIAL DEBE SER DISTINTO... Originalidad: el comercial debe ser distinto a los otros y hacer resaltar las ..... o las revistas, 2. CONVIRTIENDOSE LA RADIO: EN LA COMPANIA CONSTANTE DE CADA PERSONA... convirtiéndose la radio en la compañía constante de cada persona. 3. ANUNCIAR TU EMPRESA EN LA RADIO.... Anunciar tu empresa en la radio: 3.1.CREAR ANUNCIOS PUBLICITARIOS: PARA TU MYPIME... crear anuncios publicitarios ... https://www.emprender-facil.com › anunciar-tu-empresa... Translate this page Te dejamos algunos consejos para crear anuncios publicitarios y 3.2.ESCOGER EL HORARIO DE

QUE FELICIDAD, DOMINICANISTA,

LA NOMINACION DE SINDY, DE 12 & 2

A LOS PREMIOS GARDO:

1.DE LA INDUSTRIA RADIOFONICA

2.DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA...

3. DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA DOMINICANA.

4. DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA..

---

CHARLEMAGNE.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Charlemagne denier Mayence 812 814.jpg
A denarius of Charlemagne dated c. 812–814

 with the inscription KAROLVS IMP AVG

 (Karolus Imperator Augustus) (in Latin)
Emperor of the Romans
Reign 25 December 800 – 28 January 814
Coronation 25 December 800
Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome
Successor Louis the Pious
King of the Lombards
Reign 10 July 774 – 28 January 814
Coronation 10 July 774
Pavia
Predecessor Desiderius
Successor Bernard of Italy
King of the Franks
Reign 9 October 768 – 28 January 814
Coronation 9 October 768
Noyon
Predecessor Pepin the Short
Successor Louis the Pious
Born 2 April 742,[1] 747[2] or 748
Frankish Kingdom
Died 28 January 814 (aged 65, 66 or 71)
Aachen, Francia (present-day Germany)
Burial Aachen Cathedral
Spouse
Desiderata
(m. c. 770; annulled 771)
Hildegard of Vinzgouw
(m. 771; d. 783)
Fastrada
(m. c. 783; d. 794)
Luitgard
(m. c. 794; d. 800)
Issue
Among others
Pepin the Hunchback
Charles the Younger
Pepin of Italy
Louis the Pious
Dynasty Carolingian
Father Pepin the Short
Mother Bertrada of Laon
Religion Roman Catholicism
Signum manus Charlemagne's signature
Carolingian dynasty
Signum manus of Charlemagne.svg
Pippinids[show]
Arnulfings[show]
Carolingians[show]
After the Treaty of Verdun (843)[show]
vte
Charlemagne (English: /ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn, ˌʃɑːrləˈmeɪn/; French: [ʃaʁləmaɲ])[3] or Charles the Great[a] (2 April 748[4][b] – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was king of the Franks from 768, king of the Lombards from 774, and emperor of the Romans from 800.

DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGE

1. HE UNIFY THE MAJORITY OF:

1.1. WESTERN.

1.2. CENTRAL

EUROPE.

2. THE MADuring the Early Middle Ages, he united the majority of western and central Europe.

HE WAS THE FIRST RECOGNIZED

He was the first recognised

1. EMPEROR.

2. TO RULE

WESTERN EUROPE

emperor to rule from western Europe

3. SINCE THE FALL.

4. WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE

since the fall of the Western Roman Empire

300 YEARS EARLIER

 three centuries earlier.[5]

The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne

founded is called the

CAROLINGIANEMPIRE

Carolingian Empire.

HE WAS LATER CANONIZED

He was later canonized by Antipope Paschal III.

Charlemagne was the ELDEST SON

eldest

SON:

1.son of Pepin the Short

2.and Bertrada of Laon,

BORN BEFORE THEIR CANONICAL MARRIAGE

born before their canonical marriage.[6]

He became king in 768

FOLLOWING HIS FATHER;S DEATH...

following his father's death,

 initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I.

Carloman's sudden death in December 771

under unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne

THE SOLE RULER OF THE :

1. FRANKISH

2. KINGDOM

the sole ruler of the Frankish Kingdom.[7]

He continued his father's

POLICY TOWARDS THE PAPACY

 policy towards the papacy and became its protector,

REMOVING THE LOMBARDS

removing the Lombards from power

IN NORTHERN ITALY

 in northern Italy and

LEADING INCURSION INTO:

MUSLIM SPAIN

 leading an incursion into Muslim Spain.

HE CAMPAIGNEG AGAINST

THE SAXONS

He campaigned against the Saxons to his east,

1. CHRISTIANIZING THEM

1.1. UPON PENALTY OF DEATH

1.2. AND LEADINGC EVENTS AS:

THE MASACRE OF VERDEN.

hristianizing them upon penalty of death and leading to events such as the Massacre of Verden.

He reached the height of his power in 800

1.WHEN HE WAS CROWNED

 when he was crowned

2. "EMPEROR OF THE ROMANS"

2.1.BY POPE LEO III

by Pope Leo III

2.2. ON CHRISTMAS DAY

on Christmas Day at Rome's Old

SAINT PETER BASILICA.

 St. Peter's Basilica.

Charlemagne

HAS CALLED:

1. THE FATHER OF EUROPE.

has been called the "Father of Europe"

2. PATER EUROPAE

(Pater Europae),[c] as

2.1. HE UNITED MOST THE WESTERN

EUROPE

 he united most of Western Europe

2.2. FOR THE FIRST TIME.

 for the first time

2.3. SINCE THE CLASSICAL ERA

OF ROMAN

EMPIRE.

since the classical era of the Roman Empire

2.4. AND UNITED PARTS OF EUROPE

and united parts of Europe

2.5. THAT HAD NEVER BEEN:

UNDER

1. FRANKISH.

2. ROMANN

RULE.

that had never been under Frankish or Roman rule.

HIS RULE SPURRED:

1.THE CAROLINGIAN

RENAISSANCE

 His rule spurred the Carolingian Renaissance,

2. A PERIOD OF ENERGETIC

2.1. CULTURAL.

2.2. INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY

2.3. WITHIN THE WESTERN CHURCH.

 a period of energetic cultural and intellectual activity within the Western Church.

EMPERORS OF THE HOLY

ROMAN EMPIRE

1. CONSIDERED THEMSELVES

2. SUCCESSORS OF CARLEMAGNE

Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire considered themselves successors of Charlemagne,

3. AS DID THE:

1. FRENCH.

2. GERMAN

MONARCHS.

as did the French and German monarchs.

The Eastern Orthodox Church viewed Charlemagne less favorably due to his support of the filioque and the Pope's having preferred him as Emperor

OVER THE BIZANTINE EMPIRE:

IRENE OF ATHENS

 over the Byzantine Empire's Irene of Athens.

 These and other disputes led to the eventual split of Rome and Constantinople in the

THE GREAT SCHISM OF

Great Schism of 1054.[8][d]

Charlemagne died in 814 and was laid to rest in his imperial capital city of Aachen.

1.HE MARRIED AT LEAST 4 FOURTH TIMES

He married at least four times

2. AND HAD3 LEGIMATE SONS

and had three legitimate sons who lived to adulthood, but only the youngest of them, Louis the Pious, survived to succeed him.


Contents
1 Political background
2 Rise to power
2.1 Early life
2.1.1 Date of birth
2.1.2 Place of birth
2.2 Ancestry
2.3 Ambiguous high office
2.4 Aquitainian rebellion
2.4.1 Formation of a new Aquitaine
2.4.2 Acquisition of Aquitaine by the Carolingians
2.4.3 Loss and recovery of Aquitaine
2.5 Marriage to Desiderata
3 Italian campaigns
3.1 Conquest of the Lombard kingdom
3.2 Southern Italy
4 Children
5 Carolingian expansion to the south
5.1 Vasconia and the Pyrenees
5.2 Roncesvalles campaign
5.3 Contact with the Saracens
5.4 Wars with the Moors
6 Eastern campaigns
6.1 Saxon Wars
6.2 Submission of Bavaria
6.3 Avar campaigns
6.4 Northeast Slav expeditions
6.5 Southeast Slav expeditions
7 Imperium
7.1 Coronation
7.1.1 Debate
7.2 Imperial title
7.3 Imperial diplomacy
7.4 Danish attacks
7.5 Death
8 Administration
8.1 Organisation
8.2 Military
8.3 Economic and monetary reforms
8.4 Jews in Charlemagne's realm
8.5 Education reforms
8.6 Church reforms
8.7 Writing reforms
8.8 Political reforms
8.8.1 Divisio regnorum
9 Personality
9.1 Manner
9.2 Language
9.3 Appearance
9.4 Dress
9.5 Homes
10 Family
11 Name
12 Beatification
13 Cultural uses
13.1 Middle Ages
13.2 Modern era
14 See also
15 Notes
16 References
16.1 Citations
16.2 Bibliography
17 External links
Political background

Francia, early 8th century

FRANCIA : EARLY 8TH CENTURY.


By the 6th century,

1.THE WESTERN GERMANIC TRIBE

 the western Germanic tribe

2. OF THE FRANKS.

3. HAD BEEN CHRISTIANIZED

of the Franks had been Christianised,

due in considerable

1.MEASURE CATHOLIC

2.CONVERSION OF CLOVIS

measure to the Catholic conversion of Clovis I.[9] .

1.FRANCIA RULED BY MEROVINGIANS

Francia, ruled by the Merovingians,

2. WAS THE MOST POWERFUL

3. OF THE KINGDOMS

was the most powerful of the kingdoms

4. THAT SUCCEDED THE:

WESTER ROMAN EMPIRE

 that succeeded the Western Roman Empire.[10] .

LOS REYES HOLGAZANES, NUNCA:

1. HAN HECHO PRODUCIR RIQUEZA

2. A LAS ECONOMIAS

Following the Battle of Tertry, the Merovingians declined into powerlessness, for which they have been dubbed the rois fainéants ("do-nothing kings").[11] .

1.ALL GOVERNMENT POWERS

Almost all government powers

2. WERE EXERCISED.

BY THE MAJOR: CHIEF OFFICER,

INTO THE PALACE.

 were exercised by their chief officer, the mayor of the palace.[e]

In 687, Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, ended the strife between various kings and their mayors with his victory at Tertry.[12]

1.HE BECAME THE SOLE: GOVERNOR:

-OF THE ENTIRE EMPIRE-

2.OF THE ENTIRE FANKISH EMPIRE.

He became the sole governor of the entire Frankish kingdom.

PEPIN WAS THE GRANDSON...

Pepin was the grandson of two important figures

 of the Austrasian Kingdom:

1.Saint Arnulf of Metz and

2.Pepin of Landen.[13]

Pepin of Herstal was eventually succeeded

BY HIS SON

 by his son Charles, later known as

CHARLES MARTEL

Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer).[14]

External video
Charlemagne at dinner - British Library Royal MS 15 E vi f155r (detail).jpg
 The Early Middle Ages, 284–1000: Charlemagne, 46:14, YaleCourses on YouTube, Yale University
 Charlemagne: An Introduction, Smarthistory, 7:49, Khan Academy
After 737, Charles governed the Franks in lieu of a king and declined to call himself king. Charles was succeeded in 741 by his sons Carloman and Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne. In 743, the brothers placed Childeric III on the throne to curb separatism in the periphery.

HE WAS THE LAST MEROVINGIAN

KING.

He was the last Merovingian king.

Carloman resigned office in 746,

1.PREFERRING TO ENTER THE CHURCH

preferring to enter the church

2. AS A MONK

 as a monk.

Pepin brought the question of the kingship before Pope Zachary, asking whether it was logical for a king to have no royal power.

THE POPE HANDED DOWN HIS DECISION...

The pope handed down his decision in 749, decreeing that it was better for Pepin to be called king, as he had the powers of high office as Mayor, so as not to confuse the hierarchy.

1.HE THEREFORE, ORDERED HIM TO BECOME:

2.THE TRUE KING

He, therefore, ordered him to become the true king.[15]

In 750, Pepin was elected by an assembly of the Franks, anointed by the archbishop, and then raised to the office of king.

 The Pope branded Childeric III as "the false king" and ordered him into a monastery.

The Merovingian dynasty was thereby

1REPLACED

2.BY CAROLINGIAN DINASTY

replaced by the Carolingian dynasty, named after Charles Martel. In 753, Pope Stephen II fled from Italy to Francia, appealing to Pepin for assistance for the rights of St. Peter.

He was supported in this appeal by Carloman, Charles' brother. In return, the pope could provide only legitimacy.

He did this by again anointing and confirming Pepin, this time

1.ADDING HIS YOUNG SON:

2.CAROLUS.

adding his young sons Carolus (Charlemagne)

and Carloman to the royal patrimony.

They thereby became heirs to the realm that already covered most of western Europe.

 In 754, Pepin accepted the Pope's invitation to visit Italy on behalf of St. Peter's rights, dealing successfully with the Lombards.[15][16]

Under the Carolingians, the Frankish kingdom spread to encompass an area including most of Western Europe; the east-west division of the

KINGDOM FORMED THE BASIS

FOR MODERN:

1. FRANCE.

2.GERMANY.

kingdom formed the basis for modern France and Germany.

Orman[17] portrays the Treaty of Verdun (843) between the warring grandsons of Charlemagne as the foundation event of an independent France under its first king Charles the Bald; an independent Germany under its first king Louis the German; and an independent intermediate state stretching from the Low Countries along the borderlands to south of Rome under Lothair I, who retained the title of emperor and the capitals Aachen and Rome without the jurisdiction. The middle kingdom had broken up by 890 and partly absorbed into the Western kingdom (later France) and the Eastern kingdom (Germany) and the rest developing into smaller "buffer" nations that exist between France and Germany

TO THIS DAY NAMELY:

1.BENELUX.

2. SWITZERLAND.

 to this day, namely the Benelux and Switzerland.

1.THE CONCEPT AND MEMORY

2.OF A UNITED EUROPE

The concept and memory of a united Europe remain topical to the current time and hence

CHARLEMAGNE IS OFTEN

1.CONSIDERED.

2. THE FOREFATHER.

3.MODERN EUROPE.

Charlemagne is often considered the forefather of modern Europe.[18]

Rise to power


EARLY LIFE.


Early life

DATE OF BIRTH.


Date of birth
The most likely date of Charlemagne's birth is reconstructed from several sources.

THE DATE OF ...

 The date of 742—calculated from Einhard's date of death of January 814 at age 72—

PREDATES THE MARRIAGE...

predates the marriage of

HIS PARENTS IN...

 his parents in 744.

The year given in the Annales Petaviani, 747,

would be more likely, except that it contradicts

 Einhard and a few other sources in making

Charlemagne sixty-seven years old at his death.

The month and day of 2 April are based

on a calendar from Lorsch Abbey.[19]

In 747, Easter fell on 2 April, a coincidence that likely would have been remarked upon by chroniclers but was not.[20] If Easter was being used as the beginning of the calendar year, then 2 April 747 could have been, by modern reckoning, April 748 (not on Easter).

THE DATE FAVOURED THE PROPONDERANCE...


 The date favoured by the preponderance of evidence[6] is 2 April 742, based on Charlemagne's age at the time of his death.[19]

This date supports the concept that Charlemagne

WAS TECHNICALLY AND ILLEGITIMATE

CHILD

was technically an illegitimate child, although that is not mentioned by Einhardin either since he was born out of wedlock; Pepin and Bertrada were bound by a private contract or Friedelehe[6] at the time of his birth, but did not marry until 744.[21]

PLACE OF BIRTH.

Place of birth

The region of Aachen-Liège

 (CONTEMPORARY BORDERS

contemporary borders,

1. TRADE.

2. TRAVEL ROUTES

 trade- and travel routes)

Charlemagne's exact birthplace is unknown, although historians have suggested Aachen in modern-day Germany, and Liège

 (HERSTALl) in present-day

BELGIUM AS POSSIBLE LOCATION


Belgium as possible locations.[22]

Aachen and Liège are close to the

1.REGION WHENCE THE MEROVIGIAN

2.AND CAROLINGIAN

 region whence the Merovingian and Carolingian

3. FAMILIES ORIGINATED.

families originated.

Other cities have been suggested, including

DUREN/

GAUTING

MURLENBACH

 Düren, Gauting, Mürlenbach,[23]

QUIERZY.

PRUM.

Quierzy, and Prüm.

No definitive evidence resolves the question.

ANCESTRY.


Ancestry
Charlemagne was the eldest child of Pepin the Short (714 – 24 September 768, reigned from 751) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720 – 12 July 783), daughter of Caribert of Laon.

MANY HISTORIANS CONSIDER...

Many historians consider Charlemagne (Charles) to have been illegitimate, although some state that this is arguable,[24] because Pepin did not marry Bertrada until 744, which was after Charles' birth; this status did not exclude him from the succession.[25][26][27]

Records name only Carloman, Gisela, and three short-lived children named Pepin, Chrothais and Adelais as his younger siblings.

It would be folly, I think,

TO WRITE A WORD CONCERNING...

to write a word concerning Charles'

BIRTH AND INFANCY...

 birth and infancy, or even his BOYHOOD

boyhood,

for nothing has ever been written on the subject, and there is no one alive now who can give information on it.

— Einhard[28]
Ancestors of Charlemagne
Ambiguous high office
Further information: Mayor of the Palace....



The most powerful officers of the Frankish people, the Mayor of the Palace (Maior Domus) and one or more kings (rex, reges), were appointed by the election of the people.

ELECTIONS WERE NOT PERIODIC...

 Elections were not periodic, but were held as required to elect officers ad quos summa imperii pertinebat, "to whom the highest matters of state pertained". Evidently, interim decisions could be made by the Pope, which ultimately needed to be ratified using an assembly of the people that met annually.[29]

Before he was elected king in 751, Pepin was initially a mayor, a high office he held "as though hereditary" (velut hereditario fungebatur).

Einhard explains that "the honour" was usually "given by the people" to the distinguished, but Pepin the Great and his brother Carloman the Wise received it as though hereditary, as had their father, Charles Martel.

There was, however, a certain ambiguity about quasi-inheritance. The office was treated as joint property: one Mayorship held by two brothers jointly.[30] Each, however, had his own geographic jurisdiction. When Carloman decided to resign,

BECOMING ULTIMATELY...

1. A BENECOMING ULTIMATELY...

2. BENEDICTINE

3. MONTE CASSINO.

 becoming ultimately a Benedictine at Monte Cassino,[31]

the question of the disposition of his quasi-share was settled by the pope.

He converted the mayorship into a kingship and awarded the joint property to Pepin, who gained the right to pass it on by inheritance.[32]

This decision was not accepted by all family members. Carloman had consented to the temporary tenancy of his own share, which he intended to pass on to his son, Drogo, when the inheritance should be settled at someone's death.

BY THE POPE DECISION...

By the Pope's decision, in which Pepin had a hand, Drogo was to be disqualified as an heir in favour of his cousin Charles.

He took up arms in opposition to the decision and was joined by Grifo, a half-brother of Pepin and Carloman, who had been given a share by Charles Martel, but was stripped of it and held under loose arrest by his half-brothers after an attempt to seize their shares by military action.

Grifo perished in combat in the Battle of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne while Drogo was hunted down and taken into custody.[33]

On the death of Pepin, 24 September 768, the kingship passed jointly to his sons, "with divine assent" (divino nutu).[34]

1.ACCORDING THE LIFE...

2.PEPIN DIED IN PARIS...

According to the Life, Pepin died in Paris. The Franks "in general assembly" (generali conventu) gave them both the rank of a king (reges) but "partitioned the whole body of the kingdom equally" (totum regni corpus ex aequo partirentur).

The annals[35] tell a slightly different version, with the king dying at St-Denis, near Paris. The two "lords" (domni) were "elevated to kingship" (elevati sunt in regnum), Charles on 9 October in Noyon, Carloman on an unspecified date in Soissons. If born in 742,

1.CHARLES WAS 26 YEARS OLD...

Charles was 26 years old,

2. BUT HE HAD BEEN:

CAMPAIGNING.

3. WITH HIS FATHER...

but he had been campaigning

4. AT HIS FATHER RIGHT HAND...

5. FOR SEVERAL YEARS...

at his father's right hand for several years,

6. WHICH MAY HELP TO ACCOUNT

7. FOR HIS MILITARY SKILL:

CARLOMAN WAS 17 YEARS OLD...

which may help to account for his military skill. Carloman was 17.

The language, in either case, suggests that there were not two inheritances, which would have created distinct kings ruling over distinct kingdoms, but a single joint inheritance and a joint kingship tenanted by two equal kings, Charles and his brother Carloman. As before, distinct jurisdictions were awarded. Charles received Pepin's original share as Mayor: the outer parts of the kingdom bordering on the sea, namely Neustria, western Aquitaine, and the

NORTHERN PARTS OF AUSTRASIA...

northern parts of Austrasia; while Carloman was awarded his uncle's former share, the inner parts: southern Austrasia, Septimania, eastern Aquitaine, Burgundy, Provence, and Swabia, lands bordering Italy.

 The question of whether these jurisdictions were joint shares reverting to the other brother if one brother died or were inherited property passed on to the descendants of the brother who died was never definitely settled.

 It came up repeatedly over the succeeding decades until the grandsons of Charlemagne created distinct sovereign kingdoms.

Aquitainian rebellion
Formation of a new Aquitaine
Main article: Aquitaine
Aquitaine under Rome had been in southern Gaul, Romanised and speaking a Romance language. Similarly, Hispania had been populated by peoples who spoke various languages, including Celtic, but the area was now populated primarily by Romance language speakers. Between Aquitaine and Hispania were the Euskaldunak, Latinised to Vascones, or Basques,[36] living in Basque country, Vasconia, which extended, according to the distributions of place names attributable to the Basques, most densely in the western Pyrenees but also as far south as the upper Ebro River in Spain and as far north as the Garonne River in France.[37]

THE FRENCH NAME GASCONY...

The French name, Gascony, derives from Vasconia.

