Our Familiar and Institutional Contribution for Dominican Republic Council for Economy and Health : LA AGRICULTURA MUNDIAL EN 2030: LAS TENDENCIAS SEGUN LA FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/y4252e/y4252e11.htm ---- COMERCIO AGRICOLA, POLITICAS COMERCIALES & EL SISTEMA DE ALIMENTAICON MUNDIAL. ----------- Agricultural trade, trade policies and the global food system 9.1 Introduction For centuries countries have relied on trade in agricultural and food commodities TO SUPLEMENT AND COMPLEMENT to supplement and complement THEIR DOMESTIC PRODUCTION. their domestic production. The uneven distribution of land resources and the influence of climatic zones on the ability to raise plants and animals have led to trade between and within continents. Historical patterns of settlement and colonization contributed to the definition of trade patterns and to the emergence of an infrastructure to support such trade. More recently, transnational firms with global production and distribution systems have taken over from post-colonial trade structures as a paradigm for the organization of world agricultural trade. Changes in consumer taste have encouraged the emergence of global markets and added to the significance of trade. POCOS PAISES PODRIAN SOBREVIVIR SI SE ELIMINARA EL COMERCIO: MUNDIAL DE ALIMENTOS Few countries could survive the elimination of agricultural trade without a considerable drop in national income, and none could do so without CONSIDERABLE REDUCTION IN: 1. CONSUMER . 2. CHOISE. 3. WELL-BEING. considerable reduction in consumer choice and well-being. The projections presented in Chapter 3 suggest that the role of trade in meeting GLOBAL FOOD DEMAND WILL INCREASE OVER THE NEXT 30 YEARS... global food demand will further increase over the next 30 years. Developed countries will provide a growing share of developing countries’ food needs, and in return will continue to import larger quantities of other agricultural products, NOTABLY: 1. TROPICAL BEVERAGES. 2. RUBBER. 3. FIBRES. notably tropical beverages, rubber and fibres. However, the developing countries are not a homogenous trading bloc. While the group as a whole 1.WIL INCREASE ITS NET EXPORTS 2.OF TROPICAL PRODUCTS. will increase its net exports of tropical products and import more and more temperate-zone commodities, within the group there will remain important net exporters of temperate-zone commodities. Like all projections, the global trade outlook presented in this chapter is based on numerous assumptions about the LIKELY: 1. EVOLUTION OF POLICIES. likely evolution of policies 1.1.THAT WILL AFFECT TRADE FLOWS that will affect trade flows, 1.2. AS WELL AS BASIC TRENDS. 1.2.1. IN INCOME. 1.2.2. POPULATION. 1.2.3. PRODUCTIVITY. as well as basic trends in income, population and productivity. A principal premise of the quantitative projections is the continuation of existing policies related to the support and protection of agriculture, including policy changes that will be implemented in the future, for example, the EU's Everything but Arms Initiative (EBA) that foresees A LIBERAL IMPORT REGIME: 1. RICE. 2. SUGAR. IN THE FUTURE. a liberal import regime for rice and sugar from the least developed countries (LDCs) in the future. If policies differ substantially in the future, so will the outcomes. If, for instance, the reform process that began under the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture were to achieve a fundamental reform of the sector, and if there were significant reductions in production-enhancing subsidies and protection in industrial countries, this could have an impact on predicted trading patterns. And if policy reforms extended beyond the developed countries and led to the removal of the remaining bias against agriculture in the policy of several developing countries, THIS CULD MOBILIZE RESOURCES this could mobilize resources 1. TO ENHANCE PRODUCTIVITY to enhance productivity 2. AND STIMULATE DEVELOPMENT 3. RURAL ECONOMY. and stimulate development of the rural economy.1 As a consequence, much of the qualitative discussion in the chapter is an attempt to indicate 1.HOW POLICIES MIGHT DEVELOP 2.OVER THE NEXT THREE DECADES how policies might develop over the next three decades. This chapter begins with a discussion (Section 9.2) of the evolution of patterns in global agricultural trade. The analysis reviews the changing share of agricultural trade relative to manufactures in world trade and identifies the 1.RAPIDILY CHANGING ROLE rapidly changing role 2. OF AGRICULTURAL TRADE. 3. IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. of agricultural trade in the developing countries. This is followed by a discussion of the agricultural trade balances for developing countries by major commodity categories. It shows changes in the net trade balances of these product categories. It also provides an overview of complementarity and competition in global agricultural trade and how, where, and to WHAT EXTEND POLICIES HAVE: 1. AFFECT THE CURRENT TRADING 2.PATTERNS. 3. BETWEEN DEVELOPING 4. AND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. what extent policies have affected the current trading patterns between developing and developed countries. Section 9.3 examines the trade policy environment, focusing on the Agreement on Agriculture. It assesses the progress made to create a “fair and market-oriented” trading system for agriculture, and looks at other trade policy developments in agriculture, particularly the role of preferential and regional trade agreements. Section 9.4 addresses the prospects for and likely impacts of further reforms in the current and future rounds of negotiations, with particular attention to the ways in which the new emphasis on non-trade concerns will influence trade liberalization. This is followed by an analysis of how different policy options could affect and alter the baseline projections to 2030. The focus is on the stake of developing countries in international agricultural trade policy reform. The chapter concludes (Section 9.5) by looking at the emerging issues that will affect the overall trade policy environment and how they may influence agricultural trade in the coming three decades. 9.2 Long-term trends in the pattern of global agricultural trade 9.2.1 From agricultural exports to manufactures exports The last 50 years have witnessed an impressive growth in international trade. The volume of global merchandise trade has increased 17-fold, more than three times faster than the growth in world economic output. A number of factors contributed to this growth. Average import tariffs on manufactures, for instance, fell from 40 to 4 percent over the four decades of trade negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (Abreu, 1996). Non-policy factors have also been important, including a reduction in transport costs and new transportation facilities as well as cheaper and more efficient communications. Moreover, growth in manufactures trade has been spurred by the rapid expansion of intra-industry and intrafirm trade, exploiting a division of labour within companies operating across various countries or continents. MUCH OF THIS TRADE IS AN: 1. EXCHANGE. 2. OF COMPONENTS 3.SEMI-PROCESSED PRODUCTS. Much of this trade is an exchange of components or semi-processed products. FINALLY, MANUFACTURES BENEFITED FROM A VIRTOUS CIRCLE Finally, manufactures benefited from a virtuous circle whereby the gains from trade translated into higher incomes and in turn fuelled growth in trade. Agricultural trade 1.HAS ALSO GROWN DURING 2.THE LAST 150 YEARS. has also grown during the last 50 years, but only at about the rate of global economic output. Notable among the factors that contributed to this relatively slow growth in trade was the failure to include agriculture fully in the multilateral trade negotiations under GATT that were so successful in reducing industrial tariffs. As a result, agricultural tariffs are as high now, on average, as industrial tariffs were in 1950. The effects of high border protection have been compounded by domestic support policies in many developed countries and in some developing countries by policies that promoted import substitution at the expense of international trade. Growth in agricultural exports from developing countries was also held back by the limited absorption capacity of their export markets. The major part of their agricultural exports was destined for largely saturated developed country markets without much responsiveness in demand. TROPICAL PRODUCTS: 1. COFFEE. 2. COCOA. 3.TEA. 4. RUBBER. Tropical products such as coffee, cocoa, tea or rubber were most severely affected by these limitations. Rising output from developing countries met inelastic demand in developed countries and resulted in a persistent downward pressure on prices. In fact, lower prices cancelled out much of the gains in export volumes with the result that export earnings increased only moderately. Moreover there has been very little intra-industry or intrafirm trade in food and agricultural products. This reflects mainly the nature of agricultural trade, which is often largely determined by different agro-ecological conditions. But intra-industry trade has also been held back by traditional trade and investment barriers that made international sourcing more difficult than for manufactures. When and where these barriers have declined, the exchange of processed and semi-processed agricultural products has increased considerably and brought about levels of intra-industry/intrafirm trade close to levels observed for non-agricultural products (see Chapter 10). Much of this trade has been stimulated by the activities of global food companies and traders, but has also involved retailers and small food exporters exploiting niche markets. The result of the rapid export growth in manufactures and slow growth in agricultural exports was a dramatic decline in the relative importance of agricultural exports. The share of developing countries’ agricultural exports in their overall exports fell from nearly 50 percent at the beginning of the 1960s to barely more than 5 percent by 20002 (Figure 9.1). Even for the group of the 49 LDCs, where agriculture is often the largest sector of the economy, the share of agricultural exports declined from more than 65 percent in the early 1960s to less than 15 percent by 2000 (Figure 9.1). Whereas the low shares for developing countries are, among many other factors, also a reflection of protectionist policies in OECD countries, OECD policies have probably contributed to keeping shares high for the LDCs. The numerous preference agreements in which they participate offer the LDCs higher export prices and encourage them to export more than otherwise. http://www.fao.org/3/y4252e/y4252e11.htm ---------------- AHORA QUE NUESTRA DIPLOMACIA HA: CONQUISTADO UNA VICTORIA PARA LA: 1. INDUSTRIA MUSICAL DOMINICANA. 2. PARA LA INDUSTRIA DEL DISCO DOMINICANA, 3. PARA LA INDUSTRIA DE LOS CONCIERTOS EN VIVO DOMINICANA. 4. PARA LAS INDUSTRIAS CULTURALES DOMINICANAS, 5. PARA LA INDUSTRIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA. 6. PARA LA : ORIGINALIDAD DE LOS COMPOSITORES & DE LAS COMPOSITORAS DOMINICANAS, de: 1. GENEROS COMO: MERENGUE. 2. BACHATA. AHORA QUE EL CANCILLER, MIGUEL VARGAS MALDONADO HA PROMETIDO UN GRAN FIESTON NACIONAL DE CELEBRACION... Quizas sea el momento de recordar a un amigo: LUIS DIAS PORTORREAL. 1. NACIDO POBRE, CAMPESINO DOMINICANO. 2. EN MAIMON, BONAO. A sus 14 anos de edad, comenzo a BUSCARSE CON UNA GUITARRA ... Y LLEGO LEJOS, CON SUS MULTIPLES TALENTOS 7 SUS MULTIPLES INTELIGENCIAS, hasta hacerse acreedor de la PATERNIDAD DEL: ROCK DOMINICANO... NO lo logro en un dia, NI en 10 anos... NI EN 20... SINO COIMO TODOS LOS CIENTIFICOS & LAS CIENTIFICAS: TICs... DEDICANDO TODA SU VIDA A SU : PROFESION. DEDICANDO TODA SU SALUD: A SU PROFESION. DEDICANDO TODA SU JUVENTUD: A SU PROFESION... hasta verse coronado por el maximo logro de un: autodidacta o una autodidacta... SER ACEPTADO POR LA FEDERACION MUNDIAL DE GUITARRISTAS... 1. UN SIMPLE PAPEL... 2. EL PORTADOR: LUIS DIAS PORTORREAL. 3. ESTA AUTORIZADO POR ESTA HONABLE FEDERACION MUNDIAL DE GUITARRISTAS, PARA EJECUTAR, ESTE INSTRUMENTO: EN CUALQUIER ESCENARIO DEL MUNDO. FIRMA: ERIC CLAPTON. PRESIDENTE FEDERACION MUNDIAL DE GUITARRISTAS. ---------- LA PRIMERA VEZ, EN MI VIDA QUE LEI Y VI UNA REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA: EL CORREO DE LA UNESCO, me encontraba CASTIGADO, porque ME QUEME EN LA ESCUELA en 7mo curso de la primaria... 1. ME CONDENARON A: ASISTIR A UNA ESCUELA PUBLICA, un ano, PARA QUE VEA LO QUE LE PASA EN LA VIDA a los ninos QUE: NO APRENDEN MATEMATICAS... COMO ADEREZO de tal castigo, se me hizo caminar: 800 kilometros en todo el ano escolar... DE LA CIENAGA, KM. 14 AUTOPISTA DUARTE, HASTA LA ESCUELA BASICA DE LOS ALCARRIZOS -Mi papa, tenia los juegos un poco pesados, con las MALAS NOTAS ESCOLARES- 1. QUE RECUERDO DE ESE ANO: EN EL CORAZON DEL PUEBLO? 1. LOS SOLES del mediodia. 2. La AUTOPISTA DUARTE... 3. Los amigos que hice alli... en la ESCUELA. 4. Los amigos de infancia: EN LA CIENAGA.... PERO LO QUE MAS ME INFLUYO EN TODA MI VIDA... Fue el profesor DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES, llamado: BOLIVAR.... 1. SUS CLASES, SIEMPRE ERAN : DIVERTIDAS. 2. SUS CLASES ESTABAN LLENAS DE: IMAGENES DE TODO EL MUNDO... Un dia le pregunta DE DONDE UN MAESTRO, DE UNA ESCUELA PUBLICA DOMINICANA? 1. SACABA TODA ESA INFORMACION : ACTUALIZADA. 2. CUANTO TIEMPO EN SU CASA: INVERTIA EN PREPARAR CON AMOR, aquellas EXCELENTES CLASES DE : 1. HISTORIA MUNDIAL. 2. GEOGRAFIA MUNDIAL. -Me dijo, te invitare a mi casa, al final de clases, para CONTARTE CUAL ES EL SECRETO DEL: EXITO DE MIS CLASES DE HISTORIA & DE GEOGRAFIA? AL FINAL... fui feliz a su casa... vivia en la misma manzana de la escuela de BASICA.... 1. Me introdujo a un CUARTO... 2. DE ESTANTES: SU BIBLIOTECA.... 1.REPLETA DE TODO TIPO DE MATERIALES DE ENSENANZA...que haibia ido comprando y coleccionando desde su : 1.MICRO-ECONOMIA, PERSONAL & FAMILIAR... 2. UNA INVERSION POR LA QUE NADIE LE DARIA UN AUMENTO DE SUELDO... 3. UNA INVERSION: POR AMOR A LA PROFESION DE MAESTRO, DE ESCUELA INFANTIL... Me quede mirando una coleccion de REVISTAS... Pedi permiso... Tome una... ERA EL CORREO DE LA UNESCO... algo MUY DISTINTO A: 1. MUY INTERESANTE. 2. POPULAR MECHANICS. 3. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC... UNA REVISTA ESCRITA POR CIENTIFICOS & CIENTIFICAS DE TODO EL MUNDO... UNA REVISTA DEL SISTEMA, DE LA ORGANIZACION DE NACIONES UNIDAS (ONU)... Que problema tiene o tenia esa revista? 1. NO SE VENDIA EN LIBRERIAS: DOMINICANAS. 2. NINGUN NINO O NINA DOMINICANA: PODIA COMPRARLA. 3. NINGUN NINO O NINA DOMINICANO: PODIA LEERLA... ERA UNA REVISTA QUE LES HACIA LLEGAR: LA SECRETARIA DE ESTADO DE EDUCACION, DOMINICANA, solo a: MAESTROS & MAESTRAS. PERO NO A TODOS ... SOLO A LOS MAESTROS & MAESTRAS DE: CIENCIAS SOCIALES... Me quede pensando si todos los maestros de CIENCIAS SOCIALES DOMINICANOS, hacian EL USO: 1. CREATIVO. 2. FRESCO. 3. DESAFIANTE. 4. INTERROGADOR... Del PROFESOR BOLIVAR... Por anos.... REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, SERIA UN PAIS: MUY DISTINTO, si todos los ninos y ninas dominicanas, HUBIERAN PODIDO: 1. COMPRAR. 2. LEER. EL CORREO DE LA UNESCO, por todos estos anos... A SABER... 1975, 1985, 1995, 2005, 2015, 2025.... Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV. CCIAV, CC4AVE. Talents, Criticism, Friendship! Salut, Polis, Ecumene! (1959-2019) ----------- ALGUIEN RECUERDA LA CAMPANA: PUBLICITARIA DOMINICANA. 1. CORTA TU CANA, DOMINICANO! 2. CORTA LA CANA DOMINICANO! ERA UN SISTEMA EFECTIVO... 1. SE RECOGIAN EN CAMIONES... 2. TODOS LOS VAGOS & DESEMPLEADOS de las ciudades... SE LLEVABAN A LOS: CANAVERALES... ASI: HACIAN EXCELENTE USO DE: 1. SU JUVENTUD 2.DE SU TIEMPO... 3. DE SU SALUD. Produciendo: RIQUEZA, para: LA ECONOMIA DOMINICANA. ----- Journal de INNOVACION en Ciencias Economicas & Negocios Internacioales desde el MANAGEMENT O LA GERENCIA. ESTRUCTURAS: 1. INDUSTRIALES. 2. ESTATETEGIAS DE NEGOCIOS. 3. INNOVACION SOURCE: RNI, BOECK 20 ANOS DE INNOVACION. ---------- ENCADENAMIENTOS PRODUCTIVOS & CIENCIAS LOGISTICAS: JOURNAL OF FOOD DISTRIBUTION RESEARCH. ---------- MASTER PLAN KYRYIKISTAN (2015-2017): EXPORTACIONES AL MERCADO MUNDIAL. PRIORIDADES: 1. PRIMERO: TURISMO. 2. SEGUNDO: CARNE. 3. AGUA EMBOTELLADA. 4. LECHE & PRODUCTOS DE USO DIARIO. 5. ROPA. 6. FRUTAS & VEGETALES. QUE TE QUIERO DECIR CON ESTO? QUE ING. OSMAR BENITEZ, es el mejor SECRETARIO QUE SE HA CONTRATADO EN EL MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA, DESPUES DE LA LABOR FUNDACIONAL DE DICHO MINISTERIO POR : ECONOMISTA AGRICOLA & AGROPECUARIO ESPECIALIZADO EN NEGOCIOS GLOBALES, EN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY: FERNANDITO ALVAREZ BOGAERT A SUS: ESCASOS 25 ANOS DE EDAD... EN 1966... Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV. Talents, Criticism, Friendship! Salut, Polis, Ecumene! (1959-2019) -------- REPENSANDO LA OBRA: ---- https://leerlaciudadblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/castells-la-cuestion-urbana.pdf LA CUESTION URBANA DE MANUEL CASTELLS (1984): 1.CONURBANISMO. 2.ARQUITECTURA POPULAR. 3.TENSIONES ENTRE LO RURAL & LO URBANO. 1.Como ha resuelto la poblacion de CHINA, estos problemas de la vida COTIDIANA, en las zonas agricolas? 2.En las zonas agro-industriales? REVISESE: SU PLAN DE DESARROLLO DEL SECTOR: 1. AGRICOLA, 2.PECUARIO, 3.AGRO-INDUSTRIAL: 2020-2030... 1. NADIE EN LA TIERRA... Sale de la pobreza: SIN MYPIMES 2. NADIE EN LA TIERRA: SALE DE LA POBREZA, SIN PLANES CONCRETOS, CIENTIFICOS DE: PRODUCCION DE COMIDA... ------- LOS CIENTIFICOS & LAS CIENTIFICAS -LOS UNICOS CON QUE CUENTA LA HUMANIDAD- QUE: 1. HACEN, SUENAN, DISENAN este tipo de planes, han elegido en su juventud una carrera que se llama: INGENIERIA AGRICOLA. ZOOTECNIA. PRODUCCION ANIMAL. VETERINARIA. ECONOMIA AGRICOLA. ECONOMIA AGROPECUARIA... Los unicos ESPECIALISTAS EN EL MUNDO: 1. EN CIENCIAS NATURALES. 2. EN CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA SILVESTRE. 3. EN CIENCIAS DE LOS ECOSISTEMAS. 4. EN CIENCIAS DE LA SOSTENIBILIDAD. 5. EN CIENCIAS DE LA CAZA. 6. EN CIENCIAS DE LA PESCA. 7. EN CIENCIAS DE LA AGRO-FORESTERIA. En REPUBLICA DOMINICANA existen pocas UNIVERSIDADES ESPECIALIZADAS EN: PRODUCCION DE COMIDA & EN LA CONSERVACION DE LOS BOSQUES - SIN LOS CUALES:NO TENDRIAMOS AGUA...- 1. UNIVERSIDAD FERNANDO ARTURO DE MERINO, EN BONAO. 2. INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA (ISA), EN LA CIUDAD DE SANTIAGO DE LOS CABALLEROS, desde 1963. YA NO CONOZCO mas a donde puedas enviar a tu hijo o hija a ser un cientifico o una cientifica dominicana, en PRODUCCION DE COMIDA... AHHH, perdo, se me olvidaban: LAS ESCUELAS SALESIANAS, esparcidas por toda la geografia agricola & agropecuaria dominicana... Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV. Talents, Criticism, Friendship! Salut, Polis, Ecumene! (1959-2019) --------- 2015-2020 COMO SALIR D E LAPOBREZA PERSONAL O FAMILIAR, HACIENDOSE EXPORTADOR? 1. UD. Se levanta con su mujer y sus ninos, de 3 y 5 anos de edad... 2. SE INTERNA, SIN PENSAR ENMAS NADA: EN UN FUNDO, CON UN MACHETE, UNA AZADA, UN RASTRILLO EN LA MANO... 3. Y TRABAJA productivamente de 4 de la manana a 6 de la tarde... DE LUNES A DOMINGO POR 12 MESES: HASTA LA EPOCA DE LA COSECHA... como hacen todos los agricultores y los ganaderos, DOMINICANOS, desde el ano 3,600 antes de Cristo... Y UD. VERA QUE JAMAS SE QUEJARA : 1. NI D ELA VIDA. 2. NI DEL GOBIERNO... Tendra su mente ocupada en cosas: 2.1.UTILES, 2.2.PRODUCTIVAS DE RIQUEZA... ---------- PLAN PARA DESARROLLO: 1. EXPORTADOR. DESDE: 1.MYPIMES 2.MICRO-FINANZAS 2015-2017 Kirgykistan-Rusia... CREDITOS PARA: EMPRENDEDORES... CREDITOS DE LA: ECONOMIA NARANJA. CREDITOS DE LA : ECONOMIA CREATIVA. PERO EN EL SECTOR: AGRICULTURA. CREACION DE SERVICIOS: AGRO-TECNOLOGICOS PARA ALIMENTAR: LA INDUSTRIA... 1. POR VIA DE LEASING PARA: NEGOCIOS AGRICOLAS. 2. UNA ESTRATEGIA RACIONAL DE: CAPITALIZACION. -------- EN EL MUNDO HAY MAS 7,500 millones de personas... SI TIENES AMIGOS & AMIGAS DE DISTINTOS PAISES... PREGUNTALES, UNO POR UNO: 1. SI HAN LEIDO, SONADO O VISTO... 2. AUN EN SUS PEORES PESADILLAS... QUE UNA LINEA AEREA, COMO DOMINICANA DE AVIACION (1944-1995) SE PUEDE QUEBRAR... 1. SI TIENE COMO CLIENTE PREFERENCIAL: A TODA LA POBLACION VIAJERA DE ESE PAIS... 2. A TODOS LOS COMERCIANTES IMPORTADORES & EXPORTADORES, DE ESE PAIS... 3. SI TIENE COMO CLIENTES PREFERENCIALES: A TODOS LOS AGRO-INDUSTRIALES DE ESE PAIS, que EXPORTAN... 4. SI TIENEN COMO CLIENTES PREFERENCIALES A TODOS Y A TODAS LAS MUJERES & HOMBRES DE INDUSTRIA EN ESE PAIS... 1. EL CUAL ES ADEMAS: UNA ISLA... 2. LOS PRODUCTOS EXPORTABLES, SOBRE: TODO LOS AGRICOLAS PERECEDEROS, NO VAN A NINGUNA PARTE DEL MUNDO, si no LOS MONTAN EN UN : AVION... PERO NO ES SOLO ESO: 1. ES QUE ENTRE DOS LINEAS AEREAS... 2. UNA CON LA BANDERA DE MI PAIS... 3. OTRA, SIN ESA BANDERA... EL DOMINICANO O LA DOMINICANA: 1. COMUN Y CORRIENTE... 2. NORMALITO. 3. ELIGIRA EN MAS DEL 60% DE LOS CASOS: 3.1. EL AVION QUE TIENE: 3.1.1. LA BANDERA DOMINICANA. 3.1.2. EL ESCUDO DOMINICANO... COMO PROVEEDOR DEL SERVICIO DE : 1. AEROTRANSPORACION DE SUS PRODUCTOS DE LA AGRICULTURA... POR UNA COSA SIMPLE? LLAMADA: DOMINICANIDAD...! --------- COCINAR? PROBANDO ES QUE SE SABE... COMO EN LOS LABORATORIOS... EXPERIMENTANDO... 1. SIN RAZONAMIENTOS DOGMATICOS. 2. SIN RAZONAMIENTOS SECTARIOS... 3. SIN FANATICMOS, COMO LOS: EVANGELICOS DE LA IGLESIA METODISTA LIBRE, VIENEN HACIENDO EN EL MUNDO: 1. CON SUS ESCUELAS INFANTILES. 2. CON UNIVERSIDADES COMO LA: WESLEYAN.... DESDE EL ANO : 1860, EN PEKIN, NEW YORK.... ----------- INVESTIGACION & INNOVACION EN: INCLUSION EDUCATIVA. DIAGNOSTICOS, MODELOS, PROPUESTAS. -------- POR QUE LA INVESTIGACION CONTEMPORANEA (1950-2019) -EN CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS & NEGOCIOS-, DESDE LA: 1. ECONOMIA NARANJA 2.O LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, CONSIDERA : EL GASTO TURISTICO -EL US $ DOLAR O EL EURO- COMO EXPORTACION IN SITU? Scholarly articles for: 1. Leisure Sciences, Public Health, Workers. 2. Vacations, Tourism, Social Tourism. ------- UN DIA COMO HOY: MUERE: 1. INGENIERO, PEDRO PABLO BONILLA, 2.CIENTIFICO TICs, 3. de REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. --------- QUE FUE : RAHINTEL, COMO PRIMER: PROYECTO DE: 1.ORIGINALIDAD, 2.INNOVACION & 3. COMPETITIVIDAD, PRIVADA DE : REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, fudado en SANTO DOMINGO DE GUZMAN, EN 1957? ------ RAHINTEL. ------------- Rahintel. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ----- Find sources: "Rahintel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message). RADIO HIN, TELEVISION... DONDE NUESTRA GENERACION CONOCIO EL TRABAJO FUNDACIONAL DEL LOCUTOR DOMINICANO: TEO VERAS LOPEZ (1950-2018). ----------- Rahintel (Radio HIN Televisión). ------------ Rahintel logo, Dominican Republic, 1990s.jpg LANZAMIENTO: 28 FEBRERO, 1959. Launched 28 February 1959. CIERRE: 4 ABRIL, 1999. Closed 4 April 1999/ PROPIETARIO: GRUPO FINANCIERO UNIVERSAL. Owned by Grupo Financiero Universal Picture format 480i (SDTV 4:3) SLOGAN o IDENTIDAD CORPORATIVA: GENTE QUE SABE, HACER TELEVISION. Slogan Gente que sabe hacer televisión (People who know how to make television) Country Dominican Republic IDIOMA DE LAS TRANSMISIONES: LENGUA ESPANOLA O CASTELLANA. Language Spanish COBERTURA: NACIONAL, TODA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. Broadcast area Dominican Republic. SUBSIDIARIAS: CANAL 7 CIBAO. Affiliates Canal 7 Cibao Headquarters Santo Domingo REEMPLAZADO POR: ANTENA LATINA. Replaced by Antena Latina Sister channel(s) Canal 7 Cibao. SISTEMA DE NETWORK: 1. TERRESTRE. 2. OPEN NETWORK. Availability Terrestrial. CANAL DE VHF: VHF Channel 7 (Santo Domingo). RAHINTEL FUE EL : 1.PRIMER CANAL PRIVADO 2.DE TELEVISION Rahintel was the first privately owned television network in the Dominican Republic Y EL SEGUNDO, EN TERMINOS GENERALES: DESPUES DE LA VOZ DOMINICANA and the second such network to start television broadcasts in the DR after La Voz Dominicana. It was owned and operated by Grupo Financiero Universal LA QUIEBRA OBLIGO A VENDER EL : 1.CANAL... 2. EN LOS ANOS 80s. until the latter's bankruptcy in the late-1980s and was headquartered in Santo Domingo. Contents 1 Founding and early years 2 Growth and expansion 3 Golden Age 4 Decline, reboost and shutdown 5 References EL VALOR DE: INGENIERO PEDRO PABLO BONILLA, COMO: 1. INNOVADOR INGENIERIL: EN CIENCIAS TICs. 2. PIONERO EN LA INDUSTRIA -TELEVISUAL O TELASTICA- TELECOMUNICACIONL PRIVADA: DOMINICANA. ------- Founding and early years The channel's origins are traced as far back as 1959. Pedro Bonilla, INGENIERO PEDRO PABLO BONILLA: 1. PRIMRO FUE HOMBRE DE LA ; RADIO -HIN, LA MISMA FIERA- DOMINICANA. 2. UN INDUSTRIAL: RADIODIFUSOR. owner of Radio HIN, expressed the will to launch a private television station and launches Rahintel (Radio HIN Televisión) on February 28, 1959 in a shop located near the grounds of the Fair of Peace and Fraternity of the Free World, which had recently opened at the time. PARA QUE FUNDO: ING. PEDRO PABLO BONILLA 1.UN CANAL DE TELEVISION, 2.EN 1959? 1. CONTRIBUIR A LA EDUCACION. 2. DE TODA LA POBLACION DOMINICANA. 3. PONER LA NUEVA FRECUENCIA: 3.1. AL SERVICIO. 3.1.1. DE TODOS LOS ACTORES & ACTRICES: ECONOMICOS EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. 3.1.2. AL SERVICIO DE TODOS LOS: SECTORES INDUSTRIALES DOMINICANOS. The initial purpose of the creator and, therefore, of the TV company in general were, initially, to contribute to the education of the population and to serve the economic and industrial sectors as a vehicle for promoting their products. ARTISTICAMENTE, RAHINTEL FUE: 1. UN POCO MAS LIBERAL. 