1.THE ROMANS WERE NEVER ABLE TO

The Romans were never able to

2. ENTERELY SUBJECT :

VASCONIA.

entirely subject Vasconia.

The parts they did, in which they placed the region's first cities, were sources of legions in the Roman army valued for their fighting abilities.

1.THE BORDER IWTH AQUITAINE WAS

2.TOULOUSE .

The border with Aquitaine was Toulouse.

At about 660, the Duchy of Vasconia united with the Duchy of Aquitaine to form a single realm under Felix of Aquitaine, governing from Toulouse.

This was a joint kingship with a Basque Duke, Lupus I. Lupus is the Latin translation of Basque Otsoa, "wolf".[38]

At Felix's death in 670 the joint property of the kingship reverted entirely to Lupus. As the Basques had no law of joint inheritance

BUT PRACTICE PRIMOGENITURE...

but practised primogeniture, Lupus in effect founded a hereditary dynasty of Basque rulers of an expanded Aquitaine.[39]

Acquisition of Aquitaine by the Carolingians
Further information: Umayyad conquest of Hispania

MOORISH HISPANIA:

Moorish Hispania in 732.


The Latin chronicles of the end of Visigothic Hispania omit many details, such as identification of characters, filling in the gaps and reconciliation of numerous contradictions.[40]

Muslim sources, however, present a more coherent view, such as in the Ta'rikh iftitah al-Andalus ("History of the Conquest of al-Andalus") by Ibn al-Qūṭiyya ("the son of the Gothic woman", referring to the granddaughter of Wittiza, the last Visigothic king of a united Hispania, who married a Moor). Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, who had another, much longer name, must have been relying to some degree on family oral tradition.

According to Ibn al-Qūṭiyya[41] Wittiza, the last Visigothic king of a united Hispania died before his three sons, Almund, Romulo, and Ardabast reached maturity. Their mother was queen regent at Toledo, but Roderic, army chief of staff, staged a rebellion, capturing Córdoba.

He chose to impose a joint rule over distinct jurisdictions on the true heirs. Evidence of a division of some sort can be found in the distribution of coins imprinted with the name of each king and in the king lists.[42]

Wittiza was succeeded by Roderic, who reigned for seven and a half years, followed by Achila (Aquila), who reigned three and a half years. If the reigns of both terminated with the incursion of the Saracens, then Roderic appears to have reigned a few years before the majority of Achila.

The latter's kingdom is securely placed to the northeast, while Roderic seems to have taken the rest, notably modern Portugal.

The Saracens crossed the mountains to claim Ardo's Septimania, only to encounter the Basque dynasty of Aquitaine, always the allies of the Goths.

Odo the Great of Aquitaine was at first victorious at the Battle of Toulouse in 721.[43] Saracen troops gradually massed in Septimania and in 732 an army under Emir Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi advanced into Vasconia, and Odo was defeated at the Battle of the River Garonne.

They took Bordeaux and were advancing towards Tours when Odo, powerless to stop them, appealed to his arch-enemy, Charles Martel, mayor of the Franks. In one of the first of the lightning marches for which the Carolingian kings became famous, Charles and his army appeared in the path of the Saracens between Tours and Poitiers, and in the Battle of Tours decisively defeated and killed al-Ghafiqi.

THE MOORS RETURNED TWICE MORE...

 The Moors returned twice more, each time suffering defeat at Charles' hands—at the River Berre near Narbonne in 737[44] and in the Dauphiné in 740.[45] Odo's price for salvation from the Saracens was incorporation into the Frankish kingdom, a decision that was repugnant to him and also to his heirs.

LOSS AND RECOVERY AQUITAINE.

Loss and recovery of Aquitaine
After the death of his father, Hunald I allied himself with free Lombardy. However, Odo had ambiguously left the kingdom jointly to his two sons, Hunald and Hatto.

The latter, loyal to Francia, now went to war with his brother over full possession. Victorious, Hunald blinded and imprisoned his brother, only to be so stricken by conscience that he resigned and entered the church as a monk to do penance.

The story is told in Annales Mettenses priores.[46] His son Waifer took an early inheritance, becoming duke of Aquitaine and ratified the alliance with Lombardy. Waifer decided to honour it, repeating his father's decision, which he justified by arguing that any agreements with Charles Martel became invalid on Martel's death.

 Since Aquitaine was now Pepin's inheritance because of the earlier assistance that was given by Charles Martel, according to some the latter and his son, the young Charles, hunted down Waifer, who could only conduct a guerrilla war, and executed him.[47]

Among the contingents of the Frankish army were Bavarians under Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria, an Agilofing, the hereditary Bavarian ducal family.

Grifo had installed himself as Duke of Bavaria, but Pepin replaced him with a member of the ducal family yet a child, Tassilo, whose protector he had become after the death of his father.

THE LOYALTY...

The loyalty of the Agilolfings

WAS PERPETUALLY IN QUESTION...

was perpetually in question, but Pepin exacted numerous oaths of loyalty from Tassilo. However, the latter had married Liutperga, a daughter of Desiderius, king of Lombardy.

At a critical point in the campaign, Tassilo left the field with all his Bavarians. Out of reach of Pepin, he repudiated all loyalty to Francia.[48] Pepin had no chance to respond as he grew ill and died within a few weeks after Waifer's execution.

The first event of the brothers' reign was the uprising of the Aquitainians and Gascons, in 769, in that territory split between the two kings.

ONE YEAR EARLIER....

 One year earlier, Pepin had finally defeated Waifer, Duke of Aquitaine, after waging a destructive, ten-year war against Aquitaine. Now, Hunald II led the Aquitainians as far north as Angoulême. Charles met Carloman, but Carloman refused to participate and returned to Burgundy. Charles went to war, leading an army to Bordeaux, where he set up a fort at Fronsac. Hunald was forced to flee to the court of Duke Lupus II of Gascony. Lupus, fearing Charles, turned Hunald over in exchange for peace, and Hunald was put in a monastery. Gascon lords also surrendered, and Aquitaine and Gascony were finally fully subdued by the Franks.

MARRIAGE TO DESIDERATA...



Marriage to Desiderata
The brothers maintained lukewarm relations with the assistance of their mother Bertrada, but in 770 Charles signed a treaty with Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria and married a Lombard Princess (commonly known today as Desiderata), the daughter of King Desiderius, to surround Carloman with his own allies. Though Pope Stephen III first opposed the marriage with the Lombard princess, he found little to fear from a Frankish-Lombard alliance.

Less than a year after his marriage, Charlemagne repudiated Desiderata and

MARRIED A

13 YEARS OLD

1.SWABIAN

2.NAMED:

HILDEGARD.

married a 13-year-old Swabian named Hildegard.

THE REPUDIATED DESIDERATA...

 The repudiated Desiderata returned to her father's court at Pavia.

Her father's wrath was now aroused, and he would have gladly allied with Carloman to defeat Charles.

Before any open hostilities could be declared, however, Carloman died on 5 December 771, apparently of natural causes. Carloman's widow Gerberga fled to Desiderius' court with her sons for protection.

ITALIAN CAMPAIGNS.

Italian campaigns
Conquest of the Lombard kingdom

The Frankish king Charlemagne was a devout Catholic and maintained a close relationship with the papacy throughout his life. In 772, when Pope Adrian I was threatened by invaders, the king rushed to Rome to provide assistance.

Shown here, the pope asks Charlemagne for help at a meeting near Rome.
At his succession in 772, Pope Adrian I demanded the return of certain cities in the former exarchate of Ravenna in accordance with a promise at the succession of Desiderius. Instead,

Desiderius took over certain papal cities and invaded the Pentapolis, heading for Rome. Adrian sent ambassadors to Charlemagne in autumn requesting he enforce the policies of his father, Pepin.

 Desiderius sent his own ambassadors denying the pope's charges. The ambassadors met at Thionville, and Charlemagne upheld the pope's side. Charlemagne demanded what the pope had requested, but Desiderius swore never to comply. Charlemagne and his uncle Bernard crossed the Alps in 773 and chased the Lombards back to Pavia, which they then besieged.[49]

Charlemagne temporarily left the siege to deal with Adelchis, son of Desiderius, who was raising an army at Verona. The young prince was chased to the Adriatic littoral and fled to Constantinople to plead for assistance from Constantine V, who was waging war with Bulgaria.[50][32]

The siege lasted until the spring of 774 when Charlemagne visited the pope in Rome. There he confirmed his father's grants of land,[51] with some later chronicles falsely claiming that he also expanded them, granting Tuscany, Emilia, Venice and Corsica.

The pope granted him the title patrician. He then returned to Pavia, where the Lombards were on the verge of surrendering. In return for their lives, the Lombards surrendered and opened the gates in early summer.

 Desiderius was sent to the abbey of Corbie, and his son Adelchis died in Constantinople, a patrician. Charles, unusually, had himself crowned with the Iron Crown and made the magnates of Lombardy pay homage to him at Pavia.

Only Duke Arechis II of Benevento refused to submit and proclaimed independence. Charlemagne was then master of Italy as king of the Lombards. He left Italy with a garrison in Pavia and a few Frankish counts in place the same year.

Instability continued in Italy. In 776, Dukes Hrodgaud of Friuli and Hildeprand of Spoleto rebelled. Charlemagne rushed back from Saxony and defeated the Duke of Friuli in battle; the Duke was slain.[32]

 The Duke of Spoleto signed a treaty. Their co-conspirator, Arechis, was not subdued, and Adelchis, their candidate in Byzantium, never left that city. Northern Italy was now faithfully his.

SOUTHERN ITALY.

Southern Italy
In 787, Charlemagne directed his attention towards the Duchy of Benevento,[52] where Arechis II was reigning independently with the self-given title of Princeps.

Charlemagne's siege of Salerno forced Arechis into submission. However, after Arechis II's death in 787, his son Grimoald III proclaimed the Duchy of Benevento newly independent.

Grimoald was attacked many times by Charles' or his sons' armies, without achieving a definitive victory.[53] Charlemagne lost interest and never again returned to Southern Italy where Grimoald was able to keep the Duchy free from Frankish suzerainty.

CHILDREN.

Children

Charlemagne (left) and Pepin the Hunchback (10th-century copy of 9th-century original)
During the first peace of any substantial length (780–782), Charles began to appoint his sons to positions of authority. In 781, during a visit to Rome, he made his two youngest sons kings, crowned by the Pope.[f][g] The elder of these two, Carloman, was made the king of Italy, taking the Iron Crown that his father had first worn in 774, and in the same ceremony was renamed "Pepin"[32][51] (not to be confused with Charlemagne's eldest, possibly illegitimate son, Pepin the Hunchback).

The younger of the two, Louis, became King of Aquitaine. Charlemagne ordered Pepin and Louis to be raised in the customs of their kingdoms, and he gave their regents some control of their subkingdoms, but kept the real power, though he intended his sons to inherit their realms.

1.HE DID NOT TOLERATE:

2.INSUBORDINATION

3.IN HIS SONS...

He did not tolerate insubordination in his sons: in 792, he banished Pepin the Hunchback to the monastery of Prüm, because the young man had joined a rebellion against him.

CHARLES WAS DETERMINED TO HAVE:

1. HIS CHILDREN

2. EDUCATED.

3. INCLUDING: HIS DAUGHTERS.

Charles was determined to have his children educated, including his daughters,

1.AND HIS PARENTS HAD: INSTILED

as his parents had instilled

2. THE IMPORTANCE:

OF LEARNING...

3. IN HIM: AN EARLY AGE...

the importance of learning in him at an early age.[56]

1. HIS CHILDREN...

1.1. WERE TAUGHT.

1.2. IN ACCORD:

THEIR ARISTOCRATIC STATUS.

His children were also taught skills in accord with their aristocratic status,

WHICH INCLUDED TRAINING:

1. IN RIDDING.

2. WEAPONRY.

which included training in riding and weaponry

for his sons,

WHAT TO DO WITH GIRLS?

1. EMBRIDERY.

2. SPINNING.

3. WEAVING.

and embroidery, spinning and weaving for his daughters.[57]

The sons fought many wars on behalf of their father. Charles was mostly preoccupied with the Bretons, whose border he shared and who insurrected on at least two occasions and were easily put down.

He also fought the Saxons on multiple occasions.

 In 805 and 806, he was sent into the Böhmerwald

(MODERN BOHEMIA) to deal with the

Slavs living there

 (BOHEMIAN TRIBES:Bohemian tribes,

ANCESTORS OF THE MODERN CZECHS

ancestors of the modern Czechs).

He subjected them to Frankish authority and devastated the valley of the Elbe, forcing tribute from them. Pippin had to hold the Avar and Beneventan borders and fought the Slavs to his north.

He was uniquely poised to fight the Byzantine Empire when that conflict arose after Charlemagne's imperial coronation and a Venetian rebellion.

Finally, Louis was in charge of the Spanish March and fought the Duke of Benevento in southern Italy on at least one occasion. He took Barcelona in a great siege in 797.


Charlemagne instructing his son Louis the Pious
Charlemagne kept his daughters at home with him

AND REFUSED TO ALLOW THEM TO CONTRACT:

SACRAMENTAL MARRIAGES

and refused to allow them to contract sacramental marriages (though he originally condoned an engagement between his eldest daughter Rotrude and Constantine VI of Byzantium, this engagement was annulled when Rotrude was 11).[58]

CHARLEMAGNE OPPOSITION...

Charlemagne's opposition

1.TO HIS DAUGHTERS MARRIAGES

to his daughters' marriages

2. MAY HAVE INTENDED:

PREVENT...

may possibly have intended to prevent

3. THE CREATION OF CADET BRANCHES:

OF THE FAMILY.

 the creation of cadet branches of the family

3.1. TO CHALLENGE THE MAIN LINE.

to challenge the main line,

3.2.AS HAD BEEN THE CASE...

as had been the case with Tassilo of Bavaria.

However,

HE TOLERATD THEIR EXTRA-MARITAL:

 RELATIONShips...

he tolerated their extramarital relationships, even rewarding their common-law husbands and treasuring the illegitimate grandchildren they produced for him.

HE ALSO APPARENTLY REFUSED...

he also, apparently refused....

He also, apparently, refused to believe stories of their wild behaviour.

After his death the surviving daughters were banished from the court by their brother, the pious Louis, to take up residence in the convents they had been bequeathed by their father.

At least one of them, Bertha, had a recognised relationship, if not a marriage, with Angilbert, a member of Charlemagne's court circle.[59][60]

Carolingian expansion to the south
See also: Abbasid–Carolingian alliance

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Vasconia and the Pyrenees
The destructive war led by Pepin in Aquitaine, although brought to a satisfactory conclusion for the Franks, proved the Frankish power structure south of the Loire was feeble and unreliable.

 After the defeat and death of Waiofar in 768, while Aquitaine submitted again to the Carolingian dynasty, a new rebellion broke out in 769 led by Hunald II, a possible son of Waifer.

He took refuge with the ally Duke Lupus II of Gascony, but probably out of fear of Charlemagne's reprisal, Lupus handed him over to the new King of the Franks to whom he pledged loyalty, which seemed to confirm the peace in the Basque area south of the Garonne.[61]

Wary of new Basque uprisings, Charlemagne seems to have tried to contain Duke Lupus's power by appointing Seguin as the Count of Bordeaux (778) and other counts of Frankish background in bordering areas (Toulouse, County of Fézensac).

THE BASQUE DUKE...

 The Basque Duke, in turn, seems to have contributed decisively or schemed the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (referred to as "Basque treachery").

THE DEFEAT...

The defeat of Charlemagne's army in Roncevaux (778) confirmed his determination to rule directly by establishing the Kingdom of Aquitaine (ruled by Louis the Pious) based on a power base of Frankish officials, distributing lands among colonisers and allocating lands to the Church, which he took as an ally. A Christianisation programme was put in place across the high Pyrenees (778).[61]

EUROPE IN 771....


Europe in 771

The new political arrangement for Vasconia did not sit well with local lords. As of 788 Adalric was fighting and capturing Chorson, Carolingian Count of Toulouse. He was eventually released, but Charlemagne, enraged at the compromise, decided to depose him and appointed his trustee William of Gellone. William, in turn, fought the Basques and defeated them after banishing Adalric (790).[61]

From 781 (Pallars, Ribagorça) to 806 (Pamplona under Frankish influence), taking the County of Toulouse for a power base, Charlemagne asserted Frankish authority over the Pyrenees by subduing the south-western marches of Toulouse (790) and establishing vassal counties on the southern Pyrenees that were to make up the Marca Hispanica.[62] As of 794, a Frankish vassal, the Basque lord Belasko (al-Galashki, 'the Gaul') ruled Álava, but Pamplona remained under Cordovan and local control up to 806. Belasko and the counties in the Marca Hispánica provided the necessary base to attack the Andalusians (an expedition led by William Count of Toulouse and Louis the Pious to capture Barcelona in 801).

Events in the Duchy of Vasconia

 (REBELLION IN PAMPLONA...

rebellion in Pamplona, count overthrown

IN ARAGON... in Aragon, Duke Seguin of Bordeaux deposed, uprising of the Basque lords, etc.) were to prove it ephemeral upon Charlemagne's death.

Roncesvalles campaign
According to the Muslim historian Ibn al-Athir, the Diet of Paderborn had received the representatives of the Muslim rulers of Zaragoza, Girona, Barcelona and Huesca. Their masters had been cornered in the Iberian peninsula by Abd ar-Rahman I, the Umayyad emir of Cordova. These "Saracen" (Moorish and Muladi) rulers offered their homage to the king of the Franks in return for military support. Seeing an opportunity to extend Christendom and his own power and believing the Saxons to be a fully conquered nation, Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain.

In 778, he led the Neustrian army across the Western Pyrenees, while the Austrasians, Lombards, and Burgundians passed over the Eastern Pyrenees. The armies met at Saragossa and Charlemagne received the homage of the Muslim rulers, Sulayman al-Arabi and Kasmin ibn Yusuf, but the city did not fall for him. Indeed, Charlemagne faced the toughest battle of his career.

THE MUSLIMS FORCED HIM TO RETREAT..

The Muslims forced him to retreat.

He decided to go home since he could not trust the Basques, whom he had subdued by conquering Pamplona. He turned to leave Iberia, but as he was passing through the Pass of Roncesvalles one of the most famous events of his reign occurred.

THE BASQUES ATTACKED...

 The Basques attacked

AND DESTROYED...

and destroyed his rearguard and baggage train. The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, though less a battle than a skirmish, left many famous dead, including the seneschal Eggihard, the count of the palace Anselm, and the warden of the Breton March, Roland, inspiring the subsequent creation of the Song of Roland (La Chanson de Roland).

Contact with the Saracens

Harun al-Rashid receiving a delegation of Charlemagne in Baghdad, by Julius Köckert (1864)
The conquest of Italy brought Charlemagne in contact with the Saracens who, at the time, controlled the Mediterranean. Charlemagne's eldest son, Pepin the Hunchback, was much occupied with Saracens in Italy. Charlemagne conquered Corsica and Sardinia at an unknown date and in 799 the Balearic Islands. The islands were often attacked by Saracen pirates, but the counts of Genoa and Tuscany (Boniface) controlled them with large fleets until the end of Charlemagne's reign. Charlemagne even had contact with the caliphal court in Baghdad. In 797 (or possibly 801), the caliph of Baghdad, Harun al-Rashid, presented Charlemagne with an Asian elephant named Abul-Abbas and a clock.[63]

Wars with the Moors
In Hispania, the struggle against the Moors continued unabated throughout the latter half of his reign. Louis was in charge of the Spanish border. In 785, his men captured Girona permanently and extended Frankish control into the Catalan littoral for the duration of Charlemagne's reign (the area remained nominally Frankish until the Treaty of Corbeil in 1258). The Muslim chiefs in the northeast of Islamic Spain were constantly rebelling against Cordovan authority, and they often turned to the Franks for help. The Frankish border was slowly extended until 795, when Girona, Cardona, Ausona and Urgell were united into the new Spanish March, within the old duchy of Septimania.

In 797, Barcelona, the greatest city of the region, fell to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against Cordova and, failing, handed it to them. The Umayyad authority recaptured it in 799. However, Louis of Aquitaine marched the entire army of his kingdom over the Pyrenees and besieged it for two years, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated. The Franks continued to press forward against the emir. They took Tarragona in 809 and Tortosa in 811. The last conquest brought them to the mouth of the Ebro and gave them raiding access to Valencia, prompting the Emir al-Hakam I to recognise their conquests in 813.

Eastern campaigns
Saxon Wars
Further information: Saxon Wars

A map showing Charlemagne's additions (in light green) to the Frankish Kingdom
Charlemagne was engaged in almost constant warfare throughout his reign,[64] often at the head of his elite scara bodyguard squadrons. In the Saxon Wars, spanning thirty years and eighteen battles, he conquered Saxonia and proceeded to convert it to Christianity.

The Germanic Saxons were divided into four subgroups in four regions. Nearest to Austrasia was Westphalia and furthest away was Eastphalia. Between them was Engria and north of these three, at the base of the Jutland peninsula, was Nordalbingia.

In his first campaign, in 773, Charlemagne forced the Engrians to submit and cut down an Irminsul pillar near Paderborn.[65] The campaign was cut short by his first expedition to Italy. He returned in 775, marching through Westphalia and conquering the Saxon fort at Sigiburg. He then crossed Engria, where he defeated the Saxons again. Finally, in Eastphalia, he defeated a Saxon force, and its leader Hessi converted to Christianity. Charlemagne returned through Westphalia, leaving encampments at Sigiburg and Eresburg, which had been important Saxon bastions. He then controlled Saxony with the exception of Nordalbingia, but Saxon resistance had not ended.

Following his subjugation of the Dukes of Friuli and Spoleto, Charlemagne returned rapidly to Saxony in 776, where a rebellion had destroyed his fortress at Eresburg. The Saxons were once again defeated, but their main leader, Widukind, escaped to Denmark, his wife's home. Charlemagne built a new camp at Karlstadt. In 777, he called a national diet at Paderborn to integrate Saxony fully into the Frankish kingdom. Many Saxons were baptised as Christians.