2. QUE LA VOZ DOMINICANA. Artistically, Rahintel was a little more liberal in contrast to La Voz Dominicana (the current 4RD). EN PRINCIPIO DON PETAN TRUJILLO, NO SE SINTIO COMODO, CON ESTE 1. NUEVO COMPETIDOR. 2. PRIVADO. PORQUE PROYECTO UN ESPIRITU: 1.ARTISITICO. 2. JUVENIL. 3.EXPERIMENTAL. However, this climate of artistic freedom that opened in Rahintel bothered Jose Arismendy Trujillo (Petan), director of La Voz Dominicana (and brother of tyrant Rafael Leonidas Trujillo). But Petán couldn't remove the plant - or even acquire it - 1.LA EMISORA DE TELEVISION PRIVADA DOMINICANA: 2.SOLO PUDO ABRIRSE EN EL ANO 1959, 2.1. PORQUE EXISTIAN UNOS VINCULOS: -GERENCIALES, FINANCIEROS, CORPORATIVOS- CON LA FAMILIA TRUJILLO. ADEMAS DE AMISTAD, entre: 1.RAMFIS TRUJILLO. 2. DON PEPE BONILLA. given the links between Pepe Bonilla and Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Martinez (Ramfis). LOS NINOS DE MI GENERACION... LAS NINAS DE MI GENERACION... NACIDOS DESPUESDE 1960... 1.CRECIMOS DELEITANDONOS CON: LA HORA DEL MORO. Because of that, shows liike "La hora del moro" (Hour of the Chow) were created, which opened the doors to many young artists who tested their talents. PERO NO LO DIRIGIA UN CUALQUIERA: MAESTRO RAFAEL SOLANO, es un clasico VIVO EN LA ECONOMIA NARANJA, EN LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA. This program was run by the Dominican musician Rafael Solano and he gave the start of the careers of singers such as Nini Cáffaro. POR TELEVISION ES 1.LA UNICA MANERA EN QUE: 2. HE VISTO A NINI CAFFARO. At this time, coverage was limited to the capital and some nearby towns and their programming only ran from 6:00 PM to 10:00 PM and, on rare occasions, until 11. In addition to live programs, its programming consisted of American series and comedies. PARA ESA EPOCA, LOS CANALES : 1. DOMINICANOS. 2. CERRABAN A LAS 12 DE LA NOCHE. CON UNOS MENSAJES QUE DECIAN: 1. PADRE. 2. SON LAS 10 DE LA NOCHE. 3. SABES, DONDE ESTAN TUS HIJOS? Growth and expansion Several years later, in 1966, their coverage extended into the country via channels 7 and 11 and its signal was extended to the north and northwest. Notably, in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, Rahintel operated on channel 11. However, they managed to create another frequency to transmit channel 7 in Santiago. This channel was known as Canal 7 Cibao. RAHINTEL HIZO LA PRIMERA : 1. TRANSMISION : SATELITAL. 2. DE LA HISTORIA : DOMINICANA. During the decade, Rahintel made their first satellite transmission, becoming the first channel of the Dominican Republic to do it.[1] Golden Age In 1983, Pedro Bonilla sold the TV station to Grupo Financiero Universal, controlled at the time by Leonel Almonte, who would expand the plant and their television programming, along with Milton Peláez, who launched offers to several shows on Color Visión. The episode of the "war of the ballots" had begun. Rahintel logo upon being acquired by Grupo Financiero Universal At the time, Rahintel won this "war" and managed to move several famous and competitive programs to the channel, having also included cartoons and anime like Force Five, Candy Candy, Thundercats, among others. In the late 80s, Grupo Financiero Universal collapses and several of their acquired artists and shows leave the channel. However, Rahintel continued broadcasting normally, still airing animated shows with good ratings. Decline, reboost and shutdown In the early 90s, a program called "Sabadíssimo" was created and was led by José Guillermo Sued but was later removed from the schedule. Telenovelas like Mari Amor and shows like Mission: Impossible, Tarzan, MacGyver, Freddy's Nightmares and other popular shows like Nubeluz were also transmitted. By the very end of the decade, Rahintel in decline. Still, ratings surprisingly increased with reruns of Candy Candy, and managed to obtain the rights to broadcast Tigres de Licey and Leones del Escogido matches for the 1998-1999 Dominican basecall season. These two teams came to compete for the championship that season and all occurrences of that final series were transmitted by channel 7. However, despite the transmission of the matches gave them an increase in ratings, their fate was sealed. After 40 years of operations, Rahintel silently shuts down in April 1999. The frequency was sold for a sum of $15.000.000 to Grupo Mercasid, who, in October, launched a new channel, Antena Latina. References: EXPOSITO, ELSA: Expósito, Elsa (2009). "TV DOMINICANA SE INICIA EN 1952 PETAN TRUJILLO FUE EL PIONERO" TV dominicana se inicia en 1952; Petán Trujillo fue el pionero". A Primera Plana. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2016. 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementMobile view --------- POR QUE EN TERMINOS DE LA : 1. ECONOMIA NARANJA. 2. DE LA NUEVA ECONOMIA. 3. DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, se consideran: LOS COMPONENTES DEL GASTO EN COMIDA DEL TURISTA, COMO EXPORTACIONES IN SITU, SI TALES: 1. FRUTAS. 2. VEGETALES. 3. CARNES. 4. JUGOS. 5. ARROCES. 6. HABICHUELAS. 7. CONDIMENTOS... LOS ELEMENTOS DE LA GASTRONOMIA O DE LA COCINA, INCLUYENDO LAS; RECTAS DE COCINA,son de: 1. PRODUCCION. 2. MANUFACTURA NACIONAL, es decir: SI HAN PARTIDO DE: AGRONEGOCIOS, FINCAS, GANADERIAS, DOMINICANAS, dando : ADEMAS EMPLEO EN LA CADENA DE LOGISTICA A: 1 ESTIBDORES. 2. TRANSPORTISTAS. 3. OBREROS DOMINICANOS, 4. CAMPESINOS, AGRICULTURES, 5. GANADEROS, PASTORES DOMINICANOS, a lo largo de dicho proceso de: 1. NUEVAS CADENAS DE: VALOR AGREGADO? --------- EL TURISMO & LA EXPORTABILIDAD, IN SITU, COMO FACTOR DE CRECIMIENTO: ORGANICO DE UNA ECONOMIA SOSTENIBLE. ------ Tourism and Exports as a means of Growth By Isabel Cortés-Jiménez 1 , Manuela Pulina 2 , Carme Riera i Prunera 3 and Manuel Artis 3 1Christel DeHaan SOURCE: 1.INSTITUTO DE TURISMO & VIAJES ESCUELA DE NEGOCIOS. UNIVERSIDAD DE NOTHINGHAN. 2. UNIVERSIDAD DE SASSARI, 2.1. CENTRO CRENOS DE INVESTIGACION 2.2. D.E.I. R. Universidad Sassari. 3. DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMETRIA 3.1. GRUPO DE INVESTIGACION AQR. 3.2. GRUPO DE INVESTIGACION IREA, UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA. Tourism and Travel Research Institute, Nottingham University Business School. Email: Isabel.Cortés-Jiménez@nottingham.ac.uk 2CRENoS Research Centre and D.E.I.R., Università di Sassari 3 AQR Research Group – IREA. Department of Econometrics, Universitat de Barcelona Abstract: This study expands existing research POR CONSIDERARTANTO A LAS : 1. EXPORTACIONES. 2. COMO AL TURISMO, FACTORES DE INFLUENCIA POTENCIAL EN EL CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO by considering both exports and tourism as potential influencing factors for economic growth. While trade of goods has been proven as a means of growth for countries, inbound TURISMO COMO EXPORTACION: NO TRADICIONAL tourism as nontraditional exports, has been scarcely examined in the literature. OBSERVANDO EN LA LONGITUDINALIDAD CASE STUDIES: ITALIA & ESPANA (1954-2000) Using data for Italy and Spain over the period 1954-2000 and COMO 1964-2000, RESPECTIVAMENTE: AMBOS TIPOS DE EXPORTACIONES: 1. DE BIENES. 2. DE TURISMO, FUERON INCLUIDOS EN EL MISMO : MODELO. 1964-2000 respectively, both exports of goods and tourism exports are included in the same model. CON CUALES METODOLOGIAS? 1. COINTEGRACION STANDARD. Standard cointegration 2. GRANGER CASUALITY. and Granger causality techniques are applied. QUE ARROJARON ESTOS RESULTADOS EN AMBOS ESTUDIOS LONGITUDINALES? The main results reveal the significance of both exports and tourism towards 1. CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO A LARGO: PLAZO. 2. CON ALGUNAS MODALIZACIONES O PECULIARIDADE, EN CADA CASO. longterm growth with some peculiarities for each country. . Key words: Tourism, ELG Hypothesis, TLG Hypothesis, Trade, Growth. . JEL codes: L83, C32, O49. . Acknowledgments. Carme Riera i Prunera acknowledges financial support from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Programa Nacional de I+D+I, ECO2008-05314/ECON. 2 1. INTRODUCTION. HACE POCO TIEMPO, EN ANOS RECIENTES... In recent years EXISTE UN CRECIENTE INTERES, HA SURGIDO UN CRECIENTE INTERES there has been an upsurge of interest POR AVERIGUAR QUE ROLE, QUE PITO TOCA... 1. EL TURISMO EN EL CRECIMIENTO: ECONOMICO. 2. EN LOS PAISES MENOS ADELANTANTADOS O NO INDUSTRIALIZADOS... FOCALIZANDO LA ATENCION EN: 1. POLITICAS ECONOMICAS. 2. PROMOTORAS DE LA CAPTACION DE: TURISMO INTERNAICIONAL. in the role of tourism for growth. Developing countries focus on economic policies to promote international tourism 1. COMO FUENTE POTENCIAL DE: CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO. as a potential source of economic growth. DE CUALQUER MODO, NUESTRO ENTENDIMIENTO, NUESTRA COMPRENSION However, our understanding SOBRE LAS CORRELACIONES, ENTRE: 1. EXPORTACIONES TRADICIONALES. 2. TURISMO. 3. CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO. of the relationship between traditional exports, tourism and economic growth TODAVIA ESTA : EN PROCESO... ES UN TERRITORIO DE INVESTIGACION: 1. NUEVO. 2. DE NATURALEZA : EXPLORATORIA. is still ongoing. The debate on whether or not countries should promote their tourism sector to achieve long-run economic growth IS A NOVEL ISSUE. is a novel issue. Until recently, MUCHA DE LA LITERATURA CIENTIFICA (ECONOMICA) SE HA ENFOCADO EN: BASICAMENTE, EN LOS BIENES O PRODUCTOS DEL SECTOR PRIMARIO DE LA ECONOMIA: 1. CAZA. 2. PESCA. 3. AGRICULTURA. 4. GANADERIA. 5. SILVICULTURA. 6. AGROFORESTERIA, COMO: PRODUCTOS DE EXPORTACION. LO MISMO QUE EN EL SECTOR: MAQUILA O MANUFACTURERO... -CASO CORPORACION DE ZONAS FRANCAS DE REPUBLICA DOMINICANA (1970-2019). much of the literature focussed on primary and manufactured product exports, PERO LOS AUTORES 7 AUTORAS, EN LA LITERATURA ESPECIALIZADA, HAN CREADO DISTINCIONES, MODALIZACIONES EN CADA UNA DE LAS CATEGORIAS... 1. EN SUS EFECTOS. 2. EN SUS IMPACTOS. EN EL CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO. with authors generally asserting that each category has different effects on growth. SE HA INCREMENTADO LA ATENCION O EL FOCO, DELIMITADO DE LOS ESTUDIOS A: 1. PRODUCTOS DISTINTOS... 1.1. NO MANUFACTURADOS: PRIMARIOS. 1.2. PERO QUE PERTENECEN A UNA: SUB-ESPECIE O SUB-CATEGORIA DE: PRODUCTOS: EN EL RUBRO, RAMA DE ACTIVIDAD: SERVICIOS. However, increasing attention is being paid to the exports of a quite different type of product, which is neither primary nor manufactured, but belongs to the so far neglected category of services. EN ESE SENTIDO: 1. EL TURISMO INTERNACIONAL. 2. PUEDE SER CONSIDERADO: UNA EXPORTACION, EN EL SENTIDO NO TRADICIONAL, DESDE EL MOMENTO EN QUE: 1. IMPLICA. 2. SER FUENTE DE: A. RECEPCION DE CONSUMIDORES. B. FUENTE DE RECEPCION MASIVA DE PERSONAS QUE NO : TRABAJAN, NI PRODUCEN DINERO EN ESE PAIS (Lo visitan por 90 dias o menos) portando DINERO, QUE TIENEN QUE: DECLARAR: 1. EN EL PUERTO. 2. AEROPUERTO. PARA GASTAR EN TAL ECONOMIA... (SOCIEDAD: HUESPED)... CON ESE DINERO, PROPIEDAD DEL: 1. CRUCERISTA. 2. VACACIONISTA. 3. TURISTA... NADA DE LO QUE EL HAGA EN TAL PAIS; EN TAL ECONOMIA, SERA UN FAVOR... 1. EL HA VENIDO A GASTAR SUS : AHORROS. 2. DESPUES DE UN ANO TRABAJANDO: DURA & HONESTAMENTE, EN SU PAIS DE ORIGEN O DONDE: 1. ESTUDIA, EN LA ESCUELA. 2. ESTUDIA EN LA UNIVERSIDAD. 3. TIENE UN : EMPLEO O ACTIVIDAD ECONOMICA: 1. LICITA O LEGAL, EN SU PAIS. 2. QUE LE OTORGA COMO TODOS LOS PAISES MIEMBROS DE OIT: VACACIONES PAGADAS... 2.1. PARA QUE SOLO O SOLA. 2.2. CON AMIGOS O AMIGAS. 2.3. CON SUS NINOS O NINAS. 2.4. CON SU ESPOSA O ESPOSO. 2.5. CON SU FAMILIA: GASTE TODO EL DINERO 1.QUE LES DE LA GANA ... 2.EN ESOS 90 DIAS... 3.HACIENDO TODO LO QUE LES DE LA GANA: 4.SI ESTA DENTRO DE LAS LEYES & LA CONSTITUCION, DEL PAIS AL CUAL LLEGAN COMO: TURISTAS.... ----------- EN EL CASO DOMINICANO: 1. NO MATRIMONIOS INFANTILES. 2. NO VENTA, DISTRIBUCION, NI CONSUMO DE DROGAS NARCOTICAS... 3. NO PEDOFIILIA... 4. NO PRODUCCION DE VIDEOS O CINE PORNO.... ----------------- In this respect, international tourism might be considered as an export in a non-traditional way since it implies a source of receipts and consumption in situ. EN EL ULTIMO SIGLO, EN EL NUEVO MILENIO The last century and the new millennium HEMOS SIDO TESTIGOS DEL INCREMENTO DE LOS FLUJOS TURISTICOS : MUNDIALES. have witnessed the prominent increase of tourism. EL VOLUMEN PRODUCIDO POR LA: ECONOMIA TURISTICA EN 1950: MOVIA O RECEPCIONABA A PENAS: 2 BILLONES DE DOLARES DE LOS EEUU. MIENTRAS QUE PARA EL ANO: 2006, SE LANZO POR LA FRIOLERA DE: 735 BILLONES DE DOLARES DE EEUU. In 1950, the number of international tourism receipts was 2 billion US dollar while in 2006 it was 735 billion. EN TODO EL MUNDO LAS LLEGADAS DE: TURISTAS A PENAS ERA: 25 MILLONES DE SERES HUMANOS, EN EL ANO 1950. International tourist arrivals have risen from 25 million in 1950 PERO SEGUN LA ORGANIZACION ESPECIALIZADA EN EL TURISMO MUNDIAL, TAL CIFRA, ALCANZO EN EL ANO : 2008, NADA MAS Y NADA MENOS QUE: 924 MILLONES DE PERSONAS. to 924 million in 2008 (UNWTO 2009). LA INDUSTRIA TURISTICA PRODUCE EN TODO EL MUNDO: 300 MILLONES DE: 1. EMPLEOS DIRECTOS. 