In the summer of 779, he again invaded Saxony and reconquered Eastphalia, Engria and Westphalia. At a diet near Lippe, he divided the land into missionary districts and himself assisted in several mass baptisms (780). He then returned to Italy and, for the first time, the Saxons did not immediately revolt. Saxony was peaceful from 780 to 782.


Charlemagne receiving the submission of Widukind at Paderborn in 785, painted c. 1840 by Ary Scheffer
He returned to Saxony in 782 and instituted a code of law and appointed counts, both Saxon and Frank. The laws were draconian on religious issues; for example, the Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae prescribed death to Saxon pagans who refused to convert to Christianity. This led to renewed conflict. That year, in autumn, Widukind returned and led a new revolt. In response, at Verden in Lower Saxony, Charlemagne is recorded as having ordered the execution of 4,500 Saxon prisoners by beheading, known as the Massacre of Verden ("Verdener Blutgericht"). The killings triggered three years of renewed bloody warfare. During this war, the East Frisians between the Lauwers and the Weser joined the Saxons in revolt and were finally subdued.[66] The war ended with Widukind accepting baptism.[67] The Frisians afterwards asked for missionaries to be sent to them and a bishop of their own nation, Ludger, was sent. Charlemagne also promulgated a law code, the Lex Frisonum, as he did for most subject peoples.[68]

Thereafter, the Saxons maintained the peace for seven years, but in 792 Westphalia again rebelled. The Eastphalians and Nordalbingians joined them in 793, but the insurrection was unpopular and was put down by 794. An Engrian rebellion followed in 796, but the presence of Charlemagne, Christian Saxons and Slavs quickly crushed it. The last insurrection occurred in 804, more than thirty years after Charlemagne's first campaign against them, but also failed. According to Einhard:

The war that had lasted so many years was at length ended by their acceding to the terms offered by the King; which were renunciation of their national religious customs and the worship of devils, acceptance of the sacraments of the Christian faith and religion, and union with the Franks to form one people.

Submission of Bavaria

Equestrian statue of Charlemagne by Agostino Cornacchini (1725), St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City.
By 774, Charlemagne had invaded the Kingdom of Lombardy, and he later annexed the Lombardian territories and assumed its crown, placing the Papal States under Frankish protection.[69] The Duchy of Spoleto south of Rome was acquired in 774, while in the central western parts of Europe, the Duchy of Bavaria was absorbed and the Bavarian policy continued of establishing tributary marches, (borders protected in return for tribute or taxes) among the Slavic Serbs and Czechs. The remaining power confronting the Franks in the east were the Avars. However, Charlemagne acquired other Slavic areas, including Bohemia, Moravia, Austria and Croatia.[69]

In 789, Charlemagne turned to Bavaria. He claimed that Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria was an unfit ruler, due to his oath-breaking. The charges were exaggerated, but Tassilo was deposed anyway and put in the monastery of Jumièges.[70] In 794, Tassilo was made to renounce any claim to Bavaria for himself and his family (the Agilolfings) at the synod of Frankfurt; he formally handed over to the king all of the rights he had held.[71] Bavaria was subdivided into Frankish counties, as had been done with Saxony.

Avar campaigns
In 788, the Avars, an Asian nomadic group that had settled down in what is today Hungary (Einhard called them Huns), invaded Friuli and Bavaria. Charlemagne was preoccupied with other matters until 790 when he marched down the Danube and ravaged Avar territory to the Győr. A Lombard army under Pippin then marched into the Drava valley and ravaged Pannonia. The campaigns ended when the Saxons revolted again in 792.

For the next two years, Charlemagne was occupied, along with the Slavs, against the Saxons. Pippin and Duke Eric of Friuli continued, however, to assault the Avars' ring-shaped strongholds. The great Ring of the Avars, their capital fortress, was taken twice. The booty was sent to Charlemagne at his capital, Aachen, and redistributed to his followers and to foreign rulers, including King Offa of Mercia. Soon the Avar tuduns had lost the will to fight and travelled to Aachen to become vassals to Charlemagne and to become Christians. Charlemagne accepted their surrender and sent one native chief, baptised Abraham, back to Avaria with the ancient title of khagan. Abraham kept his people in line, but in 800, the Bulgarians under Khan Krum attacked the remains of the Avar state.

In 803, Charlemagne sent a Bavarian army into Pannonia, defeating and bringing an end to the Avar confederation.[72]

In November of the same year, Charlemagne went to Regensburg where the Avar leaders acknowledged him as their ruler.[72] In 805, the Avar khagan, who had already been baptised, went to Aachen to ask permission to settle with his people south-eastward from Vienna.[72] The Transdanubian territories became integral parts of the Frankish realm, which was abolished by the Magyars in 899–900.

Northeast Slav expeditions
In 789, in recognition of his new pagan neighbours, the Slavs, Charlemagne marched an Austrasian-Saxon army across the Elbe into Obotrite territory. The Slavs ultimately submitted, led by their leader Witzin. Charlemagne then accepted the surrender of the Veleti under Dragovit and demanded many hostages. He also demanded permission to send missionaries into this pagan region unmolested. The army marched to the Baltic before turning around and marching to the Rhine, winning much booty with no harassment. The tributary Slavs became loyal allies. In 795, when the Saxons broke the peace, the Abotrites and Veleti rebelled with their new ruler against the Saxons. Witzin died in battle and Charlemagne avenged him by harrying the Eastphalians on the Elbe. Thrasuco, his successor, led his men to conquest over the Nordalbingians and handed their leaders over to Charlemagne, who honoured him. The Abotrites remained loyal until Charles' death and fought later against the Danes.

Southeast Slav expeditions

Europe around 800
When Charlemagne incorporated much of Central Europe, he brought the Frankish state face to face with the Avars and Slavs in the southeast.[73] The most southeast Frankish neighbours were Croats, who settled in Pannonian Croatia and Dalmatian Croatia. While fighting the Avars, the Franks had called for their support.[74] During the 790s, he won a major victory over them in 796.[75] Pannonian Croat Duke Vojnomir of Pannonian Croatia aided Charlemagne, and the Franks made themselves overlords over the Croats of northern Dalmatia, Slavonia and Pannonia.[75]

The Frankish commander Eric of Friuli wanted to extend his dominion by conquering the Littoral Croat Duchy. During that time, Dalmatian Croatia was ruled by Duke Višeslav of Croatia. In the Battle of Trsat, the forces of Eric fled their positions and were routed by the forces of Višeslav.[76] Eric was among those killed which was a great blow for the Carolingian Empire.[73][76][77]

Charlemagne also directed his attention to the Slavs to the west of the Avar khaganate: the Carantanians and Carniolans. These people were subdued by the Lombards and Bavarii and made tributaries, but were never fully incorporated into the Frankish state.

Imperium
Coronation

Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne, by Friedrich Kaulbach, 1861
In 799, Pope Leo III had been assaulted by some of the Romans, who tried to put out his eyes and tear out his tongue.[78] Leo escaped and fled to Charlemagne at Paderborn.[79] Charlemagne, advised by scholar Alcuin, travelled to Rome, in November 800 and held a synod. On 23 December, Leo swore an oath of innocence to Charlemagne. His position having thereby been weakened, the Pope sought to restore his status. Two days later, at Mass, on Christmas Day (25 December), when Charlemagne knelt at the altar to pray, the Pope crowned him Imperator Romanorum ("Emperor of the Romans") in Saint Peter's Basilica. In so doing, the Pope rejected the legitimacy of Empress Irene of Constantinople:


Pope Leo III, crowning Charlemagne from Chroniques de France ou de Saint Denis, vol. 1; France, second quarter of 14th century.
When Odoacer compelled the abdication of Romulus Augustulus, he did not abolish the Western Empire as a separate power, but caused it to be reunited with or sink into the Eastern, so that from that time there was a single undivided Roman Empire ... [Pope Leo III and Charlemagne], like their predecessors, held the Roman Empire to be one and indivisible, and proposed by the coronation of [Charlemagne] not to proclaim a severance of the East and West ... they were not revolting against a reigning sovereign, but legitimately filling up the place of the deposed Constantine VI ... [Charlemagne] was held to be the legitimate successor, not of Romulus Augustulus, but of Constantine VI ...[80]

Charlemagne's coronation as Emperor, though intended to represent the continuation of the unbroken line of Emperors from Augustus to Constantine VI, had the effect of setting up two separate (and often opposing) Empires and two separate claims to imperial authority. It led to war in 802, and for centuries to come, the Emperors of both West and East would make competing claims of sovereignty over the whole.

Einhard says that Charlemagne was ignorant of the Pope's intent and did not want any such coronation:

[H]e at first had such an aversion that he declared that he would not have set foot in the Church the day that they [the imperial titles] were conferred, although it was a great feast-day, if he could have foreseen the design of the Pope.[81]

A number of modern scholars, however,[82] suggest that Charlemagne was indeed aware of the coronation; certainly, he cannot have missed the bejewelled crown waiting on the altar when he came to pray; something even contemporary sources support.[83]

Debate

The throne of Charlemagne and the subsequent German Kings in Aachen Cathedral
Historians have debated for centuries whether Charlemagne was aware before the coronation of the Pope's intention to crown him Emperor (Charlemagne declared that he would not have entered Saint Peter's had he known, according to chapter twenty-eight of Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni),[84] but that debate obscured the more significant question of why the Pope granted the title and why Charlemagne accepted it.

Collins points out "[t]hat the motivation behind the acceptance of the imperial title was a romantic and antiquarian interest in reviving the Roman empire is highly unlikely."[85] For one thing, such romance would not have appealed either to Franks or Roman Catholics at the turn of the ninth century, both of whom viewed the Classical heritage of the Roman Empire with distrust. The Franks took pride in having "fought against and thrown from their shoulders the heavy yoke of the Romans" and "from the knowledge gained in baptism, clothed in gold and precious stones the bodies of the holy martyrs whom the Romans had killed by fire, by the sword and by wild animals", as Pepin III described it in a law of 763 or 764.[86]

Furthermore, the new title—carrying with it the risk that the new emperor would "make drastic changes to the traditional styles and procedures of government" or "concentrate his attentions on Italy or on Mediterranean concerns more generally"—risked alienating the Frankish leadership.[87]

For both the Pope and Charlemagne, the Roman Empire remained a significant power in European politics at this time. The Byzantine Empire, based in Constantinople, continued to hold a substantial portion of Italy, with borders not far south of Rome. Charles' sitting in judgment of the Pope could be seen as usurping the prerogatives of the Emperor in Constantinople:

By whom, however, could he [the Pope] be tried? Who, in other words, was qualified to pass judgement on the Vicar of Christ? In normal circumstances the only conceivable answer to that question would have been the Emperor at Constantinople; but the imperial throne was at this moment occupied by Irene. That the Empress was notorious for having blinded and murdered her own son was, in the minds of both Leo and Charles, almost immaterial: it was enough that she was a woman. The female sex was known to be incapable of governing, and by the old Salic tradition was debarred from doing so. As far as Western Europe was concerned, the Throne of the Emperors was vacant: Irene's claim to it was merely an additional proof, if any were needed, of the degradation into which the so-called Roman Empire had fallen.

— John Julius Norwich[88]

Coronation of Charlemagne, drawing by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld
For the Pope, then, there was "no living Emperor at that time"[89] though Henri Pirenne[90] disputes this saying that the coronation "was not in any sense explained by the fact that at this moment a woman was reigning in Constantinople". Nonetheless, the Pope took the extraordinary step of creating one. The papacy had since 727 been in conflict with Irene's predecessors in Constantinople over a number of issues, chiefly the continued Byzantine adherence to the doctrine of iconoclasm, the destruction of Christian images; while from 750, the secular power of the Byzantine Empire in central Italy had been nullified.


Coronation of an idealised king, depicted in the Sacramentary of Charles the Bald (about 870)
By bestowing the Imperial crown upon Charlemagne, the Pope arrogated to himself "the right to appoint ... the Emperor of the Romans, ... establishing the imperial crown as his own personal gift but simultaneously granting himself implicit superiority over the Emperor whom he had created." And "because the Byzantines had proved so unsatisfactory from every point of view—political, military and doctrinal—he would select a westerner: the one man who by his wisdom and statesmanship and the vastness of his dominions ... stood out head and shoulders above his contemporaries."[91]

With Charlemagne's coronation, therefore, "the Roman Empire remained, so far as either of them [Charlemagne and Leo] were concerned, one and indivisible, with Charles as its Emperor", though there can have been "little doubt that the coronation, with all that it implied, would be furiously contested in Constantinople".[92]

Alcuin writes hopefully in his letters of an Imperium Christianum ("Christian Empire"), wherein, "just as the inhabitants of the [Roman Empire] had been united by a common Roman citizenship", presumably this new empire would be united by a common Christian faith.[86] This writes the view of Pirenne when he says "Charles was the Emperor of the ecclesia as the Pope conceived it, of the Roman Church, regarded as the universal Church".[93] The Imperium Christianum was further supported at a number of synods all across Europe by Paulinus of Aquileia.[94]

What is known, from the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes,[95] is that Charlemagne's reaction to his coronation was to take the initial steps towards securing the Constantinopolitan throne by sending envoys of marriage to Irene, and that Irene reacted somewhat favourably to them.


The Coronation of Charlemagne, by assistants of Raphael, c. 1516–1517
It is important to distinguish between the universalist and localist conceptions of the empire, which remain controversial among historians. According to the former, the empire was a universal monarchy, a "commonwealth of the whole world, whose sublime unity transcended every minor distinction"; and the emperor "was entitled to the obedience of Christendom". According to the latter, the emperor had no ambition for universal dominion; his realm was limited in the same way as that of every other ruler, and when he made more far-reaching claims his object was normally to ward off the attacks either of the Pope or of the Byzantine emperor. According to this view, also, the origin of the empire is to be explained by specific local circumstances rather than by overarching theories.[96]

According to Ohnsorge, for a long time, it had been the custom of Byzantium to designate the German princes as spiritual "sons" of the Romans. What might have been acceptable in the fifth century had become provoking and insulting to the Franks in the eighth century. Charles came to believe that the Roman emperor, who claimed to head the world hierarchy of states, was, in reality, no greater than Charles himself, a king as other kings, since beginning in 629 he had entitled himself "Basileus" (translated literally as "king"). Ohnsorge finds it significant that the chief wax seal of Charles, which bore only the inscription: "Christe, protege Carolum regem Francorum [Christ, protect Charles, king of the Franks], was used from 772 to 813, even during the imperial period and was not replaced by a special imperial seal; indicating that Charles felt himself to be just the king of the Franks. Finally, Ohnsorge points out that in the spring of 813 at Aachen Charles crowned his only surviving son, Louis, as the emperor without recourse to Rome with only the acclamation of his Franks. The form in which this acclamation was offered was Frankish-Christian rather than Roman. This implies both independence from Rome and a Frankish (non-Roman) understanding of empire.[97]

Imperial title
Charlemagne used these circumstances to claim that he was the "renewer of the Roman Empire", which had declined under the Byzantines. In his official charters, Charles preferred the style Karolus serenissimus Augustus a Deo coronatus magnus pacificus imperator Romanum gubernans imperium[98] ("Charles, most serene Augustus crowned by God, the great, peaceful emperor ruling the Roman empire") to the more direct Imperator Romanorum ("Emperor of the Romans").

The title of Emperor remained in the Carolingian family for years to come, but divisions of territory and in-fighting over supremacy of the Frankish state weakened its significance.[99] The papacy itself never forgot the title nor abandoned the right to bestow it. When the family of Charles ceased to produce worthy heirs, the Pope gladly crowned whichever Italian magnate could best protect him from his local enemies. The empire would remain in continuous existence for nearly a millennium, as the Holy Roman Empire, a true imperial successor to Charles.[100]

Imperial diplomacy

Europe around 814
The iconoclasm of the Byzantine Isaurian Dynasty was endorsed by the Franks.[101] The Second Council of Nicaea reintroduced the veneration of icons under Empress Irene. The council was not recognised by Charlemagne since no Frankish emissaries had been invited, even though Charlemagne ruled more than three provinces of the classical Roman empire and was considered equal in rank to the Byzantine emperor. And while the Pope supported the reintroduction of the iconic veneration, he politically digressed from Byzantium.[101] He certainly desired to increase the influence of the papacy, to honour his saviour Charlemagne, and to solve the constitutional issues then most troubling to European jurists in an era when Rome was not in the hands of an emperor. Thus, Charlemagne's assumption of the imperial title was not a usurpation in the eyes of the Franks or Italians. It was, however, seen as such in Byzantium, where it was protested by Irene and her successor Nikephoros I—neither of whom had any great effect in enforcing their protests.

The East Romans, however, still held several territories in Italy: Venice (what was left of the Exarchate of Ravenna), Reggio (in Calabria), Otranto (in Apulia), and Naples (the Ducatus Neapolitanus). These regions remained outside of Frankish hands until 804, when the Venetians, torn by infighting, transferred their allegiance to the Iron Crown of Pippin, Charles' son. The Pax Nicephori ended. Nicephorus ravaged the coasts with a fleet, initiating the only instance of war between the Byzantines and the Franks. The conflict lasted until 810 when the pro-Byzantine party in Venice gave their city back to the Byzantine Emperor, and the two emperors of Europe made peace: Charlemagne received the Istrian peninsula and in 812 the emperor Michael I Rangabe recognised his status as Emperor,[102] although not necessarily as "Emperor of the Romans".[103]

Danish attacks
After the conquest of Nordalbingia, the Frankish frontier was brought into contact with Scandinavia. The pagan Danes, "a race almost unknown to his ancestors, but destined to be only too well known to his sons" as Charles Oman described them, inhabiting the Jutland peninsula, had heard many stories from Widukind and his allies who had taken refuge with them about the dangers of the Franks and the fury which their Christian king could direct against pagan neighbours.

In 808, the king of the Danes, Godfred, expanded the vast Danevirke across the isthmus of Schleswig. This defence, last employed in the Danish-Prussian War of 1864, was at its beginning a 30 km (19 mi) long earthenwork rampart. The Danevirke protected Danish land and gave Godfred the opportunity to harass Frisia and Flanders with pirate raids. He also subdued the Frank-allied Veleti and fought the Abotrites.

Godfred invaded Frisia, joked of visiting Aachen, but was murdered before he could do any more, either by a Frankish assassin or by one of his own men. Godfred was succeeded by his nephew Hemming, who concluded the Treaty of Heiligen with Charlemagne in late 811.

Death
See also: Testament of Charlemagne

Persephone sarcophagus of Charlemagne

A portion of the 814 death shroud of Charlemagne. It represents a quadriga and was manufactured in Constantinople. Musée de Cluny, Paris.
In 813, Charlemagne called Louis the Pious, king of Aquitaine, his only surviving legitimate son, to his court. There Charlemagne crowned his son as co-emperor and sent him back to Aquitaine. He then spent the autumn hunting before returning to Aachen on 1 November. In January, he fell ill with pleurisy.[104] In deep depression (mostly because many of his plans were not yet realised), he took to his bed on 21 January and as Einhard tells it:

He died January twenty-eighth, the seventh day from the time that he took to his bed, at nine o'clock in the morning, after partaking of the Holy Communion, in the seventy-second year of his age and the forty-seventh of his reign.


Frederick II's gold and silver casket for Charlemagne, the Karlsschrein
He was buried that same day, in Aachen Cathedral, although the cold weather and the nature of his illness made such a hurried burial unnecessary. The earliest surviving planctus, the Planctus de obitu Karoli, was composed by a monk of Bobbio, which he had patronised.[105] A later story, told by Otho of Lomello, Count of the Palace at Aachen in the time of Emperor Otto III, would claim that he and Otto had discovered Charlemagne's tomb: Charlemagne, they claimed, was seated upon a throne, wearing a crown and holding a sceptre, his flesh almost entirely incorrupt. In 1165, Emperor Frederick I re-opened the tomb again and placed the emperor in a sarcophagus beneath the floor of the cathedral.[106] In 1215 Emperor Frederick II re-interred him in a casket made of gold and silver.

Charlemagne's death emotionally affected many of his subjects, particularly those of the literary clique who had surrounded him at Aachen. An anonymous monk of Bobbio lamented:[107]

From the lands where the sun rises to western shores, people are crying and wailing ... the Franks, the Romans, all Christians, are stung with mourning and great worry ... the young and old, glorious nobles, all lament the loss of their Caesar ... the world laments the death of Charles ... O Christ, you who govern the heavenly host, grant a peaceful place to Charles in your kingdom. Alas for miserable me.

Louis succeeded him as Charles had intended. He left a testament allocating his assets in 811 that was not updated prior to his death. His empire lasted only another generation in its entirety; its division, according to custom, between Louis's own sons after their father's death laid the foundation for the modern states of Germany and France.[108]

Administration
Main article: Government of the Carolingian Empire
Organisation
The Carolingian king exercised the bannum, the right to rule and command. Under the Franks, it was a royal prerogative but could be delegated.[109] He had supreme jurisdiction in judicial matters, made legislation, led the army, and protected both the Church and the poor.[citation needed] His administration was an attempt to organise the kingdom, church and nobility around him. As an administrator, Charlemagne stands out for his many reforms: monetary, governmental, military, cultural and ecclesiastical. He is the main protagonist of the "Carolingian Renaissance".

Military
Charlemagne's success rested primarily on novel siege technologies and excellent logistics[110] rather than the long-claimed "cavalry revolution" led by Charles Martel in 730s. However, the stirrup, which made the "shock cavalry" lance charge possible, was not introduced to the Frankish kingdom until the late eighth century.[111]

Horses were used extensively by the Frankish military because they provided a quick, long-distance method of transporting troops, which was critical to building and maintaining the large empire.[111]

Economic and monetary reforms

Monogram of Charlemagne, including signum manus, from the subscription of a royal diploma: Signum (monogr.: KAROLVS) Karoli gloriosissimi regis
Charlemagne had an important role in determining Europe's immediate economic future. Pursuing his father's reforms, Charlemagne abolished the monetary system based on the gold sou. Instead, he and the Anglo-Saxon King Offa of Mercia took up Pippin's system for pragmatic reasons, notably a shortage of the metal.

The gold shortage was a direct consequence of the conclusion of peace with Byzantium, which resulted in ceding Venice and Sicily to the East and losing their trade routes to Africa. The resulting standardisation economically harmonised and unified the complex array of currencies that had been in use at the commencement of his reign, thus simplifying trade and commerce.


Denier from the era of Charlemagne, Tours, 793–812
Charlemagne established a new standard, the livre carolinienne (from the Latin libra, the modern pound), which was based upon a pound of silver—a unit of both money and weight—worth 20 sous (from the Latin solidus [which was primarily an accounting device and never actually minted], the modern shilling) or 240 deniers (from the Latin denarius, the modern penny). During this period, the livre and the sou were counting units; only the denier was a coin of the realm.

Charlemagne instituted principles for accounting practice by means of the Capitulare de villis of 802, which laid down strict rules for the way in which incomes and expenses were to be recorded.

Charlemagne applied this system to much of the European continent, and Offa's standard was voluntarily adopted by much of England. After Charlemagne's death, continental coinage degraded, and most of Europe resorted to using the continued high-quality English coin until about 1100.

Jews in Charlemagne's realm
Early in Charlemagne's rule he tacitly allowed Jews to monopolise money lending. At the time, lending of money for interest was proscribed in 814 because it violated Church law. Charlemagne introduced the Capitulary for the Jews, a prohibition on Jews engaging in money-lending due to the religious convictions of the majority of his constituents, in essence banning it across the board, a reversal of his earlier recorded general policy.[112] In addition to this broad change, Charlemagne also performed a significant number of microeconomic reforms, such as direct control of prices and levies on certain goods and commodities.

His Capitulary for the Jews, however, was not representative of his overall economic relationship or attitude towards the Frankish Jews, and certainly not his earlier relationship with them, which evolved over his life. His personal physician, for example, was Jewish,[113] and he employed one Jew, Isaac, who was his personal representative to the Muslim caliphate of Baghdad.[114] Letters have been credited to him that invited Jews to settle in his kingdom.[115][116][117]

Education reforms

Charlemange in a copper engraving of the 16th-century by Giovanni Battista Cavalieri
Part of Charlemagne's success as a warrior, an administrator and ruler can be traced to his admiration for learning and education. His reign is often referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance because of the flowering of scholarship, literature, art and architecture that characterise it. Charlemagne came into contact with the culture and learning of other countries (especially Moorish Spain, Anglo-Saxon England,[118] and Lombard Italy) due to his vast conquests. He greatly increased the provision of monastic schools and scriptoria (centres for book-copying) in Francia.

Charlemagne was a lover of books, sometimes having them read to him during meals. He was thought to enjoy the works of Augustine of Hippo.[119] His court played a key role in producing books that taught elementary Latin and different aspects of the church. It also played a part in creating a royal library that contained in-depth works on language and Christian faith.[120]

Charlemagne encouraged clerics to translate Christian creeds and prayers into their respective vernaculars as well to teach grammar and music. Due to the increased interest of intellectual pursuits and the urging of their king, the monks accomplished so much copying that almost every manuscript from that time was preserved. At the same time, at the urging of their king, scholars were producing more secular books on many subjects, including history, poetry, art, music, law, theology, etc. Due to the increased number of titles, private libraries flourished. These were mainly supported by aristocrats and churchmen who could afford to sustain them. At Charlemagne's court, a library was founded and a number of copies of books were produced, to be distributed by Charlemagne.[121][122] Book production was completed slowly by hand and took place mainly in large monastic libraries. Books were so in demand during Charlemagne's time that these libraries lent out some books, but only if that borrower offered valuable collateral in return.[122]


The privileges of Charlemagne at the Modena Cathedral (containing the monogram of Charlemagne), dated 782
Most of the surviving works of classical Latin were copied and preserved by Carolingian scholars. Indeed, the earliest manuscripts available for many ancient texts are Carolingian. It is almost certain that a text which survived to the Carolingian age survives still.

The pan-European nature of Charlemagne's influence is indicated by the origins of many of the men who worked for him: Alcuin, an Anglo-Saxon from York; Theodulf, a Visigoth, probably from Septimania; Paul the Deacon, Lombard; Italians Peter of Pisa and Paulinus of Aquileia; and Franks Angilbert, Angilram, Einhard and Waldo of Reichenau.

Charlemagne promoted the liberal arts at court, ordering that his children and grandchildren be well-educated, and even studying himself (in a time when even leaders who promoted education did not take time to learn themselves) under the tutelage of Peter of Pisa, from whom he learned grammar; Alcuin, with whom he studied rhetoric, dialectic (logic), and astronomy (he was particularly interested in the movements of the stars); and Einhard, who tutored him in arithmetic.[123]

His great scholarly failure, as Einhard relates, was his inability to write: when in his old age he attempted to learn—practising the formation of letters in his bed during his free time on books and wax tablets he hid under his pillow—"his effort came too late in life and achieved little success", and his ability to read—which Einhard is silent about, and which no contemporary source supports—has also been called into question.[123]

In 800, Charlemagne enlarged the hostel at the Muristan in Jerusalem and added a library to it. He certainly had not been personally in Jerusalem.[124][125]

Church reforms
See also: Charlemagne and church music

Charlemagne's chapel at Aachen Cathedral
Charlemagne expanded the reform Church's programme unlike his father, Pippin, and uncle, Carloman. The deepening of the spiritual life was later to be seen as central to public policy and royal governance. His reform focused on strengthening the church's power structure, improving clergy's skill and moral quality, standardising liturgical practices, improvements on the basic tenets of the faith and the rooting out of paganism. His authority extended over church and state. He could discipline clerics, control ecclesiastical property and define orthodox doctrine. Despite the harsh legislation and sudden change, he had developed support from clergy who approved his desire to deepen the piety and morals of his subjects.[126]

In 809–810, Charlemagne called a church council in Aachen, which confirmed the unanimous belief in the West that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son (ex Patre Filioque) and sanctioned inclusion in the Nicene Creed of the phrase Filioque (and the Son). For this Charlemagne sought the approval of Pope Leo III. The Pope, while affirming the doctrine and approving its use in teaching, opposed its inclusion in the text of the Creed as adopted in the 381 First Council of Constantinople.[127] This spoke of the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father, without adding phrases such as "and the Son", "through the Son", or "alone". Stressing his opposition, the Pope had the original text inscribed in Greek and Latin on two heavy shields that were displayed in Saint Peter's Basilica.[128][129][130]

Writing reforms

Page from the Lorsch Gospels of Charlemagne's reign
During Charles' reign, the Roman half uncial script and its cursive version, which had given rise to various continental minuscule scripts, were combined with features from the insular scripts in use in Irish and English monasteries. Carolingian minuscule was created partly under the patronage of Charlemagne. Alcuin, who ran the palace school and scriptorium at Aachen, was probably a chief influence.

The revolutionary character of the Carolingian reform, however, can be over-emphasised; efforts at taming Merovingian and Germanic influence had been underway before Alcuin arrived at Aachen. The new minuscule was disseminated first from Aachen and later from the influential scriptorium at Tours, where Alcuin retired as an abbot.

Political reforms
Charlemagne engaged in many reforms of Frankish governance while continuing many traditional practices, such as the division of the kingdom among sons.[131]

Divisio regnorum
In 806, Charlemagne first made provision for the traditional division of the empire on his death. For Charles the Younger he designated Austrasia and Neustria, Saxony, Burgundy and Thuringia. To Pippin, he gave Italy, Bavaria, and Swabia. Louis received Aquitaine, the Spanish March and Provence. The imperial title was not mentioned, which led to the suggestion that, at that particular time, Charlemagne regarded the title as an honorary achievement that held no hereditary significance.

Pepin died in 810 and Charles in 811. Charlemagne then reconsidered the matter, and in 813, crowned his youngest son, Louis, co-emperor and co-King of the Franks, granting him a half-share of the empire and the rest upon Charlemagne's own death. The only part of the Empire that Louis was not promised was Italy, which Charlemagne specifically bestowed upon Pippin's illegitimate son Bernard.[132]

Personality
Manner

13th-century stained glass depiction of Charlemagne, Strasbourg Cathedral
Einhard tells in his twenty-fourth chapter:
Charles was temperate in eating, and particularly so in drinking, for he abominated drunkenness in anybody, much more in himself and those of his household; but he could not easily abstain from food, and often complained that fasts injured his health. He very rarely gave entertainments, only on great feast-days, and then to large numbers of people. His meals ordinarily consisted of four courses, not counting the roast, which his huntsmen used to bring in on the spit; he was more fond of this than of any other dish. While at table, he listened to reading or music. The subjects of the readings were the stories and deeds of olden time: he was fond, too, of St. Augustine's books, and especially of the one titled "The City of God".[133]

Charlemagne threw grand banquets and feasts for special occasions such as religious holidays and four of his weddings. When he was not working, he loved Christian books, horseback riding, swimming, bathing in natural hot springs with his friends and family, and hunting.[134] Franks were well known for horsemanship and hunting skills.[134] Charles was a light sleeper and would stay in his bed chambers for entire days at a time due to restless nights. During these days, he would not get out of bed when a quarrel occurred in his kingdom, instead summoning all members of the situation into his bedroom to be given orders. Einhard tells again in the twenty-fourth chapter: "In summer after the midday meal, he would eat some fruit, drain a single cup, put off his clothes and shoes, just as he did for the night, and rest for two or three hours. He was in the habit of awaking and rising from bed four or five times during the night."[134]

Language
Main article: Theodiscus
By Charlemagne's time, the French vernacular had already diverged significantly from Latin. This is evidenced by one of the regulations of the Council of Tours 813, which required that parish priests preach either in the "rusticam Romanam linguam" (Romance) or "Theotiscam" (the Germanic vernacular) rather than in Latin. The goal of this rule was to make sermons comprehensible to the common people.[135] Charlemagne himself probably spoke a Rhenish Franconian dialect.[136][137][138]

He also spoke Latin and had at least some understanding of Greek, according to Einhard (Grecam vero melius intellegere quam pronuntiare poterat, "he could understand Greek better than he could speak it").[139]

The largely fictional account of Charlemagne's Iberian campaigns by Pseudo-Turpin, written some three centuries after his death, gave rise to the legend that the king also spoke Arabic.[140]

Appearance

The Carolingian-era equestrian statuette thought to represent Charlemagne (from Metz Cathedral, now in the Louvre)
Charlemagne's personal appearance is known from a good description by Einhard after his death in the biography Vita Karoli Magni. Einhard states:[141]

He was heavily built, sturdy, and of considerable stature, although not exceptionally so, since his height was seven times the length of his own foot. He had a round head, large and lively eyes, a slightly larger nose than usual, white but still attractive hair, a bright and cheerful expression, a short and fat neck, and he enjoyed good health, except for the fevers that affected him in the last few years of his life. Towards the end, he dragged one leg. Even then, he stubbornly did what he wanted and refused to listen to doctors, indeed he detested them, because they wanted to persuade him to stop eating roast meat, as was his wont, and to be content with boiled meat.

The physical portrait provided by Einhard is confirmed by contemporary depictions such as coins and his 8-inch (20 cm) bronze statuette kept in the Louvre. In 1861, Charlemagne's tomb was opened by scientists who reconstructed his skeleton and estimated it to be measured 1.95 metres (6 ft 5 in).[142] An estimate of his height from an X-ray and CT scan of his tibia performed in 2010 is 1.84 metres (6 ft 0 in). This puts him in the 99th percentile of height for his period, given that average male height of his time was 1.69 metres (5 ft 7 in). The width of the bone suggested he was gracile in body build.[143]

Dress

Later depiction of Charlemagne in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France
Charlemagne wore the traditional costume of the Frankish people, described by Einhard thus:[144]

He used to wear the national, that is to say, the Frank, dress—next his skin a linen shirt and linen breeches, and above these a tunic fringed with silk; while hose fastened by bands covered his lower limbs, and shoes his feet, and he protected his shoulders and chest in winter by a close-fitting coat of otter or marten skins.

He wore a blue cloak and always carried a sword typically of a golden or silver hilt. He wore intricately jeweled swords to banquets or ambassadorial receptions. Nevertheless:[144]

He despised foreign costumes, however handsome, and never allowed himself to be robed in them, except twice in Rome, when he donned the Roman tunic, chlamys, and shoes; the first time at the request of Pope Hadrian, the second to gratify Leo, Hadrian's successor.

On great feast days, he wore embroidery and jewels on his clothing and shoes. He had a golden buckle for his cloak on such occasions and would appear with his great diadem, but he despised such apparel according to Einhard, and usually dressed like the common people.[144]

Homes
Charlemagne had residences across his kingdom, including numerous private estates that were governed in accordance with the Capitulare de villis. A 9th-century document detailing the inventory of an estate at Asnapium listed amounts of livestock, plants and vegetables and kitchenware including cauldrons, drinking cups, brass kettles and firewood. The manor contained seventeen houses built inside the courtyard for nobles and family members and was separated from its supporting villas.[145]

Family
Charlemagne had eighteen children with eight of his ten known wives or concubines.[146] Nonetheless, he had only four legitimate grandsons, the four sons of his fourth son, Louis. In addition, he had a grandson (Bernard of Italy, the only son of his third son, Pippin of Italy), who was illegitimate but included in the line of inheritance. Among his descendants are several royal dynasties, including the Habsburg, Capetian and Plantagenet dynasties. By consequence, most if not all established European noble families ever since can genealogically trace their background to Charlemagne.

Start date Marriages and heirs Concubinages and illegitimate children
c.768 His first relationship was with Himiltrude. The nature of this relationship is variously described as concubinage, a legal marriage, or a Friedelehe.[147] (Charlemagne put her aside when he married Desiderata.) The union with Himiltrude produced a son:
Pippin the Hunchback (c. 769–811)
c. 770 After her, his first wife was Desiderata, daughter of Desiderius, king of the Lombards; married in 770, annulled in 771.
c. 771 His second wife was Hildegard of the Vinzgau (757 or 758–783), married 771, died 783. By her he had nine children:
Charles the Younger (c. 772–4 December 811), Duke of Maine, and crowned King of the Franks on 25 December 800
Carloman, renamed Pippin (April 773–8 July 810), King of Italy
Adalhaid (774), who was born whilst her parents were on campaign in Italy. She was sent back to Francia, but died before reaching Lyons
Rotrude (or Hruodrud) (775–6 June 810)
Louis (778–20 June 840), twin of Lothair, King of Aquitaine since 781, crowned King of the Franks/co-emperor in 813, senior Emperor from 814
Lothair (778–6 February 779/780), twin of Louis, he died in infancy[148]
Bertha (779–826)
Gisela (781–808)
Hildegarde (782–783)
c. 773 His first known concubine was Gersuinda. By her he had:
Adaltrude (b.774)
c. 774 His second known concubine was Madelgard. By her he had:
Ruodhaid (775–810), abbess of Faremoutiers
c. 784 His third wife was Fastrada, married 784, died 794. By her he had:
Theodrada (b.784), abbess of Argenteuil
Hiltrude (b.787)
c. 794 His fourth wife was Luitgard, married 794, died childless.
c. 800 His fourth known concubine was Regina. By her he had:
Drogo (801–855), Bishop of Metz from 823 and abbot of Luxeuil Abbey
Hugh (802–844), archchancellor of the Empire
c. 804 His fifth known concubine was Ethelind. By her he had:
Richbod (805–844), Abbott of Saint-Riquier
Theodoric (b. 807)
Further information: Carolingian dynasty
Name
Blessed Charlemagne
Karl der Große als Gründer des Klosters Liesborn.jpg
Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor of the Romans, Emperor of the West, King of the Franks, King of the Lombards, Grandfather of Europe.[149]
Venerated in Catholic Church
Feast 28 January
Patronage University of Paris[150]

Bust of Charlemagne, located at Aachen Cathedral Treasury

Arm reliquary of Charlemagne at Aachen Cathedral Treasury
He was named Charles in French and English, Carolus in Latin, after his grandfather, Charles Martel. Later Old French historians dubbed him Charles le Magne (Charles the Great),[151] becoming Charlemagne in English after the Norman conquest of England. The epithet Carolus Magnus was widely used, leading to numerous translations into many languages of Europe.

Charles' achievements gave a new meaning to his name. In many languages of Europe, the very word for "king" derives from his name; e.g., Polish: król, Ukrainian: король (korol'), Czech: král, Slovak: kráľ, Hungarian: király, Lithuanian: karalius, Latvian: karalis, Russian: король, Macedonian: крал, Bulgarian: крал, Romanian: crai, Serbo-Croatian: краљ/kralj, Turkish: kral. This development parallels that of the name of the Caesars in the original Roman Empire, which became kaiser and tsar (or czar), among others.[122]

Beatification
Charlemagne was revered as a saint in the Holy Roman Empire and some other locations after the twelfth century. The Apostolic See did not recognise his invalid canonisation by Antipope Paschal III, done to gain the favour of Frederick Barbarossa in 1165. The Apostolic See annulled all of Paschal's ordinances at the Third Lateran Council in 1179.[152] He is not enumerated among the 28 saints named "Charles" in the Roman Martyrology.[153] His beatification has been acknowledged as cultus confirmed and is celebrated on 28 January.[152][154]

Cultural uses
Middle Ages
Charlemagne had a sustained impact on European culture. The author of the Visio Karoli Magni written around 865 uses facts gathered apparently from Einhard and his own observations on the decline of Charlemagne's family after the dissensions war (840–43) as the basis for a visionary tale of Charles' meeting with a prophetic spectre in a dream.

Charlemagne was a model knight as one of the Nine Worthies who enjoyed an important legacy in European culture. One of the great medieval literary cycles, the Charlemagne cycle or the Matter of France, centres on his deeds—the Emperor with the Flowing Beard of Roland fame—and his historical commander of the border with Brittany, Roland, and the 12 paladins. These are analogous to, and inspired the myth of, the Knights of the Round Table of King Arthur's court.[155] Their tales constitute the first chansons de geste.

In the 12th century, Geoffrey of Monmouth based his stories of Arthur largely on stories of Charlemagne.[156] During the Hundred Years' War in the 14th century, there was considerable cultural conflict in England, where the Norman rulers were aware of their French roots and identified with Charlemagne, Anglo-Saxon natives felt more affinity for Arthur, whose own legends were relatively primitive. Therefore, storytellers in England adapted legends of Charlemagne and his 12 Peers to the Arthurian tales.[157]

In the Divine Comedy, the spirit of Charlemagne appears to Dante in the Heaven of Mars, among the other "warriors of the faith".[158]

Modern era

Emperor Charlemagne, by Albrecht Dürer, 1511–1513, Germanisches Nationalmuseum
Charlemagne appears in Adelchi, the second tragedy by Italian writer Alessandro Manzoni, first published in 1822.[159]

In 1867, an equestrian statue of Charlemagne was made by Louis Jehotte and was inaugurated in 1868 on the Boulevard d'Avroy in Liège. In the niches of the neo-roman pedestal are six statues of Charlemagne's ancestors (Sainte Begge, Pépin de Herstal, Charles Martel, Bertrude, Pépin de Landen and Pépin le Bref).

The North Wall Frieze in the courtroom of the Supreme Court of the United States depicts Charlemagne as a legal reformer.[160]

The city of Aachen has, since 1949, awarded an international prize (called the Karlspreis der Stadt Aachen) in honour of Charlemagne. It is awarded annually to "personages of merit who have promoted the idea of western unity by their political, economic and literary endeavours."[161] Winners of the prize include Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, the founder of the pan-European movement, Alcide De Gasperi, and Winston Churchill.

In its national anthem, "El Gran Carlemany", the nation of Andorra credits Charlemagne with its independence.

In 1964, young French singer France Gall released the hit song "Sacré Charlemagne" in which the lyrics blame the great king for imposing the burden of compulsory education on French children.

Charlemagne is quoted by Dr Henry Jones, Sr. in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. After using his umbrella to induce a flock of seagulls to smash through the glass cockpit of a pursuing German fighter plane, Henry Jones remarks, "I suddenly remembered my Charlemagne: 'Let my armies be the rocks and the trees and the birds in the sky.'" Despite the quote's popularity since the movie, there is no evidence that Charlemagne actually said this.[162]

The Economist features a weekly column entitled "Charlemagne", focusing generally on European affairs and, more usually and specifically, on the European Union and its politics.[163]

Actor and singer Christopher Lee's symphonic metal concept album Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross[164] and its heavy metal follow-up Charlemagne: The Omens of Death feature the events of Charlemagne's life.[165]

A 2010 episode of QI discussed the mathematics completed by Mark Humphrys[166] that calculated that all modern Europeans are highly likely to share Charlemagne as a common ancestor (see most recent common ancestor).

In April 2014, on the occasion of the 1200th anniversary of Charlemagne's death, public art Mein Karl by Ottmar Hörl at Katschhof place was installed between city hall and the Aachen cathedral, displaying 500 Charlemagne statues.[167]

The expansion pack Age of Charlemagne for the 2015 strategy game Total War: Attila features Charlemagne as the faction leader for his half of the Carolingian Empire.