2. EMPLEOS INDIRECTOS. According to the same source, tourism is responsible for 300 million direct and indirect jobs PERO ADEMAS REPRESENTA EL: 13% DEL PRODUCTO INTERNO BRUTO (PIB) global o del planeta tierra and represents 13% of the world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The preceding figures would increase markedly if domestic tourism too was taken into account . PERO NO ES SOLO ESO LO QUE HACE; 1. EL TURISMO POR LA ECONOMIA MUNDIAL. 2. TIENE OTROS IMPACTOS O EFECTOS ECONOMICOS, en el caso de la ECONOMIA DOMINICANA EN LAS DE: 80 SECTORES O SUB-SECTORES DE LOS DESARROLLOS DE COMPLEJOS O PROYECTOS TURISTICOS. 1. DESDE LA ARQUITECTURA & EL URBANISMO 2. HASTA EL PAISAJISMO & LA JARDINERIA. Tourism has important multiplier effects in other economic sectors, for instance, 1. AYUDANDO A NIVEL MACRO: A ALIVIAR LOS DEFICITS DE: LA BALAZA DE PAGOS. it may help to alleviate deficits in the balance of payments, 2. INCREMENTANDO LOS VOLUMENES DE LAS RESERVAS DEL : BANCO CENTRAL, DE REPUBLICA DOMINICANA to increase exchange reserves 3. CREANDO UNOS FLUJOS ESTABLES: 1. IMPUESTOS. 2. TRIBUTOS, PARA CADA MUNICIPALIDAD O AYUNTAMIENTO. and to generate tax earnings. SE HA CONVERTIDO EN UN LUGAR COMUN: 1. LA CREENCIA DE UE TURISMO, puede: JUGAR UN ROLE, ESENCIAL, FUNDAMENTAL 2. EN EL CASO CONCRETO DE LOS : PAISES MENOS ADELANTADOS O MENOS INSTRIALIZADOS DEL MUNDO... ACELERNADO: 1. SU DESARROLLO HUMANO. 2. SU DESARROLLO ECONOMICO... DESDE UN NUEVO RITMO DE CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO, POR LA INYECCION DE: TALES CONSUMOS DEL DOLAR & DEL EURO, TURISTICO. There is an increasing and widely accepted belief that tourism can play a fundamental role for developing countries to achieve economic growth and development. ESTE HECHO ESTA FUERTEMENTE RESPALDADO... This fact is strongly supported by international organizations such as UNWTO and World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). UNCTAD EN 2004... For instance, the United Nations conference on Trade and Development held in 2004 declared that for many developing countries, particularly least developed countries Y LAS ISLAS PEQUENAS... and small islands, 1. TURISMO ES UNA DE 1.1.LAS POCAS SOSTENIBLES & VIABLES tourism constitutes one of a few viable 1.2.OPCIONES CONFIABLES DE: DESARROLLO INTEGRAL development options 3. CONVIRTIENDOSE EN LA PRINCIPAL FUENTE DE CAPTACION DE: MONEDAS DURAS O CONVERTIBLES. and it is often the principal source of foreign exchange earnings. Subsequently, national governments of 3 emerging countries apply policies in favour of tourism expansion under the argument that tourism does not only draw upon the resources of the national economy and could be a promoting tool to economic growth, PERO TAMBIEN ESTIMULA: 1. EL CRECIMIIENTO 2.DE OTROS SECTORES ECONOMICOS, ENTRE ELLOS ... LAS MYPIMES... but it also stimulates the growth of other economic sectors via multiplier and spill-over effects. It seems reasonable to reckon that the defence of the tourism role within the national economy stems from the observation of successful experiences; that is, countries that became economically developed and experienced an expansion of international tourism. Interestingly, EN EL RANKING MUNDIAL DE DESTINOS TURISTICOS, de la UNWTO: 1. LOS PAISES MENOS ADELANTADOS. 2. MENOS INDUSTRIALIZADOS. 3. OCUPAN LA POSICION DE: LIDERAZGO MUNDIAL. while the ranking of top tourism destinations worldwide provided by the UNWTO shows that the first positions are occupied essentially by developed countries, the ranking of the top emerging tourism destinations (which have a growth rate of international tourist arrivals above the world average and an increase of at least 100,000 arrivals per year) CONTIENE MAYORMENTE: PAISES EN VIAS DE DESARROLLO O DE DESARROLLO 1. TARDO -CAPITALISTA. 2. TARDO-INDUSTRIALIZACION. contains mostly developing countries. This picture suggests that emerging countries are probably trying to imitate other known experiences. As Sinclair (1998) pointed out, it is important to take into account previous successful models of tourism and economic growth, COMO LE MODELO ESPENOL... 1. NO PUEDE SER: CALCADO O COPIADO ACRITICAMENTE... 2. Tiene que ser DOMINICANIZADO, APLATANADO... as the Spanish one, though the model should not be copied exactly, DE CONFORMIDADCON LAS: 1. CARACTERISTICAS: CONCRTETAS, ESPECIFICAS. 2. DE CADA PAIS .but suited to the economic characteristics of every country. The field of research focused on the relationship between tourism and economic growth is still in development. Nowadays, there are two generally accepted methodologies that can be applied to estimate the impact of tourism on GDP: the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) and the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. Encouraged by the UNWTO and the WTTC, many countries use a TSA to quantify the contribution of tourism and travelling to different sectors of the economy. As Blake et al. (2006) underline, TSAs provide an ideal basis for CGE models that can examine the analytical and policy-related questions that the more descriptive TSA are not designed to answer. The first tool, TSA, is commonly employed by international organizations such as WTTC and national governments, whilst the second tool, the CGE model, has received much attention in specialised tourism literature. However, scarce attention has been paid to the long-run relationship between tourism expansion and economic growth to date, and particularly to the econometric testing of these assumptions. Considering the great contribution of the tourism industry to the world economy, the research in this field may be of significant importance. In particular, the investigation of the relationship between tourism and economic growth in the long term, demonstrating theoretical assumptions and encompassing all types of tourism – domestic and inbound tourism – at a national and 4 regional level of analysis, can provide crucial information for policy formulations and strategic planning by the government, as well as tourism businesses. LA NATURALEZA DINAMICA DEL TURISMO... The dynamic nature of tourism as well as its potential role as a tool to achieve economic development calls for updated research to improve our understanding of its practical implications. To this respect, in the tourism literature, there are two main streams of thought stemming from the so-called Export-Led Growth (ELG) hypothesis. On the one side, Nowak et al. (2007) argue that economic growth can be achieved via increases in the volume of inputs. This economic relationship is known as Tourism Capital Imports to Growth (TKIG). The TKIG hypothesis has been empirically supported for the case of Spain (Nowak et al. 2007), confirming that economic development and industrialisation in Spain were achieved since the early Sixties through imports of capital goods mainly financed by tourism receipts (Sinclair and Bote Gómez 1996). On the other side, the Tourism-Led Growth (TLG) hypothesis postulates that the economic growth of countries can be generated by expanding international tourism as a non-traditional export. A comprehensive review on the TLG hypothesis is provided by Cortés-Jiménez and Pulina (2009). ----------- UN DIA COMO HOY MUERE: INGENIERO PEDRO PABLO BONILLA, FUNDADOR DEL CANAL DE TELEVISION DOMINICANO: RAHINTEL, en 1957. -------- QUE ES ITB. BERLIN, desde el ano: 1966? ------------ ITB Berlin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITB_Berlin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ITB ES LA BOLSA INTERNACIONAL DE: TURISMO. The ITB Berlin (Internationale Tourismus-Börse Berlin) IS LA FERIA DE LA INDUSTRIA DE LAS CIENCIAS DE LA HOSPITALIDAD & DEL TURISMO, MAS GRANDE DEL MUNDO. is the world's largest tourism trade fair. QUIENES EN TODO EL MUNDO, ASISTEN A DICHA FERIA? 1. HOTELES. 2. BUROS DE TURISMO. 3. OPERADORES DE LA INDUSTRIA: TURISTICA. 4. PROVEEDORES DE SISTEMAS O CIENCIAS TICs. 5. LINEAS AEREAS -INCLUYENDO LAS LINEAS AEREAS: DEL GOBIERNO DE CADA PAIA O: LINEAS AEREAS: BANDERA NACIONAL- LINEAS AEREAS PRIVADAS. LA INDUSTRIA DE LAS CIENCIAS: LOGISTICAS, POR VIA DE LA: AEROTRANSPORTACION de flujos de: PASAJEROS. 1. MOTIVACION DE VIAJE: TURISMO 2. TIEMPO PARA HACER DICHOS DESPLAZAMIENTOS: VACACIONES LABORALES. VACAIONES FAMILIARES. VACACIONES ESCOLARES VACACIONES ESTACIONALES: 1.--Semana Santa. 2.-Vacaciones & Fiestas de Navidad. 3.-Vacaciones de Verano. 4.-Vacaciones en terminos GENERALES; TURISMO SOCIAL. 5. Turismo de Negocios. 6.Turismo de Salud & Bienestar. 7. TURISMO DE: NOVIAZGO, MATRIMONIO, LUNA DE MIEL... The companies represented at the fair include hotels, tourist boards, tour operators, system providers, airlines and car rental companies. AGENCIAS DE RENTA DE VEHICUOS DE: 1. MOTOR. 2. CON CHOFER & SIN CHOFER... 3. CON GUIAS TURISTICOS O SIN GUIAS: TURISTICOS. HISTORICAMENTE desde el ano 1966: ITB, CONVOCA a todos los : 1. Stakeholders. 2. Shareholders A NIVEL MUNDIAL de este segmento de la ECONOMIA NARANAJA O DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA MUNDIAL, fundamentada en: 1. PERSONAS, altamente entrenadas. 2. QUE ATIENDEN, miman, apapachan a; OTRAS PERSONAS. 1. DESE LA OFERTA DE SOLUCIONES: PERSONALES, para quien salio de su casa: A GOZAR SUS VACACIONES. 1.1 SOLO. 1.2 EN PAREJA. 1.3. EN FAMILIA. 1.4. CON GRUPOS DE AMIGOS & AMIGAS. 1.5. CON COMPANEROS DE TRABAJO: De oficina. De hospital. De clinica. 1.6. PERSONAS DE TODO TIPO DE : GRUPOS DE EDAD O SEGMENTOS ETARIOS DEL MERCADO: DEMANDANTE DE PROPUESTAS & OFERTAS : INDUSTRIALES, TURISTICAS. 1. Ninos. 2. Jovenes. 3. Adultos. 4. Envejecientes. 5. Ancianos. 6. Muy ancianos. 7. CON O SIN DIVERSIDAD FUNCIOINAL, CON O SIN DISCAPACIDAD... Pero la existencia del aparato: BOEING 787 PERMITIRA POR PRIMERA VEZ EN LA HISTORIA: 1. QUE LAS PERSONAS CON ALGUNA : DISCAPACIDAD. 1.1.VIAJEN CON SU : CUIDADOR O CUIDADORA. EN EL MISMO ASIENTO. 1.2. O BIEN: RENTEN ESOS SERVICIOS DE: CUIDADO PERSONAL, EN EL DESTINO: TURISTICO... 1. REPRESNETANDO este segmento del mercado mundial... 2. UNA NUEVA FUENTE DE EMPLEOS PRODUCTIVOS DE RIQUEZA, para padres y madres de familia DOMINICANOS, 1.SIN EDUCACION FORMAL O UNIVERSITARIA SIEMPRE QUE SEPAN : 2.HABLAR INGLES. The ITB Berlin takes place annually in March at the Messe Berlin. The fair always has an official partner country, in 2018 (March 7-11) represented by the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. ITB HA LOGRADO DIVERSIFICARSE (1066-2019), construyendo EVENTOS SATELITE en SOCIEDADES, CULTURAS, CIVILIZACIONES & ECONOMIAS: ANTIQUISIMAS... COMO: 1. INDIA. 2. CHINA. 3. SINGAPUR ITB Berlin (or just ITB) has been running since 1966 and now has managed to establish satellite events in China, India and Singapore.[1]. LA LABOR DE : 1. B2B. 2.B2C desde ITB, BERLIN, apuesta al : ACERCAMIENTO DE MAYORISTAS 1. VISITANTES. 2. OPERADORES TURISTICOS. The thematically ordered market segments help visitors and exhibitors to quickly find their way through the wide product range of ITB Berlin: LA FERIA ESTA SEGMENTADA EN : EL ESPACIO FISICO, A PARTIR DE SU DISENO ARQUITECTONICO & FERAIL: ORIGINAL. 1. ATLAS MUNDIALES: GEOGRAFIA TURISTICA. Book World, 2. MOTIVACION DE VIAJE: NEGOCIOS. 3. DIAS DE VIAJES. 4. CRUCEROS. 5. TURISMO CULTURAL. 6.ACOMODACIONES ECONOMICAS. 7. MUNDO DEL TURISMO DIGITAL O E-TRAVEL. 8. TURISMO DE AVENTURA. 9. TURISMO MOVIL (CIENCIAS TICs) apoyo al USUARIO FINAL O CLIENTE POTENCIAL, demandante individual o familiar de : 1. SERVICIOS TURISTICOS. 2. MARKETING TURISTICO. 10. CENTRO DE ACOPIO DE: TALENTOS CIENTIFICOS & TECNOLOGICOS, DENTRO DE ESTA ESPECIALIDAD. 1. OPORTUNIDADES DE ENTRENAMIENTO. 2. OPORTUNIDADES PARA DESARROLLO DE CARRERAS, DENTRO DE: 2.1. LAS CIENCIAS DEL OCIO. 2.2. LAS CIENCIAS DEL DEPORTE. 2.3. GESTION O ADMINISTRACION DE PROYECTOS TURISTICOS & AFINES. 11. OFERTAS ESPECIALIZADAS EN: CIENCIAS TICs: EN EL RENGLONN HIPER-ESPECIALIZADO DE: 1. TECNOLOGIAS APLICADAS A LOS VIAJES TURISTICOS. 2. GEOGRAFIA DIGITAL. 3. DESARROLLO LOCAL SOSTENIBLE. 4. DESARROLLO REGIONAL SOSTENIBLE. 5. DESARROLLO HUMANO SOSTENIBLE. 6. DESARROLLO ECONOMICO SOSTENIBLE. 12. TENDENCIAS MUNDIALES DE LA: INDUSTRIA TURISTICA. 13. EVENTOS MUNDIALES, EN EL CALENDARIO: 2020-2021, dentro de la INDUSTRIA TURISTICA GLOBAL. 14. TURISMO DE BIENESTAR: el cual se dedica a todas las actividades DENTRO & FUERA DE: MYPIMES, espacializadas con el CUIDADO PERSONAL, otra oportunidad para la : ECONOMIA PRODUCTIVA DE RIQUEZA & DE NEGOCIOS EN: REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. 15. TENDENCIAS MUNDIALES EN : TURISMO JUVENIL (2020-2021). Business Travel Days, Cruises, Cultural Tourism, Economy Accommodation, eTravel World, Adventure & Responsible Tourism, Gay & Lesbian Travel, ITB Mobile Travel Services, Training and Employment (Career Center), Travel Technology, Trends & Events, Wellness, Youth Travel. 