Inauguration of the statue of Charlemagne, Liège, 26 July 1868



Art installation Mein Karl by Ottmar Hörl on Katschhof place of Aachen



Stained-glass of Charlemagne sitting on his throne in the railway station of Metz, representing the imperial protection over Metz during the German annexation of the city



Statue of Charlemagne near Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris

See also
The Metropolitan M Stamp.PNGMiddle Ages portalP vip.svgBiography portal
Notes
 In Latin: Karolus or Carolus, whence Charles in English or Karl in German (for this individual, specifically Karl der Große). The French form Charlemagne and the Italian Carlo Magno or Carlomagno (Italian: [ˌkar.lo ˈmaɲ.ɲo]) come from his nickname Carolus Magnus ("Charles the Great").
 Alternative birth years for Charlemagne include 742 and 748. There is scholarly debate over this topic, summarised in J. Nelson, Charlemagne (London, 2019), pp. 28-29. See further Karl Ferdinand Werner, Das Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen, in Francia 1, 1973, pp. 115–57 (online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine);
Matthias Becher: Neue Überlegungen zum Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen, in: Francia 19/1, 1992, pp. 37–60 (online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine);
 Papst Johannes Paul II (2004). "Ansprache von seiner Heiligkeit Papst Johannes Paul II" (in German). Internationaler Karlspreis zu Aachen. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012.
 Also see: The Great Schism – St. George Orthodox Cathedral or The Great Schism – Assumption Greek Orthodox Church
 See:"France :: The hegemony of Neustria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica.com. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
 From 781 Adrian began dating papal documents by the years of Charlemagne's reign, instead of the reign of the Byzantine Emperor.[54]
 It was during this visit to Rome that Charlemagne met Alcuin of York and invited him to join his court.[55]
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 Collins 1987, p. 153.
 "Holy Roman Empire". Britannica.com. 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
 "Ohnsorge, Werner, Das Zweikaiserproblem im früheren Mittelalter. Die Bedeutung des byzantinischen Reiches für die Entwicklung der Staatsidee in Europa, (Hildesheim, August Lax Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1947), pp. 15–31. Translated by Richard E. Sullivan in The Coronation of Charlemagne D. C. Heath and Company, Boston, 1959, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 59-14499". Clc-library-org-docs.angelfire.com. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
 Cf. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Karolinorum I, 77ff.; title used from 801 onward.
 Cantor 2015, pp. 194–95, 212.
 Davies1996, pp. 316–17.
 Becher, Matthias (2011). "Die Außenpolitik Karls des Großen. Zwischen Krieg und Diplomatie". Damals (in German). 2011 Special Volume: 33–46.
 eum imperatorem et basileum appellantes, cf. Royal Frankish Annals, a. 812.
 Eichmann, Eduard (1942). Die Kaiserkrönung im Abendland: ein Beitrag zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des kirchlichen Rechte, der Liturgie und der Kirchenpolitik. Echter-Verlag. p. 33.
 Einhard, Life, p. 59
 Godman, Peter (1985). Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance. Duckworth. pp. 206–11. ISBN 978-0-7156-1768-7.
 Chamberlin, Russell (1986). The Emperor, Charlemagne. F. Watts. pp. 222–24. ISBN 978-0-531-15004-7.
 Dutton 2004.
 von Hellfeld, Matthias. "Die Geburt zweier Staaten – Die Straßburger Eide vom 14. Februar 842". Deutsche Welle (in German). Retrieved 22 October 2011.
 Theodore Evergates, "Ban, Banalité", in Joseph R. Strayer (ed.), Dictionary of the Middle Ages (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983), vol. 2, p. 69.
 Bowlus, Charles R. (2006). The Battle of Lechfeld and Its Aftermath, August 955: The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-0-7546-5470-4.
 Hooper, Nicholas; Bennett, Matthew (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 768–1487. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-0-521-44049-3.
 "Charlemagne created a peaceful environment for Jews in his kingdom. Charlemagne fostered a system where the Christian majority could procure credit through Jewish constituents. Christians were forbidden to loan money at an interest rate, a restriction not shared by the Jews". Worldology.com. 25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
 "Charlemagne". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
 "Charlemagne". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
 Scheindlin, Raymond P. (1998). A Short History of the Jewish People. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–04.
 "Ashkenazic Jewry in France". Jewishhistory.org. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
 Goldfoot, Nadene (8 October 2012). "includes sourced excerpts". Jewishfactsfromportland.blogspot.com. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
 Charlemagne and Anglo-Saxon England, Joanna Story, Charlemagne: Empire and Society, ed. Joanna Story, (Manchester University Press, 2005), 195.
 Bullough, Donald A. (December 2003). "Charlemagne's court library revisited". Early Medieval Europe. 12 (4): 339–63. doi:10.1111/j.0963-9462.2004.00141.x.
 "Charlemagne | Holy Roman emperor [747?–814]". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
 "Charlemagne's court library revisited". Early Medieval Europe. 12 (4): 339–63. 2003. doi:10.1111/j.0963-9462.2004.00141.x.
 Anderson, Perry (2013). Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-78168-008-7.
 Dutton 2016.
 Karl der Grosse und das Erbe der Kulturen, Band 1999, Franz-Reiner Erkens, Akademie Verlag, 2001.
 Saint-Denis zwischen Adel und König, Rolf Große, Thorbecke, Stuttgart 2002.
 "Charlemagne". Britannica.com. 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
 Sterk, Andrea (1 October 1988). "The Silver Shields of Pope Leo III: A Reassessment of the Evidence". Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 19: 62–79.
 "The Filioque: A Church-Dividing Issue?: An Agreed Statement of the North American Orthodox-Catholic Consultation". Usccb.org. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
 Adolf Harnack (1 June 2005). "2. The Controversy regarding the Filioque and Pictures". History of Dogma – Volume V. Retrieved 14 January 2014 – via CCEL.org.
 Gerald Bray (1983). "The Filioque Clause in History and Theology" (PDF). Tyndale Bulletin. 34: 91–144 [121]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011.
 Schulman, Jana K. (2002). The rise of the medieval world, 500–1300: a biographical dictionary. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. xx. ISBN 978-0313011085.
 Noble, Thomas F. X., Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, Penn State Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0271035734, p. 10
 Einhard 1999, 24. Habits.
 Bhote, Tehmina (2005). Charlemagne: The Life and Times of an Early Medieval Emperor. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1404201613.
 Barbero 2004, p. 106.
 Keller, R.E. (1964). "The Language of the Franks". Bulletin of the John Rylands Library of Manchester. 47 (1): 101–22 [122]. doi:10.7227/BJRL.47.1.6.
 Chambers, William Walker; Wilkie, John Ritchie (2014). A Short History of the German Language (RLE Linguistics E: Indo-European Linguistics). London: Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-317-91852-3.
 McKitterick 2008, p. 318.
 Einhard 1999, 25. Studies.
 Van Herwaarden, J. (2003). Between Saint James and Erasmus: Studies in Late-Medieval Religious Life : Devotions and Pilgrimages in the Netherlands. Brill. p. 475. ISBN 978-90-04-12984-9.
 Barbero 2004, p. 116.
 Barbero 2004, p. 118.
 Ruhli, F.J.; Blumich, B.; Henneberg, M. (2010). "Charlemagne was very tall, but not robust". Economics and Human Biology. 8 (2): 289–90. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2009.12.005. PMID 20153271.
 Einhard 1999, 23. Dress.
 "Internet History Sourcebooks Project". legacy.fordham.edu. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
 Durant, Will. "King Charlemagne." Archived 24 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Story of Civilization, Vol III, The Age of Faith. Online version in the Knighthood, Tournaments & Chivalry Resource Library, Ed. Brian R. Price.
 Charlemagne's biographer Einhard (Vita Karoli Magni, ch. 20) calls her a "concubine" and Paulus Diaconus speaks of Pippin's birth "before legal marriage", whereas a letter by Pope Stephen III refers to Charlemagne and his brother Carloman as being already married (to Himiltrude and Gerberga), and advises them not to dismiss their wives. Historians have interpreted the information in different ways. Some, such as Pierre Riché (The Carolingians, p.86.), follow Einhard in describing Himiltrude as a concubine. Others, for example Dieter Hägemann (Karl der Große. Herrscher des Abendlands, p. 82f.), consider Himiltrude a wife in the full sense. Still others subscribe to the idea that the relationship between the two was "something more than concubinage, less than marriage" and describe it as a Friedelehe, a form of marriage unrecognised by the Church and easily dissolvable. Russell Chamberlin (The Emperor Charlemagne, p. 61.), for instance, compared it with the English system of common-law marriage. This form of relationship is often seen in a conflict between Christian marriage and more flexible Germanic concepts.
 "By [Hildigard] Charlemagne had four sons and four daughters, according to Paul the Deacon: one son, the twin of Lewis, called Lothar, died as a baby and is not mentioned by Einhard; two daughters, Hildigard and Adelhaid, died as babies, so that Einhard appears to err in one of his names, unless there were really five daughters." Thorpe, Lewis, Two Lives of Charlemagne, p.185
 Cheney, Ian. "A Bright Spot in the Dark Ages: How Charlemagne Almost Saved Western Civilization".
 "Blessed Charlemagne". CatholicSaints.Info. 3 September 2019. Web. 21 September 2019. <https://catholicsaints.info/blessed-charlemagne/>
 Church historians of the period wrote universally in Latin, regardless of native language. Charles le Magne only translates Carolus Magnus given in the Latin manuscripts into French, which was subsequent to whatever language Charles spoke.
 Shahan, Thomas; Ewan Macpherson. "Charlemagne". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 January 2013. In some parts of the empire popular affection placed him among the saints. For political purposes and to please Frederick Barbarossa he was canonised (1165) by the antipope Paschal III, but this act was never ratified by insertion of his feast in the Roman Breviary or by the Universal Church; his cultus, however, was permitted at Aachen [Acta SS., 28 Jan., 3d ed., II, 303–07, 490–93, 769; his office is in Canisius, "Antiq. Lect.", III (2)]
 Martyrologium Romanum, Ad Formam Editionis Typicae Scholiis Historicis Instructum. 1940. p. 685.
 Hoche, Dominique T (2012). "Charlemagne". In Lister M. Matheson (ed.). Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood. pp. 143–74 [172]. ISBN 978-0-313-34080-2. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
 "Arthurian legend". Encyclopedia Britannica.
 Fraley, Michael (1993). Arthur: King of Britain. Caliber Comics. ISBN 978-1626657984.
"To anyone familiar with the early Medieval Period of European history, Geoffrey's story begins to sound familiar here. It should. It seems to be based, in large part, on the historical adventures of Charlemagne, the Frankish King of the Ninth Century, who eventually became Emperor. Looking at Charlemagne's life and personality, it becomes clear that he and Geoffrey's Arthur are practically twins."
 Charlemagne, King Arthur and Contested National Identity in English Romances
Modelling his narrative on earlier Middle English texts, the English AMA-poet, appropriates aspects of the historical reality of Charlemagne and refashions them to fit Arthur, creating a hero that the English can claim as their own.
 Dorothy L. Sayers, Paradise, notes on Canto XVII.
 Banham (1998, 678).
 "US Supreme Court Courtroom Friezes" (PDF). Retrieved 19 February 2019.
 Chamberlin, Russell, The Emperor Charlemagne, p. ???
 "Quid plura? | "Flying birds, excellent birds ..."". Quidplura.com. 5 August 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
 "Where do The Economist's unusual names come from?". The Economist. 5 September 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
 Michaels, Sean (5 January 2010). "Christopher Lee to release 'symphonic metal' album, The man who played Dracula and Saruman is to tell the story of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, through the universal language of metal". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 January 2013. The man who played Dracula, Saruman and the Man with the Golden Gun is now to portray Charlemagne—through the medium of song. Actor Christopher Lee is to release an album of 'symphonic metal', telling the story of his own direct ancestor, the first Holy Roman Emperor.
 Farrell, John (28 May 2012). "Christopher Lee Celebrates 90th Birthday By Recording Heavy Metal". Forbes. Retrieved 1 January 2013. 'Let Legend Mark Me As King;' and 'The Ultimate Sacrifice', arranged by Judas Priest lead guitarist Richie Falkner, are part of a new album, Charlemagne: The Omens of Death.
 Common ancestors of all humans. Humphrysfamilytree.com. Retrieved on 7 September 2013.
 "Mein Karl". Euregio Aachen. 18 October 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014.
Bibliography
Charlemagne, from Encyclopædia Britannica, full-article, latest edition.
Barbero, Alessandro (2004). Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. trans. Allan Cameron. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23943-2.
Becher, Matthias (2005). Charlemagne. Translated by Bachrach, David S. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09796-2.
Cantor, Norman F. (2015). Civilization of the Middle Ages: Completely Revised and Expanded Edition, A. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-244460-8.
Collins, Roger (1987) [1986]. The Basques. New York: Basil Blackwell Inc.
Collins, Roger (1998). Charlemagne. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Collins, Roger (1999). Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-33365-808-6.
Collins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Spain, 409–711. History of Spain. Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell Pub.
Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7.
Douglass, William A; Bilbao, Jon (2005). Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World. The Basque series. Reno & Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0874176254.
Dutton, P. (2016). Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-06228-4.
Dutton, Paul Edward (2004). Carolingian Civilization: A Reader. Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-492-7.
Einhard, putative (741–829). Annales Regni Francorum (Annales Laurissenses Maiores). Medieval Latin. The Latin Library.
Einhard (1999) [1880]. Halsall, Paul (ed.). The Life of Charlemagne. Translated by Samuel Epes Turner. New York: Harper & Brothers; Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University.
Fouracre, Paul (2005). "The Long Shadow of the Merovingians". In Joanna Story (ed.). Charlemagne: Empire and Society. Machester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-71907-089-1.
Frassetto, Michael (2003). Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-263-9.
Ganshof, F. L. (1971). The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy: Studies in Carolingian History. trans. Janet Sondheimer. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0635-5.
Gregory, Timothy E. (2005). A History of Byzantium. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-63123-513-2.
Hodgkin, Thomas (1889). Italy and Her Invaders. 8. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
James, David; Ibn al-Qūṭiyya (2009). Early Islamic Spain: The History of Ibn al-Qūṭiyya: a study of the unique Arabic manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, with a translation, notes and comments. London and New York: Routledge.
Lewers Langston, Aileen; Buck, Jr., J. Orton, eds. (1974). Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub. Co.
McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-47285-2.
Molina Figueras, Joan (2004). "Arnau de Montrodon y la catedral de San Carlomagno: sobre la imagen y el culto al emperador carolingio en Gerona". Anuario de Estudios Medievales (in Spanish). 34 (1): 417–54. doi:10.3989/aem.2004.v34.i1.190.
Janet L. Nelson, King and Emperor: A new life of Charlemagne (London, 2019)
Norwich, John Julius (1992a). Byzantium: The Apogee. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-53779-5.
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Oman, Charles (1914). The Dark Ages, 476–918 (6th ed.). London: Rivingtons.
Painter, Sidney (1953). A History of the Middle Ages, 284–1500. New York: Knopf.
Pirenne, Henri (2012) [1937 posthumous]. Mohammed and Charlemagne (Dover ed.). Mineola, NY: Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-12225-0.
Riché, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1342-3.
Russell, Charles Edward (1930). Charlemagne, first of the moderns. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Santosuosso, Antonio (2004). Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-9153-3.
Sarti, Laury (2016). "Frankish Romanness and Charlemagne's Empire". Speculum. 91 (4): 1040–58. doi:10.1086/687993.
Scholz, Bernhard Walter; Barbara Rogers (1970). Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08790-7. Comprises the Annales regni Francorum and The History of the Sons of Louis the Pious
Sypeck, Jeff (2006). Becoming Charlemagne: Europe, Baghdad, and The Empires of A.D. 800. New York: Ecco/HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-079706-5.
Tierney, Brian (1964). The Crisis of Church and State 1050–1300. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-6701-2.
Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0816049646.
Wilson, Derek (2005). Charlemagne: The Great Adventure. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-179461-3.
External links
Charlemagne
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The Making of Charlemagne's Europe (freely available database of prosopographical and socio-economic data from legal documents dating to Charlemagne's reign, produced by King's College London)
Einhard. "Vita Karoli Magni". Medieval Latin. The Latin Library.
Bakker, Marco (2003–2011). "Charlemagne". Reportret.
The Sword of Charlemagne (myArmoury.com article)
Snell, Melissa (2011). "Charlemagne Picture Gallery". Medieval History. About.com.
Charter given by Charlemagne for St. Emmeram's Abbey showing the Emperor's seal, 22.2.794 . Taken from the collections of the Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden at Marburg University
Works by or about Charlemagne at Internet Archive
Works by Charlemagne at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
An interactive map of Charlemagne's travels
"Carolus Magnus imperator". Repertorium "Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages" (Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters).
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BIBSYS: 90719298BNC: 000036546BNE: XX977993BNF: cb11940325v (data)BPN: 87063263CANTIC: a10199408CiNii: DA04355380GND: 118560034HDS: 020775ISNI: 0000 0001 2143 0569LCCN: n79043619LNB: 000141162NCL: 003706396NDL: 00620482NKC: jo20000082682NLA: 49885978NLI: 000599572NLP: A11823045NLR: 000037856NSK: 000051953NTA: 071126805RERO: 02-A000034353RSL: 000048871SELIBR: 192448SNAC: w6pc36mhSUDOC: 027339793Trove: 1506937ULAN: 500097003VIAF: 89643029WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 89643029
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---------

HOY ES EL DIA DEL EJERCITO DE LA NACION

& DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, fundados

por el POETA, JUAN PABLO DUARTE  DIEZ

& CIENTIFICO TICs DOMINICANO y por el

GENERAL PEDRO SANTANA, desde el trabucazo

DE MATIAS RAMON MELLA, EN LA PUERTA

DEL CONDE PENALBA, en la noche del

27 de febrero de 1844...para luchar contra

la OCUPACION MILITAR HAITIANA, con sus

lideres irresponsables Y ANALFABETAS, bajo

la DOCTRINA MILITAR & POLITICA: ABSURDA

DE QUE LA ISLA HISPANIOLA ES UNA

E INDIVISIBLE...

Pero desde 1801, HAITI no ha sido capaz

de:

1. PARIR UN INGENIERO ELECTRONICO

COMO DON FRANK HATTON GUERRERO

(1897-1981).

1.1. INVENTOR DOMINICANO DE LA RADIO

COMERCIAL DOMINICANA (1920s): HIZ.

1.2. INVENTOR de la ASOCIACION de las

organizaciones de la sociedad civil dominicana

como RADIO CLUB DOMINICANO, INC.

1.3. PRIMER DIRECTOR DE DEPORTES DE

LA NACION DOMINICANA (1938)

1.4. PRIMER CIENTIFICO DE LAS CIENCIAS

DOMINICANAS DEL OCIO, al disenar,

administrar, organizar la PRIMERA ESCUELA

DOMINICANA DE ATLETISMO.

1.5. PRIMER LOCUTOR POLIGLOTA

DOMINICANO, CON CARNET DE LOCUTOR

(1938)

1.6. PRIMER NARRADOR EN ESPANOL de los

JUEGOS DE BEISBOL DE LAS GRANDES LIGAS.

1.7. PRIMER LOCUTOR COMERCIAL:

DOMINICANO.

1.8. PRIMER IMPULSOR DEL BOXEO,

MEDIANTE LOS REPORTES & NARRACION

DE LOS CARTELES BOXISTICOS internacionales

por SU EMISORA EXPERIMENTAL, en los anos

20s, DEL PASADO SIGLO XX.

1.9. INVENTOR DEL DOBLE PLAY, en su participacion

como SHORT-STOP POR EL EQUIPO DE BEISBOL

MAS ANTIGUO DE LA NACION  &

DE LA REPUBLICA:

-EN SANTO DOMINGO DE GUZMAN-

LOS TIGRES DEL LICEY.

1..10. CIENTIFICO MULTITASKING, DE:

PERSONALIDAD COMPLEJA,

-En la perspectiva de las NEUROCIENCIAS

O DE LA NEUROCOGNICION, LA

META-COGNICION, en siglo XIX, en sus

anos infantiles y juveniles: ANTES DE

CUMPLIR LOS 35 ANOS DE EDAD:

1. FUE GOLFISTA.

2. BASKETBOLISTA.

3. FUTBOLISTA, AFICIONADO....

1. ELEVADO AL SALON DE LA FAMA

DEL DEPORTE, por el CIRCULO DE

CRONISTAS DEPORTIVOS (CCD) de la

nacion & de la Republica Dominicana, EN EL

ANO :

1970, POR SUS APORTES AL DEPORTE

DOMINICANO, DESDE SU FUNCION DE:

1. LOCUTOR DEPORTIVO.

2. DE GERENTE O EMPLEADO PUBLICO:

DESDE LA DIRECCION GENERAL DE

DEPORTES DE LA NACION & DE LA

REPUBLICA DOMINICANA (1938).

3. CONDECORADO POR SUS APORTES

CIENTIFICOS, RADIOFONICOS, INGENIERILES

-COMO INGENIERO ELECTRONICO- A LA

PATRIA DOMINICANA, por el PRESIDENTE

JOAQUIN AMPARO BALAGUER RICARDO,

EN EL ANO:

1968

CON LA ORDEN DE:

CRISTOBAL COLON.

EN EL GRADO DE:

CABALLERO.

1981.

A. FALLECIDO COMO CIENTIFICO DOMINICANO:

1. CIENCIAS DEL OCIO & RECREACION,

DOMINICANAS.

2. CIENCIAS DEL DEPORTE & RECREACION,

DOMINICANAS.

3. CIENCIAS INGENIERILES ELECTRONICAS,

DOMINICANAS.

4. CIENCIAS RADIOFONICAS COMERCIALES

DOMINICANAS.

B. EN EL ANONIMATO

-Por toda la poblacion dominicana y

SU DESCONOCIMIENTO DE LA :

HISTORIA EN CIENCIAS TICs:

DOMINICANAS-

 EN EL ANO 1981, SOLO:

1. RADIO CLUB DOMINICANO, INC, institucion

CIENTIFICA EN CIENCIAS RADIOFONICAS

& EN INGENIERIA ELECTRONICA, que ayudo

a fundar Y PRESIDIO, en 1926:

MONTO UNA GUARDIA DE HONOR EN TORNO

A SU FERETRO O ATAUD, en 1981.

EL UNICO & REAL PADRE DOMINICANO,

DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA DOMINICANA.

DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA.