7,000 PERIODISTAS: ESPECIALIZADOS EN LA INDUSTRIA TURISTICA, se ven cara a cara en ITB, Berlin. In 2012, about 7,000 journalists attended the ITB Berlin, of whom about PERO SOLO : 1500 PROCEDEN DEL : EXTRANJERO? 1. POR QUE? 2. PORQUE SE TRATA DE UNA : INDUSTRIA MUY COMPLEJA. 2.1. BASADA EN : INTAGIBLES. 2.2. VEASE DIRECTIVA: CONTABLE No. 38. 2.3. UNA INDUSTRIA BASADA : 100% EN EL CAPITAL HUMANO, EN EL CAPITAL SIMBOLICO, EN EL CAPITAL RELACIONAL, EN EL CAPITAL GERENCIAL, EN EL CAPITAL COMUNICACIONAL, para desde la economia naranja o la economia creativa: 1. CREAR GOODWILL. 2. FIDELIZAR AL CLIENTE. 3. MOTIVAR : LA RECOMPRA... 4. QUE EL TURISTA : REGRESE EL PROXIMO ANO : AL MISMO DESTINO, en nuestro caso: ATRAERLOS HACIA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA... 1,500 came from abroad. POR QUE SON IMPORTANTES, LOS TALENTOS PROFESIONALES, LLAMADOS: 1. FOTOGRAFOS ARTISTICOS. 2. VIDEOGRAPHERS. 3. CINEASTAS... PARA QUE TODOS ESTOS SUENOS SE: CONVIERTAN EN PLANES DE NEGOCIOS: 1. RENTABLES. 2. EXITOSOS. 3. BANCARIZABLES. 4. SOSTENIBLES? PORQUE ANTES DE VIAJAR, el turista o la turista: 1. SE INFORMA. 2. COMPRA REVISTAS ESPECIALIZADAS. 3. VISITA O CONSULTA A SU: AGENTE DE VIAJES. 4. VISITA: ONLINE: LAS AGENCIAS DE VIAJES. PERO ESO LO HACE : UN INDIVIDUO, UN PADRE O MADRE DE FAMILIA... EL MAYORISTA QUE ESTA INVIRTIENDO: GRANDES SUMAS DE DINERO, NO PUEDE ORIENTARSE, POR PUBLICACIONES: 1.GENERALES O PARA EL GRAN PUBLICO, 2.COMO LOS PERIODICOS. NECESITA: 1. PAGINAS WEB. ESPECIALIZADAS: EN LA INDUSTRIA MUNDIAL DEL TURISMO. 2. REVISTAS WEB : ESPECIALIZADAS EN LA INDUSTRIA MUNDIAL DEL TURISMO. CUALES SON ESAS: PUBLICACIONES ESPECIALIZADAS? 1. LAS REVISTAS ESPECIALIZADAS EN: 1.1.VIAJES, 1.2.NEGOCIOS, 1.3. INVERSIONES: -INDUSTRIALES TURISTICAS- 1.3.1. EN HISTORIAS DE VIDA DE : EMPRENDEDORES TURISTICOS, CON LAS METODOLOGIAS DE: 1. MANUFACTURA, 2.DE KAYZEN, 3.DE TQM TURISTICO 4. EN BIOGRAFIAS: DE LIDERES TURISTICOS GLOBALES. 1.3.2. REVISTAS ESPECIALIZADAS EN: 1.3.2.1.NEGOCIOS TURISTICOS. 1.3.2.2.FINANZAS TURISTICAS. 1.3.2.3. ESTADISTICAS GLOBALES: TRUISTICAS. 1.3.2.4.TASAS DE RETORNO. 1.3.2.5.ECONOMIA TURISTICA. 1.3.2.6.OPORTUNIDADES DE INVERSION: GLOBALES: EN LA ESPECIFICIDAD: TURISTICA. QUE ES UN PERIODISTA O UNA PERIODISTA DE VIAJES? 1. UN ESPECIALISTA, EN VIAJAR. 2. UN ESPECIALISTA: EN VIVIR EXPERIENCIAS TURISTICAS. 3. UN RECOMENDADORO RECOMENDADORA DE : DESTINOS TURISTICOS. 4. INDEPENDIENTE: ES DECIR, CREIBLE, A NIVEL MUNDIAL: PORQUE NO TIENE : CONFLICTOS DE INTERESES. 1. NO RECIBE PAGOS DE HOTELES. 2. NO RECIBE PAGOS DE TOUROPERADORES. 3. NO RECIBE PAGOS DE: GOBIERNOS.... In addition to the industry's leading trade magazines, business and DENTRO DE ESOS PERFILES ANTERIORES 94 PAISES, ENVIAN CON: 1. CONFIANZA. 2. CON FE. 3. SUS PRODUCTOS & SERVICIOS 4. PARA GENERAR TENDENCIAS & NUEVOS PRODUCTOS. travel journalists from 94 countries also report on the latest travel trends and products.[2] 11,000 STANDS O PUESTOS DE EXHIBICION SON DISPUESTOS EN ITB, BERLIN... 1. DESDE 180 PAISES. 2. ITB BERLIN, es BOLSA MUNDIAL DE TURISMO: pero como toda dferia, es un : EVENTO TURISTICO EN SI MISMO... 1. ATRAE: 170 MIL VISITANTES. 11,000 exhibitors from 180 countries welcomed 170,000 visitors, 2. PERO NO SON TURISTAS: CURIOSOS, SINO GENTE PODEROSA -CON DINERO EN EL BOLSILLO- PARA: 1. COMPRAR NUEVAS IDEAS, AL POR MAYOR. 2.EN LA ECONOMIA NARANAJA O EN LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA MAS DE 2/3 DE LOS CONVERGENTES EN TALES EXHIBICIONES: CATEGORIZADOS EN EL PERFIL DE: 1).VISITANTES DE NEGOCIOS... 2).113,000, INDIVIDUALIDADES... Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV. CCIAV, CC4AVE. Talents, Criticism, Friendship! Salut, Polis, Ecumene! (1959-2019) ---- among these, 113,000 were trade visitors.[3] References "ITB Berlin History & Information". Retrieved 29 November 2019. http://www.itb-berlin.de/en/MediaCentre/ http://www.itb-berlin.de/en/AboutITBBerlin/ITBAtAGlance/ External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to ITB Berlin. Official website Coordinates: 52°30′14″N 13°16′24″E vte Tourism Categories: Trade fairs in GermanyTraveling exhibits Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Deutsch Español Français Polski Português Русский Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2019, at 08:14 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementMobile view ------------ Nearly five decades have passed since it all began – an eventful time full of important societal and political changes. This is also the time in which the tourism industry developed into one of the world’s most important economic factors – along with its leading trade show. Today, ITB Berlin is the leading trade show of the worldwide travel industry and, at the same time, the biggest travel show for the German public. A detailed history of the ITB Berlin: History ITB Berlin (PDF, 270.1 kB) Press release about ITB Berlin history (PDF, 201.2 kB) ------- -------- ITB, BERLIN: 8 AL 20 MARZO, 2020 -------- The worldwide travel industry and, at the same time, the biggest travel show for the German public. ------ A detailed history of the ITB Berlin: HISTORY ITB GERLIN History ITB Berlin (PDF, 270.1 kB) Press release about ITB Berlin history (PDF, 201.2 kB) Picture ITB Berlin History Gallery ITB, BERLIN, NACE EN EL ANO : 1966. https://www.itb-berlin.com/ITBBerlin/FactsFigures/History/ ---------------- RUSSA, Lourdes: ESTUDIO & DIAGNOSTICO DEL TURISMO DE SALUD & BIENESTAR de la REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. ------- CUANDO TERMINARON LOS PASAJES BARATOS DE AVION, VOLANDO POR: DOMINICANA DE AVIACION, A FRANKFURT, LO NUNCA VISTO 1.DESDE SU FUNDACION EN 1944. 2.PARALELO CON LA : FUNDACION DE ICAO, EN CHICAGO? PUES, tristemente, ESE CANAL AEREO DE EDUCACION : 1.SUPERIOR -DE EXCELENCIA MUNDIAL- 2.BA-RA-TA.... 3.MEDICA 4.ESPECIALIZADA... TERMINO EN EL ANO: 1995... SE DIJO QUE : DOMINICANA DE AVIACION CERRARIA SUS PUERTAS: 1. A LA JUVENTUD ESTUDIOSA, DOMINICANA ansiosa de la oportunidad educativa, de su: ESPECIALIZACION MEDICA -DE CLASE MUNDIAL- VIAJANDO A: FRANKFURT, -ALEMANIA OCCIDENTAL- 1. A COMPRAR: LIBROS & REVISTAS DE: MEDICINA ESPECIALIZADA & ACTUAL. 2. A COMPRAR EQUIPO, 2.1.TECNOLOGIA, 2.2.MEDICA. 3. A HACER INVERSIONES -EN BIENES DE CAPITAL- PARA SUS: 3.1.CLINICAS, 3.2.PARA SUS CONSULTORIOS PRIVADOS... 3.3.3PARA BRINDAR: 1. CALIDAD MUNDIAL, EN EL SERVICIO A SUS PACIENTES... 2. PARA MEJORAR

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

LA AGRICULTURA MUNDIAL EN 2030: LAS TENDENCIAS SEGUN LA FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/y4252e/y4252e11.htm ---- COMERCIO AGRICOLA, POLITICAS COMERCIALES & EL SISTEMA DE ALIMENTAICON MUNDIAL. ----------- Agricultural trade, trade policies and the global food system 9.1 Introduction For centuries countries have relied on trade in agricultural and food commodities TO SUPLEMENT AND COMPLEMENT to supplement and complement THEIR DOMESTIC PRODUCTION. their domestic production. The uneven distribution of land resources and the influence of climatic zones on the ability to raise plants and animals have led to trade between and within continents. Historical patterns of settlement and colonization contributed to the definition of trade patterns and to the emergence of an infrastructure to support such trade. More recently, transnational firms with global production and distribution systems have taken over from post-colonial trade structures as a paradigm for the organization of world agricultural trade. Changes in consumer taste have encouraged the emergence of global markets and added to the significance of trade. POCOS PAISES PODRIAN SOBREVIVIR SI SE ELIMINARA EL COMERCIO: MUNDIAL DE ALIMENTOS Few countries could survive the elimination of agricultural trade without a considerable drop in national income, and none could do so without CONSIDERABLE REDUCTION IN: 1. CONSUMER . 2. CHOISE. 3. WELL-BEING. considerable reduction in consumer choice and well-being. The projections presented in Chapter 3 suggest that the role of trade in meeting GLOBAL FOOD DEMAND WILL INCREASE OVER THE NEXT 30 YEARS... global food demand will further increase over the next 30 years. Developed countries will provide a growing share of developing countries’ food needs, and in return will continue to import larger quantities of other agricultural products, NOTABLY: 1. TROPICAL BEVERAGES. 2. RUBBER. 3. FIBRES. notably tropical beverages, rubber and fibres. However, the developing countries are not a homogenous trading bloc. While the group as a whole 1.WIL INCREASE ITS NET EXPORTS 2.OF TROPICAL PRODUCTS. will increase its net exports of tropical products and import more and more temperate-zone commodities, within the group there will remain important net exporters of temperate-zone commodities. Like all projections, the global trade outlook presented in this chapter is based on numerous assumptions about the LIKELY: 1. EVOLUTION OF POLICIES. likely evolution of policies 1.1.THAT WILL AFFECT TRADE FLOWS that will affect trade flows, 1.2. AS WELL AS BASIC TRENDS. 1.2.1. IN INCOME. 1.2.2. POPULATION. 1.2.3. PRODUCTIVITY. as well as basic trends in income, population and productivity. A principal premise of the quantitative projections is the continuation of existing policies related to the support and protection of agriculture, including policy changes that will be implemented in the future, for example, the EU's Everything but Arms Initiative (EBA) that foresees A LIBERAL IMPORT REGIME: 1. RICE. 2. SUGAR. IN THE FUTURE. a liberal import regime for rice and sugar from the least developed countries (LDCs) in the future. If policies differ substantially in the future, so will the outcomes. If, for instance, the reform process that began under the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture were to achieve a fundamental reform of the sector, and if there were significant reductions in production-enhancing subsidies and protection in industrial countries, this could have an impact on predicted trading patterns. And if policy reforms extended beyond the developed countries and led to the removal of the remaining bias against agriculture in the policy of several developing countries, THIS CULD MOBILIZE RESOURCES this could mobilize resources 1. TO ENHANCE PRODUCTIVITY to enhance productivity 2. AND STIMULATE DEVELOPMENT 3. RURAL ECONOMY. and stimulate development of the rural economy.1 As a consequence, much of the qualitative discussion in the chapter is an attempt to indicate 1.HOW POLICIES MIGHT DEVELOP 2.OVER THE NEXT THREE DECADES how policies might develop over the next three decades. This chapter begins with a discussion (Section 9.2) of the evolution of patterns in global agricultural trade. The analysis reviews the changing share of agricultural trade relative to manufactures in world trade and identifies the 1.RAPIDILY CHANGING ROLE rapidly changing role 2. OF AGRICULTURAL TRADE. 3. IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. of agricultural trade in the developing countries. This is followed by a discussion of the agricultural trade balances for developing countries by major commodity categories. It shows changes in the net trade balances of these product categories. It also provides an overview of complementarity and competition in global agricultural trade and how, where, and to WHAT EXTEND POLICIES HAVE: 1. AFFECT THE CURRENT TRADING 2.PATTERNS. 3. BETWEEN DEVELOPING 4. AND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. what extent policies have affected the current trading patterns between developing and developed countries. Section 9.3 examines the trade policy environment, focusing on the Agreement on Agriculture. It assesses the progress made to create a “fair and market-oriented” trading system for agriculture, and looks at other trade policy developments in agriculture, particularly the role of preferential and regional trade agreements. Section 9.4 addresses the prospects for and likely impacts of further reforms in the current and future rounds of negotiations, with particular attention to the ways in which the new emphasis on non-trade concerns will influence trade liberalization. This is followed by an analysis of how different policy options could affect and alter the baseline projections to 2030. The focus is on the stake of developing countries in international agricultural trade policy reform. The chapter concludes (Section 9.5) by looking at the emerging issues that will affect the overall trade policy environment and how they may influence agricultural trade in the coming three decades. 9.2 Long-term trends in the pattern of global agricultural trade 9.2.1 From agricultural exports to manufactures exports The last 50 years have witnessed an impressive growth in international trade. The volume of global merchandise trade has increased 17-fold, more than three times faster than the growth in world economic output. A number of factors contributed to this growth. Average import tariffs on manufactures, for instance, fell from 40 to 4 percent over the four decades of trade negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (Abreu, 1996). Non-policy factors have also been important, including a reduction in transport costs and new transportation facilities as well as cheaper and more efficient communications. Moreover, growth in manufactures trade has been spurred by the rapid expansion of intra-industry and intrafirm trade, exploiting a division of labour within companies operating across various countries or continents. MUCH OF THIS TRADE IS AN: 1. EXCHANGE. 2. OF COMPONENTS 3.SEMI-PROCESSED PRODUCTS. Much of this trade is an exchange of components or semi-processed products. FINALLY, MANUFACTURES BENEFITED FROM A VIRTOUS CIRCLE Finally, manufactures benefited from a virtuous circle whereby the gains from trade translated into higher incomes and in turn fuelled growth in trade. Agricultural trade 1.HAS ALSO GROWN DURING 2.THE LAST 150 YEARS. has also grown during the last 50 years, but only at about the rate of global economic output. Notable among the factors that contributed to this relatively slow growth in trade was the failure to include agriculture fully in the multilateral trade negotiations under GATT that were so successful in reducing industrial tariffs. As a result, agricultural tariffs are as high now, on average, as industrial tariffs were in 1950. The effects of high border protection have been compounded by domestic support policies in many developed countries and in some developing countries by policies that promoted import substitution at the expense of international trade. Growth in agricultural exports from developing countries was also held back by the limited absorption capacity of their export markets. The major part of their agricultural exports was destined for largely saturated developed country markets without much responsiveness in demand. TROPICAL PRODUCTS: 1. COFFEE. 2. COCOA. 3.TEA. 4. RUBBER. Tropical products such as coffee, cocoa, tea or rubber were most severely affected by these limitations. Rising output from developing countries met inelastic demand in developed countries and resulted in a persistent downward pressure on prices. In fact, lower prices cancelled out much of the gains in export volumes with the result that export earnings increased only moderately. Moreover there has been very little intra-industry or intrafirm trade in food and agricultural products. This reflects mainly the nature of agricultural trade, which is often largely determined by different agro-ecological conditions. But intra-industry trade has also been held back by traditional trade and investment barriers that made international sourcing more difficult than for manufactures. When and where these barriers have declined, the exchange of processed and semi-processed agricultural products has increased considerably and brought about levels of intra-industry/intrafirm trade close to levels observed for non-agricultural products (see Chapter 10). Much of this trade has been stimulated by the activities of global food companies and traders, but has also involved retailers and small food exporters exploiting niche markets. The result of the rapid export growth in manufactures and slow growth in agricultural exports was a dramatic decline in the relative importance of agricultural exports. The share of developing countries’ agricultural exports in their overall exports fell from nearly 50 percent at the beginning of the 1960s to barely more than 5 percent by 20002 (Figure 9.1). Even for the group of the 49 LDCs, where agriculture is often the largest sector of the economy, the share of agricultural exports declined from more than 65 percent in the early 1960s to less than 15 percent by 2000 (Figure 9.1). Whereas the low shares for developing countries are, among many other factors, also a reflection of protectionist policies in OECD countries, OECD policies have probably contributed to keeping shares high for the LDCs. The numerous preference agreements in which they participate offer the LDCs higher export prices and encourage them to export more than otherwise. http://www.fao.org/3/y4252e/y4252e11.htm ---------------- AHORA QUE NUESTRA DIPLOMACIA HA: CONQUISTADO UNA VICTORIA PARA LA: 1. INDUSTRIA MUSICAL DOMINICANA. 2. PARA LA INDUSTRIA DEL DISCO DOMINICANA, 3. PARA LA INDUSTRIA DE LOS CONCIERTOS EN VIVO DOMINICANA. 4. PARA LAS INDUSTRIAS CULTURALES DOMINICANAS, 5. PARA LA INDUSTRIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA. 6. PARA LA : ORIGINALIDAD DE LOS COMPOSITORES & DE LAS COMPOSITORAS DOMINICANAS, de: 1. GENEROS COMO: MERENGUE. 2. BACHATA. AHORA QUE EL CANCILLER, MIGUEL VARGAS MALDONADO HA PROMETIDO UN GRAN FIESTON NACIONAL DE CELEBRACION... Quizas sea el momento de recordar a un amigo: LUIS DIAS PORTORREAL. 1. NACIDO POBRE, CAMPESINO DOMINICANO. 2. EN MAIMON, BONAO. A sus 14 anos de edad, comenzo a BUSCARSE CON UNA GUITARRA ... Y LLEGO LEJOS, CON SUS MULTIPLES TALENTOS 7 SUS MULTIPLES INTELIGENCIAS, hasta hacerse acreedor de la PATERNIDAD DEL: ROCK DOMINICANO... NO lo logro en un dia, NI en 10 anos... NI EN 20... SINO COIMO TODOS LOS CIENTIFICOS & LAS CIENTIFICAS: TICs... DEDICANDO TODA SU VIDA A SU : PROFESION. DEDICANDO TODA SU SALUD: A SU PROFESION. DEDICANDO TODA SU JUVENTUD: A SU PROFESION... hasta verse coronado por el maximo logro de un: autodidacta o una autodidacta... SER ACEPTADO POR LA FEDERACION MUNDIAL DE GUITARRISTAS... 1. UN SIMPLE PAPEL... 2. EL PORTADOR: LUIS DIAS PORTORREAL. 3. ESTA AUTORIZADO POR ESTA HONABLE FEDERACION MUNDIAL DE GUITARRISTAS, PARA EJECUTAR, ESTE INSTRUMENTO: EN CUALQUIER ESCENARIO DEL MUNDO. FIRMA: ERIC CLAPTON. PRESIDENTE FEDERACION MUNDIAL DE GUITARRISTAS. ---------- LA PRIMERA VEZ, EN MI VIDA QUE LEI Y VI UNA REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA: EL CORREO DE LA UNESCO, me encontraba CASTIGADO, porque ME QUEME EN LA ESCUELA en 7mo curso de la primaria... 1. ME CONDENARON A: ASISTIR A UNA ESCUELA PUBLICA, un ano, PARA QUE VEA LO QUE LE PASA EN LA VIDA a los ninos QUE: NO APRENDEN MATEMATICAS... COMO ADEREZO de tal castigo, se me hizo caminar: 800 kilometros en todo el ano escolar... DE LA CIENAGA, KM. 14 AUTOPISTA DUARTE, HASTA LA ESCUELA BASICA DE LOS ALCARRIZOS -Mi papa, tenia los juegos un poco pesados, con las MALAS NOTAS ESCOLARES- 1. QUE RECUERDO DE ESE ANO: EN EL CORAZON DEL PUEBLO? 1. LOS SOLES del mediodia. 2. La AUTOPISTA DUARTE... 3. Los amigos que hice alli... en la ESCUELA. 4. Los amigos de infancia: EN LA CIENAGA.... PERO LO QUE MAS ME INFLUYO EN TODA MI VIDA... Fue el profesor DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES, llamado: BOLIVAR.... 1. SUS CLASES, SIEMPRE ERAN : DIVERTIDAS. 2. SUS CLASES ESTABAN LLENAS DE: IMAGENES DE TODO EL MUNDO... Un dia le pregunta DE DONDE UN MAESTRO, DE UNA ESCUELA PUBLICA DOMINICANA? 1. SACABA TODA ESA INFORMACION : ACTUALIZADA. 2. CUANTO TIEMPO EN SU CASA: INVERTIA EN PREPARAR CON AMOR, aquellas EXCELENTES CLASES DE : 1. HISTORIA MUNDIAL. 2. GEOGRAFIA MUNDIAL. -Me dijo, te invitare a mi casa, al final de clases, para CONTARTE CUAL ES EL SECRETO DEL: EXITO DE MIS CLASES DE HISTORIA & DE GEOGRAFIA? AL FINAL... fui feliz a su casa... vivia en la misma manzana de la escuela de BASICA.... 1. Me introdujo a un CUARTO... 2. DE ESTANTES: SU BIBLIOTECA.... 1.REPLETA DE TODO TIPO DE MATERIALES DE ENSENANZA...que haibia ido comprando y coleccionando desde su : 1.MICRO-ECONOMIA, PERSONAL & FAMILIAR... 2. UNA INVERSION POR LA QUE NADIE LE DARIA UN AUMENTO DE SUELDO... 3. UNA INVERSION: POR AMOR A LA PROFESION DE MAESTRO, DE ESCUELA INFANTIL... Me quede mirando una coleccion de REVISTAS... Pedi permiso... Tome una... ERA EL CORREO DE LA UNESCO... algo MUY DISTINTO A: 1. MUY INTERESANTE. 2. POPULAR MECHANICS. 3. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC... UNA REVISTA ESCRITA POR CIENTIFICOS & CIENTIFICAS DE TODO EL MUNDO... UNA REVISTA DEL SISTEMA, DE LA ORGANIZACION DE NACIONES UNIDAS (ONU)... Que problema tiene o tenia esa revista? 1. NO SE VENDIA EN LIBRERIAS: DOMINICANAS. 2. NINGUN NINO O NINA DOMINICANA: PODIA COMPRARLA. 3. NINGUN NINO O NINA DOMINICANO: PODIA LEERLA... ERA UNA REVISTA QUE LES HACIA LLEGAR: LA SECRETARIA DE ESTADO DE EDUCACION, DOMINICANA, solo a: MAESTROS & MAESTRAS. PERO NO A TODOS ... SOLO A LOS MAESTROS & MAESTRAS DE: CIENCIAS SOCIALES... Me quede pensando si todos los maestros de CIENCIAS SOCIALES DOMINICANOS, hacian EL USO: 1. CREATIVO. 2. FRESCO. 3. DESAFIANTE. 4. INTERROGADOR... Del PROFESOR BOLIVAR... Por anos.... REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, SERIA UN PAIS: MUY DISTINTO, si todos los ninos y ninas dominicanas, HUBIERAN PODIDO: 1. COMPRAR. 2. LEER. EL CORREO DE LA UNESCO, por todos estos anos... A SABER... 1975, 1985, 1995, 2005, 2015, 2025.... Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV. CCIAV, CC4AVE. Talents, Criticism, Friendship! Salut, Polis, Ecumene! (1959-2019) ----------- ALGUIEN RECUERDA LA CAMPANA: PUBLICITARIA DOMINICANA. 1. CORTA TU CANA, DOMINICANO! 2. CORTA LA CANA DOMINICANO! ERA UN SISTEMA EFECTIVO... 1. SE RECOGIAN EN CAMIONES... 2. TODOS LOS VAGOS & DESEMPLEADOS de las ciudades... SE LLEVABAN A LOS: CANAVERALES... ASI: HACIAN EXCELENTE USO DE: 1. SU JUVENTUD 2.DE SU TIEMPO... 3. DE SU SALUD. Produciendo: RIQUEZA, para: LA ECONOMIA DOMINICANA. ----- Journal de INNOVACION en Ciencias Economicas & Negocios Internacioales desde el MANAGEMENT O LA GERENCIA. ESTRUCTURAS: 1. INDUSTRIALES. 2. ESTATETEGIAS DE NEGOCIOS. 3. INNOVACION SOURCE: RNI, BOECK 20 ANOS DE INNOVACION. ---------- ENCADENAMIENTOS PRODUCTIVOS & CIENCIAS LOGISTICAS: JOURNAL OF FOOD DISTRIBUTION RESEARCH. ---------- MASTER PLAN KYRYIKISTAN (2015-2017): EXPORTACIONES AL MERCADO MUNDIAL. PRIORIDADES: 1. PRIMERO: TURISMO. 2. SEGUNDO: CARNE. 3. AGUA EMBOTELLADA. 4. LECHE & PRODUCTOS DE USO DIARIO. 5. ROPA. 6. FRUTAS & VEGETALES. QUE TE QUIERO DECIR CON ESTO? QUE ING. OSMAR BENITEZ, es el mejor SECRETARIO QUE SE HA CONTRATADO EN EL MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA, DESPUES DE LA LABOR FUNDACIONAL DE DICHO MINISTERIO POR : ECONOMISTA AGRICOLA & AGROPECUARIO ESPECIALIZADO EN NEGOCIOS GLOBALES, EN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY: FERNANDITO ALVAREZ BOGAERT A SUS: ESCASOS 25 ANOS DE EDAD... EN 1966... Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV. Talents, Criticism, Friendship! Salut, Polis, Ecumene! (1959-2019) -------- REPENSANDO LA OBRA: ---- https://leerlaciudadblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/castells-la-cuestion-urbana.pdf LA CUESTION URBANA DE MANUEL CASTELLS (1984): 1.CONURBANISMO. 2.ARQUITECTURA POPULAR. 3.TENSIONES ENTRE LO RURAL & LO URBANO. 1.Como ha resuelto la poblacion de CHINA, estos problemas de la vida COTIDIANA, en las zonas agricolas? 2.En las zonas agro-industriales? REVISESE: SU PLAN DE DESARROLLO DEL SECTOR: 1. AGRICOLA, 2.PECUARIO, 3.AGRO-INDUSTRIAL: 2020-2030... 1. NADIE EN LA TIERRA... Sale de la pobreza: SIN MYPIMES 2. NADIE EN LA TIERRA: SALE DE LA POBREZA, SIN PLANES CONCRETOS, CIENTIFICOS DE: PRODUCCION DE COMIDA... ------- LOS CIENTIFICOS & LAS CIENTIFICAS -LOS UNICOS CON QUE CUENTA LA HUMANIDAD- QUE: 1. HACEN, SUENAN, DISENAN este tipo de planes, han elegido en su juventud una carrera que se llama: INGENIERIA AGRICOLA. ZOOTECNIA. PRODUCCION ANIMAL. VETERINARIA. ECONOMIA AGRICOLA. ECONOMIA AGROPECUARIA... Los unicos ESPECIALISTAS EN EL MUNDO: 1. EN CIENCIAS NATURALES. 2. EN CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA SILVESTRE. 3. EN CIENCIAS DE LOS ECOSISTEMAS. 4. EN CIENCIAS DE LA SOSTENIBILIDAD. 5. EN CIENCIAS DE LA CAZA. 6. EN CIENCIAS DE LA PESCA. 7. EN CIENCIAS DE LA AGRO-FORESTERIA. En REPUBLICA DOMINICANA existen pocas UNIVERSIDADES ESPECIALIZADAS EN: PRODUCCION DE COMIDA & EN LA CONSERVACION DE LOS BOSQUES - SIN LOS CUALES:NO TENDRIAMOS AGUA...- 1. UNIVERSIDAD FERNANDO ARTURO DE MERINO, EN BONAO. 2. INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA (ISA), EN LA CIUDAD DE SANTIAGO DE LOS CABALLEROS, desde 1963. YA NO CONOZCO mas a donde puedas enviar a tu hijo o hija a ser un cientifico o una cientifica dominicana, en PRODUCCION DE COMIDA... AHHH, perdo, se me olvidaban: LAS ESCUELAS SALESIANAS, esparcidas por toda la geografia agricola & agropecuaria dominicana... Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV. Talents, Criticism, Friendship! Salut, Polis, Ecumene! (1959-2019) --------- 2015-2020 COMO SALIR D E LAPOBREZA PERSONAL O FAMILIAR, HACIENDOSE EXPORTADOR? 