DE LOS DERECHOS DE PROPIEDAD:

INDUSTRIAL, POR MEDIOS ELECTRONICOS

NO ESCRITOS DE LA NACION & DE LA

REPUBLICA DOMINICANA:

1. INDUSTRIA RADIOFONICA DOMINICANA

EXPORTADORA.

2. INDUSTRIA PUBLICITARIA EXPORTADORA

DOMINICANA.

3. INDUSTRIA TELECOMUNICACIONAL

EXPORTADORA DE CONTENIDOS:

ORIGINALES,  DE LA NACION &

DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA:

UN CIENTIFICO DOMINICANO, PIONERO

DE LA NUEVA ECONOMIA, DE LA ECONOMIA

LA INDUSTRIA & EL COMERCIO DOMINICANO

DEL SIGLO XXI...

1. DESDE EL DESARROLLO INDIVIDUAL:

DEL TALENTO HUMANO.

2. DESDE EL DESARROLLO INDIVIDUAL:

DEL CAPITAL HUMANO...

2.1. EN LOS DEPORTES.

2.2. EN LAS ARTES & CIENCIAS DEL :

ESPECTACULO DE CALIDAD MUNDIAL

O INTERNACIONAL:

POR RADIO...COMERCIAL, RENTABLE,

FINANCIERAMENTE FACTIBLE, EN LA

CREACION DE RIQUEZA DOMINICANA,

EN LA CREACIOIN DE EMPLEOS PRODUCTIVOS

& EXPORTACIONES DOMINICANAS,

PARA LA:

ECONOMIA DOMINICANA.

EL PADRE INNEGABLE DE LA :

FARANDULA DOMINICANA,

DEL SHOW BUSINESS DOMINICANO,

COMO DE TODOS Y TODAS LOS :

KNOWLEDGE WORKERS O TRABAJADORES

DE CONOCIMIENTO, UN CIUDADANO

DOMINICANO:

SIN LUGAR A DUDAS, DEL SIGLO XXI,

DE LA NUEVA ECONOMIA,

DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA DOMINICANA,

DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA:

1. AUDIOVISUAL.

2. COMERCIAL.

3. EXPORTADORA DE CONTENIDOS:

DOMINICANOS,

DOMINICANISTAS,

DOMINICANISIMOS,

JUANPABLODUARTIANOS,

HOSTOSIANOS,

PEDROHENRIQUEZURENISTAS

BOSCHISTAS, en el siglo XXI...

1983.

EL GOBIERNO DOMINICANO,

EL ESTADO DOMINICANO,

LA ADMINISTRACION PUBLICA DOMINICANA,

CON SUS CIENTIFICOS & CIENTIFICAS,

CON SUS EXPERTOS & EXPERTAS:

LO DECLARO :

PROPULSOR DE LA RADIO NACIONAL

DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA

DOMINICANA.

-------

2. NI UN CIENTIFICO TICs como:

TEO VERAS LOPEZ (1950-2018).

PADRE DE TODA LAS INDUSTRIAS CULTURALES

O CREATIVAS, que giran en torno a la

1. FUNCION DEL LOCUTOR & LA LOCUTORA.

2. COMO ACTORES & ACTRICES:

STANISLAVSKIANOS O DE CALIDAD MUNDIAL.

3. DESDE LAS EMISORAS RADIALES:

3.1. MUSICALES.

3.2. HUMORISTICAS

DOMINICANAS, EN LA FRACUENCIA DE

FM O FRECUENCIA MODULADA.

3. NI UN CIENTIFICO TICs como:

EUGENIO MARIA DE HOSTOS.

PAIDOLOGO EXPERTO: DOMINICANO

hasta 1901,

4. Ni un CIENTIFICA TICs, como:

SALOME URENENA DE HENRIQUEZ,

CON LA FUNDACION DE SU LABORATORIO

EN CIENCIAS DEL APRENDIZAJE INFANTIL

HOSTOSIANO:

EL INSTITUTO DOMINICANO DE SENORITAS.

5. NI UN CIENTIFICO TICs, ECONOMISTA,

ANTROPOLOGO, HISTORIADOR,

RADIODIFUSOR, como JUAN EMILIO

BOSCH GAVINO (1909-2001).

DESDE LA PUBLICACION DE SU PRIMERA

INVESTIGACION ANTROPOLOGICA:

INDIOS EN 1935.

NI DESDE SU INVESTIGACION ORIGINAL

PARA FUNDAR EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA:

1. LAS CIENCIAS ADMINISTRATIVAS O

GERENCIALES.

2. LAS CIENCIAS ESTADISTICAS DOMINICANAS.

3. LAS CIENCIAS DE LA : ECONOMIA

-EN CIENCIAS AGRONOMICAS Y PECUARIAS-

DOMINICANAS, COMO UN HUMILDE:

CIENTIFICO, JOVEN, ANONIMO:

EMPLEADO PUBLICO, DE LA OFICINA

NACIONAL DE ESTADISTICAS (ONE)

1930-1938...

COMO EN SU VIDA, LABORAL PRODUCTIVA

COMO EDITOR, RADIODIFUSOR PIONERO

EN EL E-LEARNING, en AMERICA LATINA

Y CARIBE, desde ALASKA HASTA LA ARGENTINA

al fundar en CMQ, LA HABANA, en 1940

sus DOS PROGRAMAS RADIOFONICOS,

ESPECIALIZADOS EN :

1. LA RADIO, COMO CIENCIA TICs:

LA RADIODIFUSION.

2. LA HISTORIA DE AMERICA.

Por la estacion CMQ, LA HABANA.

COMO POR SUS MULTIPLES SUGERENCIAS

& CONTRIBUCIONES A LA :

MODERNIZACION.

INSTITUCIONALIZACION.

GLOBALIZACION.

EXPORTACION.

ELECTRIFICACION

DE LA ECONOMIA DOMINICANA

(1962-2001)...

NI UN CENTIFICO TICs como:

INGENIERO QUIMICO,

ECONOMISTA, especializado en

NEGOCIOS & ECONOMIA, en la

MEJOR UNIVERSIDAD DOMINICANA

DE CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS & NEGOCIOS

-Con maestros como JOSE LUIS DE RAMON-

EL INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO DE SANTO

DOMINGO

(INTEC)

Fundado en la ciudad de Santiago

de los Caballeros, en el ano:1971,

POR MAESTROS & MAESTRAS:

 UNIVERSITARIOS...

POSICIONAMIENTO DE LIDERAZGO

QUE HA OCUPADO INTECT EN LA :

1. FORMACION DE CAPITAL HUMANO.

2. DE TALENTO HUMANO, PARA LA

ECONOMIA NARANJA O LA ECONOMIA

CREATIVA DE LA NACION & DE LA

REPUBLICA DOMINICANA.

LUEGO DE DESTRONAR EN EL;

POSICIONAMIENTO lider A LA:

ESCUELA DE ECONOMIA & NEGOCIOS

INTERNACIONALES, como parte de la:

COMPETITIVIDAD INDUSTRIAL DOMINICANA

de la PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA

MADRE & MAESTRA (PUCMM), FUNDADA

por el DR. JOSE LUIS ALEMAN DUPUY

(Mexico, 1928- 2007), a su regreso de su

ESPECIALIZACION EN LA UNIVERSIDAD

DE FRANKFURT, en ALEMANIA OCCIDENTAL

en el ano 1966.

ALEMAN DUPUY, fue uno de los actores de las

ciencias economicas & el comercio internacional

DOMINICANO de: IMPORTACION & EXPORTACION,

quien ayudo al CIENTIFICO DE LAS CIENCIAS

AGRICOLAS, DEL MERCADEO AGRICOLA

EXPORTADOR

ING. HIPOLITO MEJIA DOMINGUEZ

-3 de Diciembre, 2001-

A FUNDAR:

LA AGENCIA GERENCIAL CIENTIFICA

DOMINICANA, de consorcio: PUBLICO-PRIVADA

CONSEJO NACIONAL DE COMPETITIVIDAD

(CNC)...

ENTIDAD CON FINALIDADES CONCRETAS

DE PROYECTAR INDUSTRIAL

& COMERCIALMENTE, la DOMINICANIDAD,

en los 5 continentes, EN LA ECONOMIA NARANJA,

EN LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, DESDE LA

FORMACION DEL:

1. CAPITAL HUMANO DOMINICANO.

2. LA CREACION DE NUEVAS CADENAS

DE VALOR.

3. LA CREACION DE NUEVAS FUENTES

DE EMPLEOS PRODUCTIVOS, EN LOS

CAMPOS & CIUDADES, DOMINICANAS...

4. EL TIMON REAL DE LA VIDA INDUSTRIAL

& COMERCIAL DE LA NACION & DE LA

REPUBLICA DOMINICANA...

El ORGANISMO CIENTIFICO ESPECIALIZADO

no estuvo cumpliendo su FUNCION:

1. ASERTIVA,

2. PROSPECTIVA.

3. SINERGISTICA,

4. INSPIRADORA DEL ESTUDIO DE LAS

CIENCIAS PAIDOLOGICAS DOMINICANAS,

5. INSPIRADORA DEL ESTUDIO DE LAS

CIENCIAS ANDRAGOGICAS DOMINICANAS,

Hasta la eleccion en el ano 2012, del

CIENTIFICO, ING. QUIMICO & ECONOMISTA,

DOMINICANO,

LIC. DANILO MEDINA SANCHEZ, quien

CONFIANDO EN LA JUVENTUD DOMINICANA,

CONTRATO  & NOMBRO A UN:

JOVEN CIENTIFICO, DE LAS CIENCIAS

GERENCIALES, ESTADISTICAS, ADMINISTRATIVAS

AL ESPECIALISTA DOMINICANO, formado

-En el CONEP, en su EXITOSA VICE-PRESIDENCIA-

1. CREANDO SOLUCIONES PRACTICAS.

2. CREANDO SOLUCIONES ECONOMICAS

& GERENCIALES GLOBALES, GLOBALIZADAS...

LIC. RAFAEL PAZ FAMILIA.

UN AGENTE, DE TODA UNA JOVEN VIDA

TRABAJANDO A FAVOR DE LA:

1. ECONOMIA NARANJA DOMINICANA.

2. DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA.

AL IGUAL QUE EL CONTRATO DEL CIENTIFICO:

ING. OSMAR BENITEZ, quien ha dedicado toda

SU VIDA, a la INVESTIGACION AGROPECUARIA,

SOSTENIBLE,

RENTABLE,

DESDE LOS AGRONEGOCIOS, como:

SUSTITUCION DEL CONUQUISMO DOMINICANO,

EN LA JUNTA AGRO-EMPRESARIAL DOMINICANA

(JAD), COMO:

MINISTRO O SECRETARIO DE ESTADO DE

AGRICULTURA...

HA PRODUCIDO FRUTOS, EXPLORANDO

MERCADOS MUNDIALES, EN LA ECONOMIA:

AGROPECUARIA DOMINICANA,

EN LA GANADERIA DOMINICANA, siendo el

principal indicador, que ya el APETECIDO E

INSACIABLE MERCADO DE LA CHINA

CONTINENTAL O CHINA COMUNISTA:

ESTA COMIENDO CARNE DE VACA,

CARNE DE RES ...

1. SURGIDA DE LAS FINCAS GANADERAS.

2. ESTABULADAS DOMINICANAS...

3. CON PRODUCTOS CARNICOS DE :

PRIMERISIMA CALIDAD & AMPLIA

ACEPTACION INTERNACIONAL...

---------

1964.

SE FUNDA EN EL MUNDO, EL UNCTAD,

como INSTRUMENTO DE DESARROLLO:

1. HUMANO.

2. ECONOMICO

3. EXPORTADOR, para todos los paises

NO INDUSTRIALIZADOS del mundo, mediante

EL FOMENTO DEL COMERCIO

INTERNACIONAL & LA INDUSTRIALIZACION,

esa es la razon por la cual: 194 PAISES,

SE HICIEERON SOCIOS DE ESTE:

ORGANISMO MULTILATERAL DEL SISTEMA

DE LA ORGANIZACIOIN DE LAS NACIONES

UNIDAS (ONU)...

---------

DEL MISMO MODO QUE SE HICIERON SOCIOS,

DE LA ORGANIZACION MUNDIAL DEL COMERCIO

O OMC

--------

DEL MISMO MODO QUE SE HICIERON SOCIOS

DESDE 1944, DE ICAO, para la REGULACION

& DESARROLLO MUNDIAL DE LA AVIACION

COMERCIAL, DENTRO DE LAS CIENCIAS

LOGISTICAS:

1.Gestionar, organizar, PROMOVER LOS VIAJES

& EL TURISMO MUNDIAL, de:

1. PERSONAS.

2. FAMILIAS.

COMO DE LOS FLUJOS DE CARGA, de

productos AGROPECUARIOS, con destino

al mercado MUNDIAL.

REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, tenia desde : 1944

su PROPIA LINEA AEREA, en su ECONOMIA:

DOMINICANA DE AVIACION....

AVIACION: CIVIL & COMERCIAL hasta los anos:

1990s.

------------

HOY ES EL DIA DEL EJERCITO DE LA NACION

& DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, fundados

por el POETA, JUAN PABLO DUARTE  DIEZ

& CIENTIFICO TICs DOMINICANO y por el

GENERAL PEDRO SANTANA, desde el trabucazo

DE MATIAS RAMON MELLA, EN LA PUERTA

DEL CONDE PENALBA, en la noche del

27 de febrero de 1844...para luchar contra

la OCUPACION MILITAR HAITIANA, con sus

lideres irresponsables Y ANALFABETAS, bajo

la DOCTRINA MILITAR & POLITICA: ABSURDA

DE QUE LA ISLA HISPANIOLA ES UNA

E INDIVISIBLE...

Pero desde 1801, HAITI no ha sido capaz

de:

1. PARIR UN INGENIERO ELECTRONICO

COMO DON FRANK HATTON GUERRERO

(1897-1981).

2. NI UN CIENTIFICO TICs como:

TEO VERAS LOPEZ (1950-2018).

3. NI UN CIENTIFICO TICs como:

EUGENIO MARIA DE HOSTOS.

4. Ni un CIENTIFICA TICs, como:

SALOME URENENA DE HENRIQUEZ.

5. NI UN CIENTIFICO TICs, ECONOMISTA,

ANTROPOLOGO, HISTORIADOR,

RADIODIFUSOR, como JUAN EMILIO

BOSCH GAVINO (1909-2001).

NI UN CENTIFICO TICs como:

INGENIERO QUIMICO,

ECONOMISTA, especializado en

NEGOCIOS & ECONOMIA, en la

MEJOR UNIVERSIDAD DOMINICANA

DE CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS & NEGOCIOS

-Con maestros como JOSE LUIS DE RAMON-

EL INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO DE SANTO

DOMINGO

(INTEC)

Fundado en la ciudad de Santiago

de los Caballeros, en el ano:1971,

POR MAESTROS & MAESTRAS:

 UNIVERSITARIOS...

POSICIONAMIENTO DE LIDERAZGO

QUE HA OCUPADO INTECT EN LA :

1. FORMACION DE CAPITAL HUMANO.

2. DE TALENTO HUMANO, PARA LA

ECONOMIA NARANJA O LA ECONOMIA

CREATIVA DE LA NACION & DE LA

REPUBLICA DOMINICANA.

LUEGO DE DESTRONAR EN EL;

POSICIONAMIENTO lider A LA:

ESCUELA DE ECONOMIA & NEGOCIOS

INTERNACIONALES, como parte de la:

COMPETITIVIDAD INDUSTRIAL DOMINICANA

de la PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA

MADRE & MAESTRA (PUCMM), FUNDADA

por el DR. JOSE LUIS ALEMAN DUPUY

(Mexico, 1928- 2007), a su regreso de su

ESPECIALIZACION EN LA UNIVERSIDAD

DE FRANKFURT, en ALEMANIA OCCIDENTAL

en el ano 1966.

ALEMAN DUPUY, fue uno de los actores de las

ciencias economicas & el comercio internacional

DOMINICANO de: IMPORTACION & EXPORTACION,

quien ayudo al CIENTIFICO DE LAS CIENCIAS

AGRICOLAS, DEL MERCADEO AGRICOLA

EXPORTADOR

ING. HIPOLITO MEJIA DOMINGUEZ

-3 de Diciembre, 2001-

A FUNDAR:

LA AGENCIA GERENCIAL CIENTIFICA

DOMINICANA, de consorcio: PUBLICO-PRIVADA

CONSEJO NACIONAL DE COMPETITIVIDAD

(CNC)...

ENTIDAD CON FINALIDADES CONCRETAS

DE PROYECTAR INDUSTRIAL

& COMERCIALMENTE, la DOMINICANIDAD,

en los 5 continentes, EN LA ECONOMIA NARANJA,

EN LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, DESDE LA

FORMACION DEL:

1. CAPITAL HUMANO DOMINICANO.

2. LA CREACION DE NUEVAS CADENAS

DE VALOR.

3. LA CREACION DE NUEVAS FUENTES

DE EMPLEOS PRODUCTIVOS, EN LOS

CAMPOS & CIUDADES, DOMINICANAS...

4. EL TIMON REAL DE LA VIDA INDUSTRIAL

& COMERCIAL DE LA NACION & DE LA

REPUBLICA DOMINICANA...

El ORGANISMO CIENTIFICO ESPECIALIZADO

no estuvo cumpliendo su FUNCION:

1. ASERTIVA,

2. PROSPECTIVA.

3. SINERGISTICA,

4. INSPIRADORA DEL ESTUDIO DE LAS

CIENCIAS PAIDOLOGICAS DOMINICANAS,

5. INSPIRADORA DEL ESTUDIO DE LAS

CIENCIAS ANDRAGOGICAS DOMINICANAS,

Hasta la eleccion en el ano 2012, del

CIENTIFICO, ING. QUIMICO & ECONOMISTA,

DOMINICANO,

LIC. DANILO MEDINA SANCHEZ, quien

CONFIANDO EN LA JUVENTUD DOMINICANA,

CONTRATO  & NOMBRO A UN:

JOVEN CIENTIFICO, DE LAS CIENCIAS

GERENCIALES, ESTADISTICAS, ADMINISTRATIVAS

AL ESPECIALISTA DOMINICANO, formado

-En el CONEP, en su EXITOSA VICE-PRESIDENCIA-

1. CREANDO SOLUCIONES PRACTICAS.

2. CREANDO SOLUCIONES ECONOMICAS

& GERENCIALES GLOBALES, GLOBALIZADAS...

LIC. RAFAEL PAZ FAMILIA.

UN AGENTE, DE TODA UNA JOVEN VIDA

TRABAJANDO A FAVOR DE LA:

1. ECONOMIA NARANJA DOMINICANA.

2. DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA.

AL IGUAL QUE EL CONTRATO DEL CIENTIFICO:

ING. OSMAR BENITEZ, quien ha dedicado toda

SU VIDA, a la INVESTIGACION AGROPECUARIA,

SOSTENIBLE,

RENTABLE,

DESDE LOS AGRONEGOCIOS, como:

SUSTITUCION DEL CONUQUISMO DOMINICANO,

EN LA JUNTA AGRO-EMPRESARIAL DOMINICANA

(JAD), COMO:

MINISTRO O SECRETARIO DE ESTADO DE

AGRICULTURA...

HA PRODUCIDO FRUTOS, EXPLORANDO

MERCADOS MUNDIALES, EN LA ECONOMIA:

AGROPECUARIA DOMINICANA,

EN LA GANADERIA DOMINICANA, siendo el

principal indicador, que ya el APETECIDO E

INSACIABLE MERCADO DE LA CHINA

CONTINENTAL O CHINA COMUNISTA:

ESTA COMIENDO CARNE DE VACA,

CARNE DE RES ...

1. SURGIDA DE LAS FINCAS GANADERAS.

2. ESTABULADAS DOMINICANAS...

3. CON PRODUCTOS CARNICOS DE :

PRIMERISIMA CALIDAD & AMPLIA

ACEPTACION INTERNACIONAL...

--------------

DEDE EL ANO 1964QUE ES LA OPORTUNIDAD NARANJA COMO:

OPORTUNIDAD INFINITA O ECONOMIA :

CREATIVA?

1. La que pone EL ENFASIS EN LA :

EDUCACION,

escolar,

universitaria de TODA LA POBLACION...

2. Para el desarrollo de una ECONOMIA DEL

CONOCIMIENTO, de las CIENCIAS TICs,

particularmente, en aquellas AREAS DE LA

ECONOMIA, que dependen de la:

1. ELECTRIFICACION.

2. DE LA PRODUCCION DE CONTENIDOS

AUDIOVISUALES, desde sus industrias culturales,

desde sus industrias creativas, desde LOS

TALENTOS & FORMACION EN CIENCIAS

EXACTAS de toda su POBLACION...para:

1. LA CREACION DE LOCUTORES & LOCUTORAS

DE :

RADIO.