1. UD. Se levanta con su mujer y sus ninos, de 3 y 5 anos de edad... 2. SE INTERNA, SIN PENSAR ENMAS NADA: EN UN FUNDO, CON UN MACHETE, UNA AZADA, UN RASTRILLO EN LA MANO... 3. Y TRABAJA productivamente de 4 de la manana a 6 de la tarde... DE LUNES A DOMINGO POR 12 MESES: HASTA LA EPOCA DE LA COSECHA... como hacen todos los agricultores y los ganaderos, DOMINICANOS, desde el ano 3,600 antes de Cristo... Y UD. VERA QUE JAMAS SE QUEJARA : 1. NI D ELA VIDA. 2. NI DEL GOBIERNO... Tendra su mente ocupada en cosas: 2.1.UTILES, 2.2.PRODUCTIVAS DE RIQUEZA... ---------- PLAN PARA DESARROLLO: 1. EXPORTADOR. DESDE: 1.MYPIMES 2.MICRO-FINANZAS 2015-2017 Kirgykistan-Rusia... CREDITOS PARA: EMPRENDEDORES... CREDITOS DE LA: ECONOMIA NARANJA. CREDITOS DE LA : ECONOMIA CREATIVA. PERO EN EL SECTOR: AGRICULTURA. CREACION DE SERVICIOS: AGRO-TECNOLOGICOS PARA ALIMENTAR: LA INDUSTRIA... 1. POR VIA DE LEASING PARA: NEGOCIOS AGRICOLAS. 2. UNA ESTRATEGIA RACIONAL DE: CAPITALIZACION. -------- EN EL MUNDO HAY MAS 7,500 millones de personas... SI TIENES AMIGOS & AMIGAS DE DISTINTOS PAISES... PREGUNTALES, UNO POR UNO: 1. SI HAN LEIDO, SONADO O VISTO... 2. AUN EN SUS PEORES PESADILLAS... QUE UNA LINEA AEREA, COMO DOMINICANA DE AVIACION (1944-1995) SE PUEDE QUEBRAR... 1. SI TIENE COMO CLIENTE PREFERENCIAL: A TODA LA POBLACION VIAJERA DE ESE PAIS... 2. A TODOS LOS COMERCIANTES IMPORTADORES & EXPORTADORES, DE ESE PAIS... 3. SI TIENE COMO CLIENTES PREFERENCIALES: A TODOS LOS AGRO-INDUSTRIALES DE ESE PAIS, que EXPORTAN... 4. SI TIENEN COMO CLIENTES PREFERENCIALES A TODOS Y A TODAS LAS MUJERES & HOMBRES DE INDUSTRIA EN ESE PAIS... 1. EL CUAL ES ADEMAS: UNA ISLA... 2. LOS PRODUCTOS EXPORTABLES, SOBRE: TODO LOS AGRICOLAS PERECEDEROS, NO VAN A NINGUNA PARTE DEL MUNDO, si no LOS MONTAN EN UN : AVION... PERO NO ES SOLO ESO: 1. ES QUE ENTRE DOS LINEAS AEREAS... 2. UNA CON LA BANDERA DE MI PAIS... 3. OTRA, SIN ESA BANDERA... EL DOMINICANO O LA DOMINICANA: 1. COMUN Y CORRIENTE... 2. NORMALITO. 3. ELIGIRA EN MAS DEL 60% DE LOS CASOS: 3.1. EL AVION QUE TIENE: 3.1.1. LA BANDERA DOMINICANA. 3.1.2. EL ESCUDO DOMINICANO... COMO PROVEEDOR DEL SERVICIO DE : 1. AEROTRANSPORACION DE SUS PRODUCTOS DE LA AGRICULTURA... POR UNA COSA SIMPLE? LLAMADA: DOMINICANIDAD...! --------- COCINAR? PROBANDO ES QUE SE SABE... COMO EN LOS LABORATORIOS... EXPERIMENTANDO... 1. SIN RAZONAMIENTOS DOGMATICOS. 2. SIN RAZONAMIENTOS SECTARIOS... 3. SIN FANATICMOS, COMO LOS: EVANGELICOS DE LA IGLESIA METODISTA LIBRE, VIENEN HACIENDO EN EL MUNDO: 1. CON SUS ESCUELAS INFANTILES. 2. CON UNIVERSIDADES COMO LA: WESLEYAN.... DESDE EL ANO : 1860, EN PEKIN, NEW YORK.... ----------- INVESTIGACION & INNOVACION EN: INCLUSION EDUCATIVA. DIAGNOSTICOS, MODELOS, PROPUESTAS. -------- POR QUE LA INVESTIGACION CONTEMPORANEA (1950-2019) -EN CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS & NEGOCIOS-, DESDE LA: 1. ECONOMIA NARANJA 2.O LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, CONSIDERA : EL GASTO TURISTICO -EL US $ DOLAR O EL EURO- COMO EXPORTACION IN SITU? Scholarly articles for: 1. Leisure Sciences, Public Health, Workers. 2. Vacations, Tourism, Social Tourism. ------- UN DIA COMO HOY: MUERE: 1. INGENIERO, PEDRO PABLO BONILLA, 2.CIENTIFICO TICs, 3. de REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. --------- QUE FUE : RAHINTEL, COMO PRIMER: PROYECTO DE: 1.ORIGINALIDAD, 2.INNOVACION & 3. COMPETITIVIDAD, PRIVADA DE : REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, fudado en SANTO DOMINGO DE GUZMAN, EN 1957? ------ RAHINTEL. ------------- Rahintel. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ----- Find sources: "Rahintel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message). RADIO HIN, TELEVISION... DONDE NUESTRA GENERACION CONOCIO EL TRABAJO FUNDACIONAL DEL LOCUTOR DOMINICANO: TEO VERAS LOPEZ (1950-2018). ----------- Rahintel (Radio HIN Televisión). ------------ Rahintel logo, Dominican Republic, 1990s.jpg LANZAMIENTO: 28 FEBRERO, 1959. Launched 28 February 1959. CIERRE: 4 ABRIL, 1999. Closed 4 April 1999/ PROPIETARIO: GRUPO FINANCIERO UNIVERSAL. Owned by Grupo Financiero Universal Picture format 480i (SDTV 4:3) SLOGAN o IDENTIDAD CORPORATIVA: GENTE QUE SABE, HACER TELEVISION. Slogan Gente que sabe hacer televisión (People who know how to make television) Country Dominican Republic IDIOMA DE LAS TRANSMISIONES: LENGUA ESPANOLA O CASTELLANA. Language Spanish COBERTURA: NACIONAL, TODA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. Broadcast area Dominican Republic. SUBSIDIARIAS: CANAL 7 CIBAO. Affiliates Canal 7 Cibao Headquarters Santo Domingo REEMPLAZADO POR: ANTENA LATINA. Replaced by Antena Latina Sister channel(s) Canal 7 Cibao. SISTEMA DE NETWORK: 1. TERRESTRE. 2. OPEN NETWORK. Availability Terrestrial. CANAL DE VHF: VHF Channel 7 (Santo Domingo). RAHINTEL FUE EL : 1.PRIMER CANAL PRIVADO 2.DE TELEVISION Rahintel was the first privately owned television network in the Dominican Republic Y EL SEGUNDO, EN TERMINOS GENERALES: DESPUES DE LA VOZ DOMINICANA and the second such network to start television broadcasts in the DR after La Voz Dominicana. It was owned and operated by Grupo Financiero Universal LA QUIEBRA OBLIGO A VENDER EL : 1.CANAL... 2. EN LOS ANOS 80s. until the latter's bankruptcy in the late-1980s and was headquartered in Santo Domingo. Contents 1 Founding and early years 2 Growth and expansion 3 Golden Age 4 Decline, reboost and shutdown 5 References EL VALOR DE: INGENIERO PEDRO PABLO BONILLA, COMO: 1. INNOVADOR INGENIERIL: EN CIENCIAS TICs. 2. PIONERO EN LA INDUSTRIA -TELEVISUAL O TELASTICA- TELECOMUNICACIONL PRIVADA: DOMINICANA. ------- Founding and early years The channel's origins are traced as far back as 1959. Pedro Bonilla, INGENIERO PEDRO PABLO BONILLA: 1. PRIMRO FUE HOMBRE DE LA ; RADIO -HIN, LA MISMA FIERA- DOMINICANA. 2. UN INDUSTRIAL: RADIODIFUSOR. owner of Radio HIN, expressed the will to launch a private television station and launches Rahintel (Radio HIN Televisión) on February 28, 1959 in a shop located near the grounds of the Fair of Peace and Fraternity of the Free World, which had recently opened at the time. PARA QUE FUNDO: ING. PEDRO PABLO BONILLA 1.UN CANAL DE TELEVISION, 2.EN 1959? 1. CONTRIBUIR A LA EDUCACION. 2. DE TODA LA POBLACION DOMINICANA. 3. PONER LA NUEVA FRECUENCIA: 3.1. AL SERVICIO. 3.1.1. DE TODOS LOS ACTORES & ACTRICES: ECONOMICOS EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. 3.1.2. AL SERVICIO DE TODOS LOS: SECTORES INDUSTRIALES DOMINICANOS. The initial purpose of the creator and, therefore, of the TV company in general were, initially, to contribute to the education of the population and to serve the economic and industrial sectors as a vehicle for promoting their products. ARTISTICAMENTE, RAHINTEL FUE: 1. UN POCO MAS LIBERAL. 2. QUE LA VOZ DOMINICANA. Artistically, Rahintel was a little more liberal in contrast to La Voz Dominicana (the current 4RD). EN PRINCIPIO DON PETAN TRUJILLO, NO SE SINTIO COMODO, CON ESTE 1. NUEVO COMPETIDOR. 2. PRIVADO. PORQUE PROYECTO UN ESPIRITU: 1.ARTISITICO. 2. JUVENIL. 3.EXPERIMENTAL. However, this climate of artistic freedom that opened in Rahintel bothered Jose Arismendy Trujillo (Petan), director of La Voz Dominicana (and brother of tyrant Rafael Leonidas Trujillo). But Petán couldn't remove the plant - or even acquire it - 1.LA EMISORA DE TELEVISION PRIVADA DOMINICANA: 2.SOLO PUDO ABRIRSE EN EL ANO 1959, 2.1. PORQUE EXISTIAN UNOS VINCULOS: -GERENCIALES, FINANCIEROS, CORPORATIVOS- CON LA FAMILIA TRUJILLO. ADEMAS DE AMISTAD, entre: 1.RAMFIS TRUJILLO. 2. DON PEPE BONILLA. given the links between Pepe Bonilla and Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Martinez (Ramfis). LOS NINOS DE MI GENERACION... LAS NINAS DE MI GENERACION... NACIDOS DESPUESDE 1960... 1.CRECIMOS DELEITANDONOS CON: LA HORA DEL MORO. Because of that, shows liike "La hora del moro" (Hour of the Chow) were created, which opened the doors to many young artists who tested their talents. PERO NO LO DIRIGIA UN CUALQUIERA: MAESTRO RAFAEL SOLANO, es un clasico VIVO EN LA ECONOMIA NARANJA, EN LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA. This program was run by the Dominican musician Rafael Solano and he gave the start of the careers of singers such as Nini Cáffaro. POR TELEVISION ES 1.LA UNICA MANERA EN QUE: 2. HE VISTO A NINI CAFFARO. At this time, coverage was limited to the capital and some nearby towns and their programming only ran from 6:00 PM to 10:00 PM and, on rare occasions, until 11. In addition to live programs, its programming consisted of American series and comedies. PARA ESA EPOCA, LOS CANALES : 1. DOMINICANOS. 2. CERRABAN A LAS 12 DE LA NOCHE. CON UNOS MENSAJES QUE DECIAN: 1. PADRE. 2. SON LAS 10 DE LA NOCHE. 3. SABES, DONDE ESTAN TUS HIJOS? Growth and expansion Several years later, in 1966, their coverage extended into the country via channels 7 and 11 and its signal was extended to the north and northwest. Notably, in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, Rahintel operated on channel 11. However, they managed to create another frequency to transmit channel 7 in Santiago. This channel was known as Canal 7 Cibao. RAHINTEL HIZO LA PRIMERA : 1. TRANSMISION : SATELITAL. 2. DE LA HISTORIA : DOMINICANA. During the decade, Rahintel made their first satellite transmission, becoming the first channel of the Dominican Republic to do it.[1] Golden Age In 1983, Pedro Bonilla sold the TV station to Grupo Financiero Universal, controlled at the time by Leonel Almonte, who would expand the plant and their television programming, along with Milton Peláez, who launched offers to several shows on Color Visión. The episode of the "war of the ballots" had begun. Rahintel logo upon being acquired by Grupo Financiero Universal At the time, Rahintel won this "war" and managed to move several famous and competitive programs to the channel, having also included cartoons and anime like Force Five, Candy Candy, Thundercats, among others. In the late 80s, Grupo Financiero Universal collapses and several of their acquired artists and shows leave the channel. However, Rahintel continued broadcasting normally, still airing animated shows with good ratings. Decline, reboost and shutdown In the early 90s, a program called "Sabadíssimo" was created and was led by José Guillermo Sued but was later removed from the schedule. Telenovelas like Mari Amor and shows like Mission: Impossible, Tarzan, MacGyver, Freddy's Nightmares and other popular shows like Nubeluz were also transmitted. By the very end of the decade, Rahintel in decline. Still, ratings surprisingly increased with reruns of Candy Candy, and managed to obtain the rights to broadcast Tigres de Licey and Leones del Escogido matches for the 1998-1999 Dominican basecall season. These two teams came to compete for the championship that season and all occurrences of that final series were transmitted by channel 7. However, despite the transmission of the matches gave them an increase in ratings, their fate was sealed. After 40 years of operations, Rahintel silently shuts down in April 1999. The frequency was sold for a sum of $15.000.000 to Grupo Mercasid, who, in October, launched a new channel, Antena Latina. References: EXPOSITO, ELSA: Expósito, Elsa (2009). "TV DOMINICANA SE INICIA EN 1952 PETAN TRUJILLO FUE EL PIONERO" TV dominicana se inicia en 1952; Petán Trujillo fue el pionero". A Primera Plana. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2016. 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementMobile view --------- POR QUE EN TERMINOS DE LA : 1. ECONOMIA NARANJA. 2. DE LA NUEVA ECONOMIA. 3. DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, se consideran: LOS COMPONENTES DEL GASTO EN COMIDA DEL TURISTA, COMO EXPORTACIONES IN SITU, SI TALES: 1. FRUTAS. 2. VEGETALES. 3. CARNES. 4. JUGOS. 5. ARROCES. 6. HABICHUELAS. 7. CONDIMENTOS... LOS ELEMENTOS DE LA GASTRONOMIA O DE LA COCINA, INCLUYENDO LAS; RECTAS DE COCINA,son de: 1. PRODUCCION. 2. MANUFACTURA NACIONAL, es decir: SI HAN PARTIDO DE: AGRONEGOCIOS, FINCAS, GANADERIAS, DOMINICANAS, dando : ADEMAS EMPLEO EN LA CADENA DE LOGISTICA A: 1 ESTIBDORES. 2. TRANSPORTISTAS. 3. OBREROS DOMINICANOS, 4. CAMPESINOS, AGRICULTURES, 5. GANADEROS, PASTORES DOMINICANOS, a lo largo de dicho proceso de: 1. NUEVAS CADENAS DE: VALOR AGREGADO? --------- EL TURISMO & LA EXPORTABILIDAD, IN SITU, COMO FACTOR DE CRECIMIENTO: ORGANICO DE UNA ECONOMIA SOSTENIBLE. ------ Tourism and Exports as a means of Growth By Isabel Cortés-Jiménez 1 , Manuela Pulina 2 , Carme Riera i Prunera 3 and Manuel Artis 3 1Christel DeHaan SOURCE: 1.INSTITUTO DE TURISMO & VIAJES ESCUELA DE NEGOCIOS. UNIVERSIDAD DE NOTHINGHAN. 2. UNIVERSIDAD DE SASSARI, 2.1. CENTRO CRENOS DE INVESTIGACION 2.2. D.E.I. R. Universidad Sassari. 3. DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMETRIA 3.1. GRUPO DE INVESTIGACION AQR. 3.2. GRUPO DE INVESTIGACION IREA, UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA. Tourism and Travel Research Institute, Nottingham University Business School. Email: Isabel.Cortés-Jiménez@nottingham.ac.uk 2CRENoS Research Centre and D.E.I.R., Università di Sassari 3 AQR Research Group – IREA. Department of Econometrics, Universitat de Barcelona Abstract: This study expands existing research POR CONSIDERARTANTO A LAS : 1. EXPORTACIONES. 