TELEVISION

CINE

INTERNET

2. DE CAMAROGRAFOS, CAMAROGRAFAS

de:

CINE,

TELEVISON,

INTERNET

Para el desarrollo de NUEVOS PRODUCTOS

& NUEVOS SERVICIOS, dependientes de la

INVENCION HUMANA llamada:

1.ELECTRICIDAD

2.DE LA INGENIERIA ELECTRONICA,

3.DE LA INGENIERIA AUDIOVISUAL,

4. DE LA FORMACION DE ACTORES &

ACTRICES, ESPECIALIZADOS EN EL

METODO DE KONSTANTIN STANISLAVSKI

4.1. DE RADIO.

4.2. DE TELEVISION.

4.3. DE CINE.

4.4. DE INTERNET

de la FORMACION DE TECNICOS,

TECNICAS & ESPECIALISTAS, en la :

PRE-PRODUCCION DE CONTENIDOS

MANUFACTURADOS, EN LAS METRICAS

-INTERNACIONALES DEL KAYZEN & TQM-

1. EN SU PRE-PRODUCCION.

2. EN SU PRODUCCION.

3. EN SU POST-PRODUCCION.

MEDIANTE LAS FACILIDADES DEL

ESTADO DOMINICANO DE PROMOCION

& FOMENTO DEL MICRO -CREDITO, desde:

1. BANCA SOLIDARIA.

2. BANCO DOMINICANO PARA PROMOCION

& FOMENTO DE LAS EXPORTACIONES:

DOMINICANAS (BANDEX)

PRODUCCION, CREACION, ORGANIZACION

-de MYPIMES dominicanas EXPORTADORAS-

de MICRO & PEQUENAS UNIDADES de

produccion de riqueza, sobre la base de la:

1. MENTE-FACTURA.

2. LA MANUFACTURA DE PRODUCTOS

AUDIOVISUALES DOMINICANOS, exportables

HACIA EL MERCADO MUNDIAL, en su:

2.1. INDUSTRIA PUBLICITARIA.

2.2. INDUSTRIA TELECOMUNICACIONAL.

2.3. INDUSTRIA TELEVISIVA NACIONAL.

2.4. INDUSTRIA CINEMATOGRAFICA NACIONAL

-DE CALIDAD INTERNACIONAL O EXPORTABLE-

2.5. INDUSTRIA DOMINICANA DE LAS CIENCIAS

TICs, o de las NUEVAS TECNOLOGIAS DE LA

INFORMACION & DE LA COMUNICACION

(NTICs), desde PLATAFORMAS DE STREAMING

en el meta-medio de COMUNICACION

ELECTRONICA O DIGITAL, en que han

devenido:

LA INTERNET & EL CIBERESPACIO, en

todo el mundo, a partir del ano: 1990 hasta

el dia de hoy...

PARA EL DESARROLLO DE UNA NUEVA

ESPECIALIDAD EN EL MERCADO AUDIOVISUAL

MUNDIAL:

WEB COMMUNITY MANAGER-EDUTATION

Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV.

Talents, Criticism,Friendship!

Salut, Polis, Ecumene!

(1959-2019)

----------

CO-Founder, Co-Developer, Project Owner

& CEO.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, WEST INDIES,

THINK TANK

HUMAN TALENT, HUMAN CAPITAL,

INNOVATION, COMPETITIVENESS,

Strategical Scienes, Logistics Sciences,

Economical Sciences: ORANGE ECONOMY,

Creative Economy, Small Business, B2B,

Digital Contents, Human Talents, Marketing,

World's Markets for HUMAN SCIENTIFIC

SKILLS, CHILD-GIRL SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION,

CHILD-GIRL MEDICAL EDUCATION,

CHILD-GIRL: Teens Pregnancy, Mother-Child

PUBLIC HEALTH. PUBLIC HEALTH. PUBLIC

POLICIES. PUBLIC-PRIVATES ALLIANCES.

Consejo Nacional de la Seguridad Social de

Republica Dominicana (CNSS):

1. PATIENT CENTERED CARE:

UNEMPLOYEES DOMINICAN CITIZENS.

2. PATIENT CENTERED CARE:

DISABILITY PEOPLES, DOMINICAN

CITIZENS.

3. PATIENT CENTERED CARE:

GERENTOLOGY SCIENCES.

4. PATIENT CENTERED CARE:

PEDIATRICAL SCIENCES.

5. PATIENT CENTERED CARE:

LEISURE SCIENCES.

6. PATIENT CENTERED CARE:

SPORT SCIENCES.

7. PATIENT CENTERED CARE:

PREVENTION CAR & ROADS CRASHED,

BY SAFE ROADS, WORLDWIDE,

7.1. AMPUTATION.

7.2. MUTILATION.

7.3. EMERGENCY MEDICINE

7.4. OROTHOPEDICS COSTS.

7.5. HOSPITALIZATION.

7.6 ECONOMICS NEGATIVES :

IMPACTS FOR BUSINESS IN

LABOR MARKETS.

7.7. RATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC

TOOLS FOR FIGHT POVERTY,

EXCLUSION, BUILDING PRODUCTIVE,

CREATIVE, INNOVATIVE, SCIENTIFC

SKILLS BY UNIVERSAL SCHOOLIIN

PROCESSES...

1. FOR ALL POPULATION.

2. FOR ALL AGES.

3. RURAL & URBAN CITIZENS

4. INNOVATION, COMPETITIVENES

BY SMALL BUSINESS on UNLIMITED

CREATIVE OPPORTUNITY OR

ORANGE ECONOMY, in early childhood

BIOGRAPHIES.

--------
LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA HA CAPTADO

22,000 MILLONES DE DOLARES en:

 inversion EXTRANJERA DIRECTA, en los

ultimos anos...

-------------------

MINISTRO DE CULTURA de la República Digital

Dominicana, ARQUITECTO Eduardo Selman,

felicito a legisladores del Congreso Nacional

de Republica Dominicana, por APROBAR EL

PRESTAMO DE 90 millones de dolares, del

BANCO INTERAMERICANO DE DESARROLLO

(BID) para:

1. REMOZAMIENTO,

2. PUESTA EN VALOR,

3.PUESTA A PUNTO

A NIVEL URBANISTICO

de la CIUDAD INTRAMUROS,

ZONA COLONIAL,

CIUDAD COLONIAL uno de os mayores atractivos

de que dispone la ciudad de Santo Domingo de

Guzman, para su proyecccion turistica mundial,

COMO PATRIMONIO INTANGIBLE

DE LA HUMANIDAD, declarada por UNESCO,

 en anos a tras.

DICHO PRESTAMO, constituira un beneficio

ECONOMICO DIRECTO, para todos los

propietariios y propietarias de BIENES

INMUEBLES EN DICHA ZONA, asi como

un nuevo impulso, para todas las MYPIMES

de la industria  turistica, localizadas, en dicha

zona, en el corto y mediano plazos.

LO MISMO QUE AL CONJUNTO DE TALENTOS,

del capital humano, especializado, en ciencias

de la HOSPITALIDAD & DEL TURISMO, a

todo lo largo y lo ancho, de la INFRAESTRUCTURA

TURISTICA DESARROLLADA EN DICHA AREA:

 DE LA GEOGRAFIA ECONOMIA &

DESARROLO LOCAL, de la nacion y de

la Republica Dominicana, en la segunda decada

 del sigo XXI,camino a la cuarta revolucion

 industrial o industria 4.0

Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV

CCIAV,CC4AVE

Talents, Criticism, Friendship!

Salut, Polis Ecumene!

(1959-2019)

---------------

POR QUE LAS CIENCIAS TICs, como

la INGENIERIA ELECTRONICA O DE LAS

TELECOMUNICACIONES, tocan todas las

1. ACTIVIDADES HUMANAS DE:

OFICINA.

2. LAS CIENCIAS SECRETARIALES.

3. EL VIEJO & EN NEW MANAGEMENT.

4. LAS CIENCIAS DEL OCIO.

5. LAS CIENCIAS DEL DEPORTE.

7. LAS CIENCIAS LOGISTICAS.

8. LAS CIENCIAS ESTRATEGICAS.

9. LAS CIENCAS ESTADISTICAS.

10. LAS CIENCIAS PSICOGRAFICAS O

DEL MARKETING?

EL CONSULTORIO.

EL TALLER DE MECANICA.

LA ESCUELA DE BALLET.

LA ESCUELA DE CINE.

LA ESCUELA DE TELEVISION

LA ESCUELA DE INTERNET.

LA ESCUELA DE ENFERMERIA.

EL GIMNASIO.

LA GRANJA PISCICOLA.

LA GRANJA CUNICULA.

LA GRANJA APICOLA.

LA GRANJA DE CAMARONES EN ESTANQUE

O CAMARONI-FACTORIA.

LA GRANJA PORCICOLA.

LA GRANJA AVICOLA...?

LAS ESTETICAS,  LAS METRICAS & LAS

SEMIOLOGIAS DENTRO DE LOS ESTANDARES

DE CALIDAD DEL TRABAJO MANUAL,

SEMI-CALIFICADO O MUY CALIFICADO?

1. LOS ESTANDARES DE :

PRECISION

DE EXACTITUD,

MILIMETRIA...

LOS USAN POR IGUAL:

EL CARPINTERO...

EL CIRUJANO.

EL BAILARIN

EL CAMAROGRAFO

EL SONORISTA O SONIDISTA.

EL EDITOR...

EL PERSONAL TRAINER EN EL GIMNASIO.

EL MAESTRO DE ESCUELA EN CIENCIAS

EXACTAS O BASICAS...

QUIMICA.

BIOLOGIA.

MATEMATICAS.

ANATOMIA.

CIENCIAS HISTORICAS.

CIENCIAS ANTROPOLOGICAS.

CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS...

EL PENSAMIENTO NUMERICO,

COMO LOS LABORATORIOS

COMO LOS TALLERES, son la cuna:

de la :

1. INNOVACION.

2. DE LA CREATIVIDAD PATENTABLE...

3. DE LA OBSERVACION.

4. DE LA EXPERIMENTACION...

5. DE LA MANUFACTURA.

6. DEL TQM...

7. DEL KAIZEN...

8. DEL LIFELONG LEARNING.

9. DEL SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING.

10. DEL PROBLEM BASIC LEARNING...

LO MISMO EN CIENCIAS EXACTAS

COMO:

1. LA PAIDOLOGIA O EDUCACION

INFANTIL.

2. UNA CLASE DE ACTUACION, BAJO

METODO KONSTANTIN STANISLAVSKI.

3. LAS CIENCIAS ANDRAGOGICAS O DE

LOS APRENDIZAJES DE PERSONAS:

ADULTAS...

---------

Que es lo bueno que tienen las ciencias

EXACTAS?

1. SON CIENCIAS DE RESULTADOS

-Contables, financieros, sociales,

 culturales, ECONOMICOS-

1..1. LA INGENIERIA ELECTRONICA, es

una ciencia EXACTA, como todas las ingenierias,

PERO ESTA SE LIGA DIRECTAMENTE, con:

LA INDUSTRIA DE LAS TELECOMUNICACIONES

O CIENCIAS TICs, como INFRAESTRUCTRURA

TRANSVERSAL, que recorre completa :

TODA LA ECONOMIA...

1. LA INDUSTRIA PUBLICITARIA NO ESCRITA

-RADIAL.

-TELEVISIVA.

-CINEMATOGRAFICA.

-INTERNET.

2. LA INDUSTRIA TURISTICA.

3. LA INDUSTRIA DE AERO-TRANSPORTACION.

4. LA INDUSTRIA DE LAS CIENCIAS:

LOGISTICAS.

-TERRESTRE O POR CARRETERAS.

-POR MAR

VEASE ASOCIACION DE NAVIEROS DE

SANTO DOMINGO.

-POR TRANSBORDO

VEASE CASO FERRIES DEL CARIBE.

LA AGRICULTURA Y SUS COMPRAS DE :

INSUMOS AGRICOLAS INTERNACIONALES.

LA GANADERIA & LA ZOOTECNIA y sus

IMPORTACIONES DE INSUMOS

INTERNACIONALES

LA AGROINDUSTRIA y sus importaciones

o compras de insumos internacionales.

LA INDUSTRIA y sus importaciones o compras

de INSUMOS INTERNACIONALES....

LA INDUSTRIA MEDICA ESPECIALIZADA

y sus compras de bienes de capital,

 IMPORTADOS

DE LOS PAISES QUE:

 PRODUCEN INVESTIGACION

& DESARROLLO:

1.PARA LA GENERACION DE INNOVACION

-EN TECNOLOGIAS PUNTA-

2.A PRECIOS COMPETITIVOS,

3.EN EL MERCADO MUNDIAL...

----------
LA INDUSTRIA DE LA CONSTRUCCION...

1. PUBLICA.

2. PRIVADA

3. DESDE ORGANIZACIONES DE LA SOCIEDAD

CIVIL (OSCs)

CON SUS CAPITANES INDISCUTIBLES, SUS

MOTORES INDISCUTIBLES:

1. ARQUITECTOS, ARQUITECTAS.

2. URBANISTAS...

CIENTIFICOS EN CIENCIAS PURAS,

-DURAS, FUNDAMENTALES, EXACTAS-

LAS SEMIOTICAS O LAS SEMIOLOGIAS

DE LAS CIENCIAS ESPACIALES...

---------

LOS 114, 000 ...MILLONES DE

PESOS DOMINICANOS QUE :

HA PRESTADO EL BANCO AGRICOLA EN

LOS ULTIMOS ANOS (2012-2019) SON:

1. PARA PRODUCIR COMIDA, PARA

PODER TENER:

2. SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA...

YA EL 85% de la comida que comen los

dominicanos & dominicanas, se producen

en los campos y en las fincas dominicanas...

EL DINERO INVERTIDO EN AGRICULTURA

& GANADERIA, no ES DERROCHE...

ES EL PRECIO DE QUE TENGAMOS:

1. COMIDA...DOMINICANA...

2.COMER ES PRIMERO!

-------

MIRA MUCHACHO, ES VERDAD, QUE

EL QUE NO SABE...

TU NO ENTIENDES QUE LOS AGRONEGOCIOS

& LAS EXPORTACIONES AGRICOLAS, son

el unico CAMINO SOSTENIBLE, para salvar

LOS BOSQUES DOMINICANOS DE LA :

1. DEPREDACION.

2. CARBON.

3. DEL CONUQUISMO.

4. DE LA AGRICULTURA DE:

SUBSISTENCIA, en los minifundios

DOMINICANOS...

FINQUITAS DE 14 TAREAS & MENOS...

QUE NO LES ALCANZAN, mas que para :

comer...

PERO NO PARA ACCEDER A LOS MERCADOS,

NI SIQUIERA AL MERCADO DE SU PROPIO

PUEBLO...

SI NO CONTROLAMOS EL :

CONUQUISMO & LA DEPREDACION DE LOS

BOSQUES DOMINICANOS, por la migracion

haitiana, IRREGULAR, ANALFABETA, CARBONERA

1. NO pararan los INCENDIOS FORESTALES.

2. NO PARARA EL CONUQUISMO

y al final de la jornada, nuestros ninos y ninas

DOMINICANOS ...

SE VAN A QUEDAR SIN AGUA POTABLE...

TENDRAN QUE VIVIR COMO EN CURACAO...

COMPRANDO EL AGUA, para todos los

USOS DOMESTICOS...

-Cocina, bano, trapear, para TODO-

O METIENDO AL ESTADO DOMINICANO

DE :

2030,

2060,

2090...

EN LA CAMISA DE 11 VARAS DE:

en tener que DESALINIZAR EL AGUA MARINA...

--------

1 MILLON 300 MIL, INFANTES HAN SIDO

LIBERADOS DE LA ESCLAVITUD DEL

TRABAJO INFANTIL & DE LA ESCLAVIZACION

DE SUS PADRES, POR HAMBRE EN EL

TRABAJO AGRICOLA DOMINICANO DE :

4 DE LA MANANA A 6 DE LA TARDE, CON

LA TANDA EXTENDIDA, en tiempo record:

(2012-2019)...en la REPUBLICA DOMINICANA.

-------

DOS FRASES, PARA SOBREVIVIR...

EN LA ECONOMIA NARANJA...

EN LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA...

CAMMINO a la cuarta revolucion industrial

o industria 4.0, como:

ACTORES, EN LA INDUSTRIA DEL:

CINE

&

LA TELEVISION DE CALIDAD EXPORTABLE

O DE MANUFACTURA DE CALIDAD MUNDIAL

- EN TQM, KAYZEN, LIVELONG LEARNING-

1. PRIMERO COMAMOS...

LUEGO ( Si es que el TIEMPO ALCANZA)

FILOSOFAMOS....

Karl Marx.

2. EL MAL COMIO ... NO PIENSA

LIDIO CADET...

ESA ES LA PRINCIPAL MOTIVACION

FILOSOFICA DE LA TANDA EXTENDIDA..

DE LOS DESAYUNOS,para ninos y ninas

pobres, DOMINICANOS, del campo y de la

ciudad...

DE LOS ALMUERZOS & DEL ENCIERRO

DE NINOS Y NINAS DOMINICANOS, POBRES

EN ESCUELAS, en la tanda extendida:

de 8 de la manana a 4 de la tarde....

DARLES COMIDA,

para que sus CEREBROS & SUS CUERPOS,

se desarrollen NORMALMENTE, como:

PERSONAS...

SI NO NO PODRAN APRENDER NADA:

CON HAMBRE NO SE APRENDE, la gente

se la pasa PENSANDO EN COMIDA, en

las horas de clases...

LAS MERIENDAS?

BUENO PORQUE NO SON PRISIONEROS,

SINO SIMPLES NINOS Y NINAS, como los

de todo el planeta:

NECESITAN TENER INFANCIAS FELICES!...

SOLO QUE ESTOS NINOS, NO LLEGARON

por el hilo del telefono,

SON HIJOS E HIJAS DE MADRES DOMINICANAS,

DE LAS MILLENNIALS DOMINICANAS, de

40 anos y menos de edad...

LAS UNICAS QUE SE EMBARAZAN Y PAREN...

en todo el planeta tierra...

---------

CONOCES HURI BROADCAST?

-------------

SON INGENIEROS EXPERTOS EN EL

SECTOR AUDIOVISUAL, DE CALIDAD

MUNDIAL...

Te pueden ayudar & asesorar, en los pasos

QUE TIENES QUE DAR AHORA QUE TIENES

16 anos de edad, para:

1, PONER A CORRER...

2. ABRIR TU PRIMERA MYPIME, COMO:

PRODUCTORA AUDIOVISUAL, para TV.

Por que es un trabajo, honesto, digno, limpio

CON MUCHO FUTURO EN EL SIGLO XXI,

como nicho de mercado, EN CUALQUIER

PAIS, donde tu vivas?

------

1.COMO MONTAR TU PRIMERA PRODUCTORA

AUDIOVISUAL PARA TELEVISION?

2.POR QUE HACERLO SI YA CUMPLISTE LOS

16 ANOS DE EDAD Y TIENES CARNET DE

LOCUTOR O LOCUTORA, EN REPUBLICA

DOMINICANA, expedido validamente por

CNEPR?

----------

Cómo montar una productora audiovisual?
----------------

Posted by adminTecnología

Productora Audiovisual Huri Broadcast

En los últimos años los CONTENIDOS

AUDIOVISUALES  relevancia y

CREAR UNA PRODUCTORA

crear una productora audiovisual

puede ser un BUEN NICHO DE

MERCADO.



1.CADA VEZ FUNCIONA MEJOR EL CONTENIDO

1.1.DE PRODUCCION NACIONAL

Cada vez funciona mejor el contenido de producción nacional en cadenas TDT, emisoras regionales y locales e

1,2.E INCLUSO EN PLATAFORMAS DE PAGO...

 incluso en plataformas de pago. Incluso un gigante internacional como Amazon ha entrado ya en el negocio audiovisual.

---------

---------

EXISTEN EXPERTOS ... EXPERTAS

& CIENTIFICOS, CIENTIFICAS EN TODAS

LAS AREAS DEL SABER HUMANO...

SI TE INTERESA ASESORIA ESPECIALIZADA

EN LA MANUFACTURA, GESTION & DESARROLLO

DE TU PRIMERA COMPANIA:

PRODUCTORA DE AUDIOVISUALES PARA LA

INDUSTRIA DE LA TELEVISION DE CALIDAD

MUNDIAL O EXPORTABLE,

Te recomendamos:

HURI...BROADCASTING...

COMO PRIMERA OPCION.

Por que?

PORQUE COMO TU YO, hablan: ESPANOL.

Es su lengua materna.

LA LENGUA ESPANOLA, ES LA SEGUNDA

LENGUA DE MAYOR VISIBILIDAD EN LA :

INTERNET & CIBERESPACIO (2019).

EN HURI,no solo hablan espanol, sino que:

SON EXPERTOS & EXPERTAS EN :

INGENIERIA AUDIOVISUAL.

Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV.

CCIAV, CC4AVE.

Talents, Criticism, Friendship!

Salut, Polis, Ecumene!

(1959-2019)

--------
Cómo montar una productora audiovisual?

Posted by adminTecnología.

Productora Audiovisual Huri BroadcastEn los últimos años los contenidos audiovisuales están tomando especial relevancia y crear una productora audiovisual puede ser un buen nicho de mercado.



Cada vez funciona mejor el contenido de producción nacional en cadenas TDT, emisoras regionales y locales e incluso en plataformas de pago. Incluso un gigante internacional como Amazon ha entrado ya en el negocio audiovisual.

 EL CONTENIDO EN VIDEO ADQUIERE

CADA VEZ MAYOR RELEVANCIA...

En redes sociales y buscadores, por otro lado, el contenido en vídeo adquiere cada día mayor relevancia.

YOUTUBE YA ES MAS UTILIZADO QUE:

FACEBOOK

Youtube ya es más utilizado que Facebook

ENTRE LAS FRANJAS MAS JOVENES...

entre las franjas más jóvenes de edad y los “Youtubers” ganan cantidades astronómicas

PRODUCIENDO CONTENIDO DE MANERA

CASI ARTESANAL

produciendo contenido de manera casi artesanal.


PRIMEROS PASOS...

Primeros Pasos para montar una Productora Audiovisual


Es, en definitiva, un buen momento para montar una productora audiovisual.

LOS SERVICIOS DE :

1. CREACION.

2. BROADCASTING

Los servicios de creación de contenido audiovisual, producción y broadcasting

CADA VEZ MAS DEMANDADOS POR:

1. MEDIOS.

2. MARCAS.

son cada vez más demandados por medios y marcas.


UNA BUENA ESTRATEGIA PARA ENTRAR:

1. AL MERCADO.

2. ES LA ESPECIALIZACION.
Una buena estrategia para entrar en el mercado es la especialización,

1.ORIENTAR EL SERVICIO O PRODUCTO:

2.A UN PUBLICO CONCRETO...

orientar el servicio a un producto o público concreto.

----------

QUE ES LO QUE PUEDE HACER :

1.POR TUS SUENOS,

2.PARA OPERACIONALIZAROS,

ATERRIZARLOS Y

3.VOLVERLOS PLANES DE

NEGOCIOS, CONCRETOS,

-SOSTENIBLES, RENTABLES, BANCARIZABLES-

 desde tu: PRIMERA MYPIME?

---------------

 La ingeniería audiovisual permite

CREAR MATERIAL :

1. TECNICO.

2. ABSOLUTAMENTE : PERSONALIZADO

crear material técnico absolutamente personalizado

PARA:

1. DIFERENCIAR UN PRODUCTO.

2. PARA DIFERENCIAR: EL MODO

ESTA HECHO, CONSTRUIDO:

MANUFACTURADO.

para diferenciar un producto también por el modo en que está realizado.

 TRAMITES LEGALES.

Trámites Legales


Para poner en marcha una productora audiovisual

LO PRIMERO:

DECIDIR LA FIGURA LEGAL

 lo primero es decidir la figura legal con la que se va a iniciar la actividad:

COMO TRABAJADOR AUTONOMO

como trabajador autónomo si el proyecto lo lidera una sola persona

O COMO SOCIEDAD

o como sociedad si los impulsores son más de uno.



Cada sistema tiene sus ventajas e inconvenientes fiscales

Y ORGANIZATIVOS...

(Gerenciales, Administrativos)

y organizativos, también hay que tener en cuenta a la hora de la elección

1. SI HAY SUBVENCIONES.

si hay subvenciones disponibles en el sector

2. QUE REQUISITOS...

 y qué requisitos son necesarios para solicitarlas.



Tomadas las decisiones administrativas es el

MOMENTO DE OCUPARSE DE:

LA IMAGEN DE MARCA

momento de ocuparse de la imagen de marca,

1. el llamado “branding”:

2.nombre comercial,

3.imagen,

4.valores,

5.misión,

6.visión,

7objetivos…

Es necesario

TENER UN PLAN DE EMPRESA

tener un plan de empresa, unas directrices de

1. QUE ES LO QUE QUEREMOS LOGRAR?

qué queremos conseguir y

2. COMO, CON QUE PASOS, PRETENDEMOS:

LOGRARLO?

 cómo queremos conseguirlo.

Otro aspecto que no debéis olvidar es

SI ES NECESARIO REGISTRAR

si es necesario registrar tu futura empresa audiovisual.



Plan de Empresa


Dentro de dicho plan, no podemos olvidar un aspecto tan importante como es la comunicación de la empresa.

HURI DESARROLLA A MEDIDA (ON DEMAND)

PLANES DE COMUNICACION...

Hurí desarrolla a medida planes de comunicación

ESPECIFICOS PARA :

EMPRESAS AUDIOVISUALES

específicos para empresas audiovisuales.

Desde la creación de proyectos, presentaciones, eventos, ruedas de prensa, etc., hasta la comunicación y difusión de los contenidos (material audiovisual, notas y dossier de prensa…) a los distintos medios de comunicación y redes sociales.



Recursos Técnicos y Humanos


Finalmente,

EL SUENO DE PONER EN MARCHA...

el sueño de poner en marcha una productora audiovisual

SE MATERIALIZA GRACIAS A:

se materializará gracias al

HARDWARE, EQUIPO TECNICO

equipo técnico

1. CAMARAS.

2. UNICADES MOVILES.

3. MESAS DE CONTROL

4. SALAS O ISLAS DE EDICION

(cámaras, unidades móviles, mesas de control, entre otros)

Y AL EQUIPO HUMANO,

y al equipo humano.

1.AL TALENTO HUMANO...que operara tales

equipos...

2.AL CAPITAL HUMANO...que operara tales

equipos...



Debido a la gran variedad que existe en el mercado de materiales,

ES ACONSEJABLE: ESTUDIAR...

1. BIEN.

2. LAS NECESIDADES...TECNICAS.

3. ESTUDIAR BIEN: LAS NECESIDADES

HUMANAS...

es aconsejable estudiar bien las necesidades técnicas y humanas que tendremos en nuestro negocio para escoger el material adecuado.



Puede ser habitual sobredimensionar adquiriendo material que después no nos será de utilidad o bien no incluir en el equipo inicial herramientas que después descubriremos eran imprescindibles

PARA OFRECER UN: PRODUCTO

1. DE LA CALIDAD QUE QUEREMOS...

 para ofrecer un producto de la calidad que queremos.



En Hurí somos expertos en ingeniería audiovisual y hemos proporcionado

TODO EL MATERIAL NECESARIO...

1. FABRICACION O MANUFACTURA.

2. MONTAJE.

3. ALQUILER.

4. VENTA.

todo el material necesario (fabricación, montaje, alquiler y venta) para echar a andar.

-------------

CONSULTANOS SIN COMPROMISO
-------------
http://huribroadcast.com/como-montar-productora-audiovisual/

Consúltanos sin compromiso.
--------

PEOPLE ALSO ASK.

-------------
People also ask

1.¿Cuál es el papel de un productor?

2.¿Cómo se elabora una producción audiovisual?

3.¿Qué es la produccion en los

 medios de comunicacion?

4.¿Qué es la produccion y postproduccion?
------

PRODUCCION AUDIOVISUAL.

--------------
Producción audiovisual - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
https://es.wikipedia.org › wiki › Producción_audiovisual

Producción audiovisual es la

1. PRODUCCION DE CONTENIDOS.

2. PARA MEDIOS ...

producción de contenidos para medios de comunicación audiovisuales;

ESPECIALMENTE:

1. CINE.

2. TELEVISION.

especialmente el cine y la televisión; independientemente del soporte utilizado (film, vídeo, ...

ES UNA PLANIFICACION ...

Es a esta planificación a la que se conoce, tanto en el mundo de la industria cinematográfica como en el de la industria ...

-----------

PLAN DE NEGOCIOS PARA UNA EMPRESA

DE PRODUCCION...

-------------

plan de negocios para una empresa de producción de ...
repositorio.uchile.cl › bitstream › handle › Plan-de-nego...

by MA Vallejos Zapata - ‎2016

Oct 25, 2016 - que a través del contenido audiovisual se les provee; análisis técnico, ... para mí un ejemplo en la forma de relacionarse y tener una ...... televisión de pago alcanza un 53,2% de penetración en hogares y que la cantidad de.

-----------

PRODUCTORA AUDIOVISUAL:

CONSEJOS & TIPS para: CREARLA.

-----------
Productora audiovisual: Consejos y tips para crearla
https://www.emprender-facil.com › crear-una-productor...

Debes leer estos consejos fáciles y productivos para crear las bases perfectas ...

SUS IDEAS A TRAVES DE:

1. IMAGENES.

2. SONIDOS.

sus ideas a través de imagen y sonido,

ESPECIFICAMENTE EN:

1. CINE.

2. TELEVISION.

específicamente en cine y televisión. ... que cada individuo puede ser su propia productos de contenidos audiovisuales. ... Antes de crear la productora audiovisual te recomiendo

COMPLETAR LOS PASOS DE TALLER...

completar los pasos de ...
Taller:

COMO CREAR CONTENIDOS AUDIOVISUALES?

Cómo Crear Contenidos Audiovisuales para ... - EOI
https://www.eoi.es › clubeoi › eventos › taller-como-cre...

Taller: Cómo Crear Contenidos Audiovisuales

PARA PROMOCIONAR:

1. TU EMPRESA..

2. TU MARCA.

para Promocionar tu Empresa o Marca ... del contenido, a quién va destinado, narrativas y lugar de emisión (TV, web, ...

--------------

FASES PARA AUTOCREACION DE:

CONTENIDOS AUDIOVISUALES...

-----------

Fases para la autocreación de contenidos: Preproducción, producción y ...

-------------------
LAS INDUSTRIAS PRODUCTORAS

DE CONTENIDOS...

----------

Las productoras de contenidos - Dialnet
https://dialnet.unirioja.es › descarga › articulo

by EG Pérez - ‎2010 - ‎

Palabras clave: televisión, productoras, cadenas, producción, multimedia. .... De esta forma, TVE, Tele 5, Antena 3 y .... de negocio para las compañías que se.
12
--------

HERRAMIENTAS PARA :

CREAR CONTENIDOS DIGITALES...

-------------
Herramientas para crear contenidos digitales - Antevenio
https://www.antevenio.com › blog › 2016/09 › 12-herra...

Sep 2, 2016 - Te presentamos

ALGUNOS DE LOS PROGRAMAS:

MAS POTENTES PARA CREAR...

algunos de los programas más potentes para crear contenidos digitales. ... Lo interesante es que este tipo de contenidos digitales se crean de ... Muchas compañías y usuarios particulares aprovechan las

----------

BIENVENIDO AL CANAL TV DE :

TUS EMPLEADOS...

-----------...
¡Bienvenidos al canal TV de tus empleados! | Innovación ...
https://innovacionaudiovisual.com › 2017/12/12 › bienv...

Dec 12, 2017 - Los empleados sienten que se les paga por hacer su curro, no por leerse ... como en cualquier otra producción audiovisual, lo mejor es escribir las ... el logo de la compañía o el departamento para dotar al contenido de un ...

--------

VIACOM ORIENTA SU ESTRATEGIA:

PARA CREAR CONTENIDOS...

--------------
Viacom orienta su estrategia a la creación de contenidos ...
https://www.media-tics.com › noticia › nuevos-negocios

Feb 8, 2019 - Una apuesta desmesurada por la producción de contenidos para terceros eclipsaría en cierto ... Analizamos la rápida transformación del negocio televisivo. ... La compañía produce contenidos para Netflix pero se reserva ... ellas quiebre, bien porque el mercado se reordene de alguna forma (por ejemplo, ...

--------

NUEVOS MODELOS DE NEGOCIOS:

DISTRIBUCION DE CONTENIDOS...

------

Nuevos modelos de negocio en la distribución de contenidos ...
www.revistacomunicacion.org › pdf › mesa1 › 015.Nue...

by T Ojer

Palabras clave: modelos de negocio, contenidos bajo demanda, Netflix. Abstract: In the ... Para ello, en el primer epígrafe se analizará el modelo ....

1. COSTES DE PRODUCCION MUY ELEVADOS.

2. COSTES MARGINALES DE DISTRIBUCION:

MUY BAJOS...

producción muy elevados y unos costes marginales de distribución muy bajos. Por lo ... En Estados Unidos,

EL CONSUMO DE :

1. TELEVISION.

2. CINE.

POR PARTE DE LOS MAS JOVENES....

 el consumo de televisión y de cine por parte de los más jóvenes.

--------

1.ERES DOMINICANA?

2.QUIERES INICIAR TU:

-INNOVACION & CREATIVIDAD PATENTABLE-

EMPRENDIMIENTO, para

el desarrollo de tu independencia FINANCIERA ,

desde UNA MYPIME?

3. Conoces los FINANCIAMIENTOS

O MICRO-FIANCIAMIENTOS, DE :

BANCA SOLIDARIA?

4. ESTAS INTERESADA, EN COMENZAR

UN PROCESO DE APRENDIZAJE O

CREACION DE CAPACIDADES, para

llevar tu negocio o industria a otro nivel:

hacia el MERCADO MUNDIAL?

QUE SABES DEL NUEVO BANCO DOMINICANO:

PARA PROMOCION & DESARROLLO DE LAS

EXPORTACIONES NACIONALES:

BANDEX?

GOOGLEA...

1. BANCA SOLIDARIA.

2. BANDEX

Puedes encontrar PROPUESTAS DE TU :

INTERES, SI ESTAS EN EL SECTOR :

DE COMUNICACION AUDIOVISUAL O

EN LA ECONOMIA NARANJA...

Camino a la cuarta revolucion industrial

o industria 4.0, DESDE LA:

1.-PRE-PRODUCCION DE CONTENIDOS

-de calidad exportable, en TQM, KAYZEN, ISO-

EN SU MANUFACTURA... en entornos multimedia

-Radio, Television, Videastica, Internet, Teleastica-

2.-PRODUCCION DE CONTENIDOS DE CALIDAD

EXPORTABLE...

3.-POST-PRODUCCION DE CONTENIDOS

AUDIOVISUALES, DE CALIDAD EXPORTABLE....

si tienes ya cumplidos los 16 anos de edad,

te damos unos TIPS...

PARA QUE INICIES :

1.TU NEGOCIO DOMINICANO

2.COMO AUDIOVISUALISTA, JUNIOR...

A.PERO POR LA PUERTA GRANDE...

YENDO A LO SEGURO....

B. NO CREYENDO EN CUENTOS

DE CAMNOS,

C.NI EN CUENTOS DE HADAS...

-------------

LA ECONOMIA, ES LA CIENCIA EXACTA,

QUE MUEVE AL MUNDO...

--------
Como desarrollar un plan de negocios, como :

ACTOR O LOCUTOR, para obtener una

 franquicia en la industria de la radio en tu pais?

----------

1. Si ya tienes 16 anos de edad...

SE SUPONE...

1. Has sacado tu cedula personal ....de identidad.

2. Ya tienes tu licencia de conducir por las

carreteras dominicanas...

TE FALTA UN ULTIMO PASO para que ingreses

como innovaodor o emprendedor a la ECONOMIA

NARANJA O ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA...

1. DESARROLLAR, SONAR, DISENAR, tu primer

plan de negocios...

2. PARA QUE TE CONVIERTAS EN EXPORTADOR

DE CONTENIDOS ORIGINALES DOMINICANOS,

SOBRE LA DOMINICANIDAD, en el tema o materia

que mas te llame a la  atencion, pero DOMINICANO...

-Por radio, television, internet, cine, video- para

convertirte en UN AUDIOVISUALISTA DOMINICANO...

PRESENTARTE... DESDE QUE ESCUCHES, la

convocatoria

-Por radio, television, periodicos o internet-...

PROBANDO ES QUE SE GUISA...

1. A LOS EXAMENES SOBRE RADIOFONIA, de la

COMISION NACIONAL DE ESPECTACULOS PUBLICOS

& RADIOFONIA (CNEPR).

2. PARA QUE -SI LOS APRUEBAS- seas:

-UN COMBO, TODO EN UNO: VERSATIL, MULTITASKING-

2.1.UN PROFESIONAL DE MICRONO.

2.2.UN PROFESIONAL DE LAS CAMARAS.

2.3.UN PROFESIONAL DE LA IMPROVISACION:

 EN VIVO, CON UN PROGRAMA MUSICAL

-DE RADIO TELEVISION O INTERNET-

 EN VIVO..

2.4.UN ARTISTA DE LOS ESCENARIOS,

2.5.UN AGENTE ECONOMICO DEL SHOW BUSINESS,

2.6. EL DUENO DE TU PROPIA MYPIME:

 TU VOZ....

2.7.SOLO CON LA VENTA DE TU VOZ,

2.7.1.EN EL MERCADO DE LOS SERVICIOS CREATIVOS

PROFESIONALES,

2.7.1.1.PARA LA INDUSTRIA PUBICITARIA DOMINICANA,

2.7.1.2.PARA LA INDUSTRIA RADIOFONICA DOMINICANA,

2.7.1.3.PARA LA INDUSTRA TELEASTICA DOMNCIANA.

2.7.1.4.PARA LA INDUSTRIA CINEMATOGRAFICA:

DOMINICANA.

2.7.1.5.PARA LA INDUSTRIA DE LA INTERNET:

DOMINICANA...

2.7.2.LOCUTOR O LOCUTORA:

2.7.2.1. COMERCIAL Y

2.7.2.2.PROFESIONAL:

DOMINICANO...

2.7.3.UN MICROEMPRESARIO DOMINICANO...

-EN LA INDUSTRIA DEL DOCUMENTO : AUDIOVISUAL-

DE CALIDAD EXPORTABLE....

-en TQM, MANUFACTURA,KAYZEN: MENTE-FACTURA-

UN AGENTE ECONOMICO QUE PAGA IMPUESTOS

DESDE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA.

UN AGENTE ECONOMICO QUE PAGA IMPUESTOS

DESDE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA.

UN ESLABON DE LA CADENA DE VALOR DE :

1. DESARROLLO HUMANO.

2. DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, PRODUCTIVO

DE RIQUEZA EN LA ECONOMA EXPORTADORA :

DOMINICANA, EN EL MUNDO GOBAL O GLOBALIZADO...

3. UN AGENTE ECONOMICO EN GLOCALIZE!

4. UN ARTISTA PERFORMATICO O PERFORMATIVO

DOMINICANO.

5. UN HOMBRE, MUJER, NINO O NINA:

 DE LA FARANDULA DOMINICANA,

6.DEL SHOW BUSINESS,DOMINICANO,

7. UN CIUDADANO DEL MUNDO,EN EL SIGLO XXI:

CAMINO A LA CUARTA REVOLUCION INDUSTRIAL

O INDUSTRIA 4.0

Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV.

CCIAV, CC4AVE

Talents, Criticism, Friendship!

Salut, Polis, Ecumene!

(1959-2019)

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COMO INICIAR UN NEGOCIO DE:

 UNA ESTACION DE RADIO, DESDE:

UNA MYPIME...?

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Cómo iniciar un negocio de una estación de radio | Pequeña ...
https://pyme.lavoztx.com › Pequeñas empresas

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DESARROLLA EL PLAN DE NEGOCIOS...

PARA UNA ESTACION DE RADIO COMO MYPIME

------------

Desarrolla el plan de negocio de una estación de radio.

LOS COMPONENTES DE UN PLAN DE NEGOCIOS:

 PARA RADIO...

Los componentes de un plan de negocios

INCLUYEN...

 incluyen, pero no se limitan a, un

RESUMEN EJECUTIVO...

resumen ejecutivo, un ...

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People also ask.

1.¿Que transmite la radio?

2.¿Cuál es la historia de la radio?

3.¿Qué se necesita para transmitir radio por internet?

4.¿Cuándo se inventó la radio y quién la inventó?

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ESTRUCTURA DE UNA EMISORA DE:

RADIO.

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Estructura y empresa de Radio - Docsity
https://www.docsity.com › estructura-y-empresa-de-radi...

Mar 6, 2019 -

1.Estructura y empresa de Radio,

2.Apuntes de Historia de la Radio y la ....

3.CUÑA CANTADA:

se crea una canción expresamente para el producto...

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QUE ES LA RADIO CORPORATIVA?

----

La radio corporativa - Core
https://core.ac.uk › download › pdf

by F Peinado-Miguel -

PALABRAS CLAVE:

Palabras clave:

1.Innovación;

2.Emprendimiento;

3.Empresa Radiofónica; Radio ..... medio — bajo)

----.
Nosotros -  GRUPO MEDRANO.

Grupo Medrano.

grupomedrano.com.do › nosotros

ENAMORADO DE SU TRABAJO....

Enamorado de su trabajo y por supuesto

DE LA RADIO EN 1971...

de la radio en 1971 tras una negociación ... 11

LA VEGA Y CREA UNA NUEVA EMPRESA...

La Vega y crea una nueva empresa la cual se dedicaría al servicio de ...

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NACE UN SERVICIO:

1. GRATUITO.

2. SENCILLO
Nace un servicio gratuito y sencillo

PARA CREAR EMISORAS DE RADIO....

para crear emisoras de radio
https://www.tendencias21.net › Nace-un-servicio-gratuit...

Feb 5, 2008 - El nombre de la compañía

PROCEDE DE LA FUSION DE DOS CONCEPTOS:

1. RADIO.

2. AUTONOMIA.

procede de la fusión de dos conceptos: radio y autonomía.

SUS FUNDADORES 4 EMPRESARIOS BELGAS...

Sus fundadores (cuatro empresarios belgas) pensaron ...

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COMO CREAR UN LOGOTIPO PARA UNA:

EMPRESA DE RADIO Y TV:

FACIL?

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Como crear un logotipo para Empresa Radio o Tv facil y ...
https://www.youtube.com › watch - Translate this page
Video for COMO SE CREA UNA COMPANIA DE RADIO?▶ 26:52
Sep 13, 2017

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HISTORIA DE LA RADIO.

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Historia de la radio - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
https://es.wikipedia.org › wiki › Historia_de_la_radio

La historia de la radio describe los pasos importantes en la evolución de la radiocomunicación ... Su teoría, básicamente, era que los campos eléctricos variables crean campos magnéticos variables, y viceversa ... Después del descubrimiento de las "ondas hertzianas" (el término "radio" se adoptaría unos 20 años) muchos ...

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LA RADIO CLAVE EN LA GESTION:

1. COMERCIAL.

2. DE MARKETING...

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La radio, clave en la gestión comercial y de marketing de las ...
asesoresdepymes.com › la-radio-clave-la-gestion-comer...

Feb 1, 2018 - La radio debe SER PARTE FUNDAMENTAL

ser parte fundamental

DE TODA ESTRATEGIA DE GESTION COMERCIAL

de toda estrategia de gestión comercial y ... en el resto de plataformas de comunicación fluctúa de forma importante. ...

1.DE NUESTRA EMPRESA

2.O DELOS PRODUCTOS Y LOS SERVICIOS

3. QUE SE VENDEN...

de nuestra empresa o de los productos o servicios que se venden.

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La Radio - Monografias.com

https://www.monografias.com › trabajos13 › radio › radio

ORIGINALIDAD:

1. EL COMERCIAL DEBE SER DISTINTO...
Originalidad: el comercial debe ser distinto a los otros y hacer resaltar las ..... o las revistas,

2. CONVIRTIENDOSE LA RADIO:

EN LA COMPANIA CONSTANTE DE CADA PERSONA...

convirtiéndose la radio en la compañía constante de cada persona.

3. ANUNCIAR TU EMPRESA EN LA RADIO....

Anunciar tu empresa en la radio:

3.1.CREAR ANUNCIOS PUBLICITARIOS:

 PARA TU MYPIME...

crear anuncios publicitarios ...

https://www.emprender-facil.com › anunciar-tu-empresa...
Translate this page
Te dejamos algunos consejos para crear anuncios publicitarios y

3.2.ESCOGER EL HORARIO DE