2. COMO AL TURISMO, FACTORES DE INFLUENCIA POTENCIAL EN EL CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO by considering both exports and tourism as potential influencing factors for economic growth. While trade of goods has been proven as a means of growth for countries, inbound TURISMO COMO EXPORTACION: NO TRADICIONAL tourism as nontraditional exports, has been scarcely examined in the literature. OBSERVANDO EN LA LONGITUDINALIDAD CASE STUDIES: ITALIA & ESPANA (1954-2000) Using data for Italy and Spain over the period 1954-2000 and COMO 1964-2000, RESPECTIVAMENTE: AMBOS TIPOS DE EXPORTACIONES: 1. DE BIENES. 2. DE TURISMO, FUERON INCLUIDOS EN EL MISMO : MODELO. 1964-2000 respectively, both exports of goods and tourism exports are included in the same model. CON CUALES METODOLOGIAS? 1. COINTEGRACION STANDARD. Standard cointegration 2. GRANGER CASUALITY. and Granger causality techniques are applied. QUE ARROJARON ESTOS RESULTADOS EN AMBOS ESTUDIOS LONGITUDINALES? The main results reveal the significance of both exports and tourism towards 1. CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO A LARGO: PLAZO. 2. CON ALGUNAS MODALIZACIONES O PECULIARIDADE, EN CADA CASO. longterm growth with some peculiarities for each country. . Key words: Tourism, ELG Hypothesis, TLG Hypothesis, Trade, Growth. . JEL codes: L83, C32, O49. . Acknowledgments. Carme Riera i Prunera acknowledges financial support from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Programa Nacional de I+D+I, ECO2008-05314/ECON. 2 1. INTRODUCTION. HACE POCO TIEMPO, EN ANOS RECIENTES... In recent years EXISTE UN CRECIENTE INTERES, HA SURGIDO UN CRECIENTE INTERES there has been an upsurge of interest POR AVERIGUAR QUE ROLE, QUE PITO TOCA... 1. EL TURISMO EN EL CRECIMIENTO: ECONOMICO. 2. EN LOS PAISES MENOS ADELANTANTADOS O NO INDUSTRIALIZADOS... FOCALIZANDO LA ATENCION EN: 1. POLITICAS ECONOMICAS. 2. PROMOTORAS DE LA CAPTACION DE: TURISMO INTERNAICIONAL. in the role of tourism for growth. Developing countries focus on economic policies to promote international tourism 1. COMO FUENTE POTENCIAL DE: CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO. as a potential source of economic growth. DE CUALQUER MODO, NUESTRO ENTENDIMIENTO, NUESTRA COMPRENSION However, our understanding SOBRE LAS CORRELACIONES, ENTRE: 1. EXPORTACIONES TRADICIONALES. 2. TURISMO. 3. CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO. of the relationship between traditional exports, tourism and economic growth TODAVIA ESTA : EN PROCESO... ES UN TERRITORIO DE INVESTIGACION: 1. NUEVO. 2. DE NATURALEZA : EXPLORATORIA. is still ongoing. The debate on whether or not countries should promote their tourism sector to achieve long-run economic growth IS A NOVEL ISSUE. is a novel issue. Until recently, MUCHA DE LA LITERATURA CIENTIFICA (ECONOMICA) SE HA ENFOCADO EN: BASICAMENTE, EN LOS BIENES O PRODUCTOS DEL SECTOR PRIMARIO DE LA ECONOMIA: 1. CAZA. 2. PESCA. 3. AGRICULTURA. 4. GANADERIA. 5. SILVICULTURA. 6. AGROFORESTERIA, COMO: PRODUCTOS DE EXPORTACION. LO MISMO QUE EN EL SECTOR: MAQUILA O MANUFACTURERO... -CASO CORPORACION DE ZONAS FRANCAS DE REPUBLICA DOMINICANA (1970-2019). much of the literature focussed on primary and manufactured product exports, PERO LOS AUTORES 7 AUTORAS, EN LA LITERATURA ESPECIALIZADA, HAN CREADO DISTINCIONES, MODALIZACIONES EN CADA UNA DE LAS CATEGORIAS... 1. EN SUS EFECTOS. 2. EN SUS IMPACTOS. EN EL CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO. with authors generally asserting that each category has different effects on growth. SE HA INCREMENTADO LA ATENCION O EL FOCO, DELIMITADO DE LOS ESTUDIOS A: 1. PRODUCTOS DISTINTOS... 1.1. NO MANUFACTURADOS: PRIMARIOS. 1.2. PERO QUE PERTENECEN A UNA: SUB-ESPECIE O SUB-CATEGORIA DE: PRODUCTOS: EN EL RUBRO, RAMA DE ACTIVIDAD: SERVICIOS. However, increasing attention is being paid to the exports of a quite different type of product, which is neither primary nor manufactured, but belongs to the so far neglected category of services. EN ESE SENTIDO: 1. EL TURISMO INTERNACIONAL. 2. PUEDE SER CONSIDERADO: UNA EXPORTACION, EN EL SENTIDO NO TRADICIONAL, DESDE EL MOMENTO EN QUE: 1. IMPLICA. 2. SER FUENTE DE: A. RECEPCION DE CONSUMIDORES. B. FUENTE DE RECEPCION MASIVA DE PERSONAS QUE NO : TRABAJAN, NI PRODUCEN DINERO EN ESE PAIS (Lo visitan por 90 dias o menos) portando DINERO, QUE TIENEN QUE: DECLARAR: 1. EN EL PUERTO. 2. AEROPUERTO. PARA GASTAR EN TAL ECONOMIA... (SOCIEDAD: HUESPED)... CON ESE DINERO, PROPIEDAD DEL: 1. CRUCERISTA. 2. VACACIONISTA. 3. TURISTA... NADA DE LO QUE EL HAGA EN TAL PAIS; EN TAL ECONOMIA, SERA UN FAVOR... 1. EL HA VENIDO A GASTAR SUS : AHORROS. 2. DESPUES DE UN ANO TRABAJANDO: DURA & HONESTAMENTE, EN SU PAIS DE ORIGEN O DONDE: 1. ESTUDIA, EN LA ESCUELA. 2. ESTUDIA EN LA UNIVERSIDAD. 3. TIENE UN : EMPLEO O ACTIVIDAD ECONOMICA: 1. LICITA O LEGAL, EN SU PAIS. 2. QUE LE OTORGA COMO TODOS LOS PAISES MIEMBROS DE OIT: VACACIONES PAGADAS... 2.1. PARA QUE SOLO O SOLA. 2.2. CON AMIGOS O AMIGAS. 2.3. CON SUS NINOS O NINAS. 2.4. CON SU ESPOSA O ESPOSO. 2.5. CON SU FAMILIA: GASTE TODO EL DINERO 1.QUE LES DE LA GANA ... 2.EN ESOS 90 DIAS... 3.HACIENDO TODO LO QUE LES DE LA GANA: 4.SI ESTA DENTRO DE LAS LEYES & LA CONSTITUCION, DEL PAIS AL CUAL LLEGAN COMO: TURISTAS.... ----------- EN EL CASO DOMINICANO: 1. NO MATRIMONIOS INFANTILES. 2. NO VENTA, DISTRIBUCION, NI CONSUMO DE DROGAS NARCOTICAS... 3. NO PEDOFIILIA... 4. NO PRODUCCION DE VIDEOS O CINE PORNO.... ----------------- In this respect, international tourism might be considered as an export in a non-traditional way since it implies a source of receipts and consumption in situ. EN EL ULTIMO SIGLO, EN EL NUEVO MILENIO The last century and the new millennium HEMOS SIDO TESTIGOS DEL INCREMENTO DE LOS FLUJOS TURISTICOS : MUNDIALES. have witnessed the prominent increase of tourism. EL VOLUMEN PRODUCIDO POR LA: ECONOMIA TURISTICA EN 1950: MOVIA O RECEPCIONABA A PENAS: 2 BILLONES DE DOLARES DE LOS EEUU. MIENTRAS QUE PARA EL ANO: 2006, SE LANZO POR LA FRIOLERA DE: 735 BILLONES DE DOLARES DE EEUU. In 1950, the number of international tourism receipts was 2 billion US dollar while in 2006 it was 735 billion. EN TODO EL MUNDO LAS LLEGADAS DE: TURISTAS A PENAS ERA: 25 MILLONES DE SERES HUMANOS, EN EL ANO 1950. International tourist arrivals have risen from 25 million in 1950 PERO SEGUN LA ORGANIZACION ESPECIALIZADA EN EL TURISMO MUNDIAL, TAL CIFRA, ALCANZO EN EL ANO : 2008, NADA MAS Y NADA MENOS QUE: 924 MILLONES DE PERSONAS. to 924 million in 2008 (UNWTO 2009). LA INDUSTRIA TURISTICA PRODUCE EN TODO EL MUNDO: 300 MILLONES DE: 1. EMPLEOS DIRECTOS. 2. EMPLEOS INDIRECTOS. According to the same source, tourism is responsible for 300 million direct and indirect jobs PERO ADEMAS REPRESENTA EL: 13% DEL PRODUCTO INTERNO BRUTO (PIB) global o del planeta tierra and represents 13% of the world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The preceding figures would increase markedly if domestic tourism too was taken into account . PERO NO ES SOLO ESO LO QUE HACE; 1. EL TURISMO POR LA ECONOMIA MUNDIAL. 2. TIENE OTROS IMPACTOS O EFECTOS ECONOMICOS, en el caso de la ECONOMIA DOMINICANA EN LAS DE: 80 SECTORES O SUB-SECTORES DE LOS DESARROLLOS DE COMPLEJOS O PROYECTOS TURISTICOS. 1. DESDE LA ARQUITECTURA & EL URBANISMO 2. HASTA EL PAISAJISMO & LA JARDINERIA. Tourism has important multiplier effects in other economic sectors, for instance, 1. AYUDANDO A NIVEL MACRO: A ALIVIAR LOS DEFICITS DE: LA BALAZA DE PAGOS. it may help to alleviate deficits in the balance of payments, 2. INCREMENTANDO LOS VOLUMENES DE LAS RESERVAS DEL : BANCO CENTRAL, DE REPUBLICA DOMINICANA to increase exchange reserves 3. CREANDO UNOS FLUJOS ESTABLES: 1. IMPUESTOS. 2. TRIBUTOS, PARA CADA MUNICIPALIDAD O AYUNTAMIENTO. and to generate tax earnings. SE HA CONVERTIDO EN UN LUGAR COMUN: 1. LA CREENCIA DE UE TURISMO, puede: JUGAR UN ROLE, ESENCIAL, FUNDAMENTAL 2. EN EL CASO CONCRETO DE LOS : PAISES MENOS ADELANTADOS O MENOS INSTRIALIZADOS DEL MUNDO... ACELERNADO: 1. SU DESARROLLO HUMANO. 2. SU DESARROLLO ECONOMICO... DESDE UN NUEVO RITMO DE CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO, POR LA INYECCION DE: TALES CONSUMOS DEL DOLAR & DEL EURO, TURISTICO. There is an increasing and widely accepted belief that tourism can play a fundamental role for developing countries to achieve economic growth and development. ESTE HECHO ESTA FUERTEMENTE RESPALDADO... This fact is strongly supported by international organizations such as UNWTO and World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). UNCTAD EN 2004... For instance, the United Nations conference on Trade and Development held in 2004 declared that for many developing countries, particularly least developed countries Y LAS ISLAS PEQUENAS... and small islands, 1. TURISMO ES UNA DE 1.1.LAS POCAS SOSTENIBLES & VIABLES tourism constitutes one of a few viable 1.2.OPCIONES CONFIABLES DE: DESARROLLO INTEGRAL development options 3. CONVIRTIENDOSE EN LA PRINCIPAL FUENTE DE CAPTACION DE: MONEDAS DURAS O CONVERTIBLES. and it is often the principal source of foreign exchange earnings. Subsequently, national governments of 3 emerging countries apply policies in favour of tourism expansion under the argument that tourism does not only draw upon the resources of the national economy and could be a promoting tool to economic growth, PERO TAMBIEN ESTIMULA: 1. EL CRECIMIIENTO 2.DE OTROS SECTORES ECONOMICOS, ENTRE ELLOS ... LAS MYPIMES... but it also stimulates the growth of other economic sectors via multiplier and spill-over effects. It seems reasonable to reckon that the defence of the tourism role within the national economy stems from the observation of successful experiences; that is, countries that became economically developed and experienced an expansion of international tourism. Interestingly, EN EL RANKING MUNDIAL DE DESTINOS TURISTICOS, de la UNWTO: 1. LOS PAISES MENOS ADELANTADOS. 2. MENOS INDUSTRIALIZADOS. 3. OCUPAN LA POSICION DE: LIDERAZGO MUNDIAL. while the ranking of top tourism destinations worldwide provided by the UNWTO shows that the first positions are occupied essentially by developed countries, the ranking of the top emerging tourism destinations (which have a growth rate of international tourist arrivals above the world average and an increase of at least 100,000 arrivals per year) CONTIENE MAYORMENTE: PAISES EN VIAS DE DESARROLLO O DE DESARROLLO 1. TARDO -CAPITALISTA. 2. TARDO-INDUSTRIALIZACION. contains mostly developing countries. This picture suggests that emerging countries are probably trying to imitate other known experiences. As Sinclair (1998) pointed out, it is important to take into account previous successful models of tourism and economic growth, COMO LE MODELO ESPENOL... 1. NO PUEDE SER: CALCADO O COPIADO ACRITICAMENTE... 2. Tiene que ser DOMINICANIZADO, APLATANADO... as the Spanish one, though the model should not be copied exactly, DE CONFORMIDADCON LAS: 1. CARACTERISTICAS: CONCRTETAS, ESPECIFICAS. 2. DE CADA PAIS .but suited to the economic characteristics of every country. The field of research focused on the relationship between tourism and economic growth is still in development. Nowadays, there are two generally accepted methodologies that can be applied to estimate the impact of tourism on GDP: the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) and the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. Encouraged by the UNWTO and the WTTC, many countries use a TSA to quantify the contribution of tourism and travelling to different sectors of the economy. As Blake et al. (2006) underline, TSAs provide an ideal basis for CGE models that can examine the analytical and policy-related questions that the more descriptive TSA are not designed to answer. The first tool, TSA, is commonly employed by international organizations such as WTTC and national governments, whilst the second tool, the CGE model, has received much attention in specialised tourism literature. However, scarce attention has been paid to the long-run relationship between tourism expansion and economic growth to date, and particularly to the econometric testing of these assumptions. Considering the great contribution of the tourism industry to the world economy, the research in this field may be of significant importance. In particular, the investigation of the relationship between tourism and economic growth in the long term, demonstrating theoretical assumptions and encompassing all types of tourism – domestic and inbound tourism – at a national and 4 regional level of analysis, can provide crucial information for policy formulations and strategic planning by the government, as well as tourism businesses. LA NATURALEZA DINAMICA DEL TURISMO... The dynamic nature of tourism as well as its potential role as a tool to achieve economic development calls for updated research to improve our understanding of its practical implications. To this respect, in the tourism literature, there are two main streams of thought stemming from the so-called Export-Led Growth (ELG) hypothesis. On the one side, Nowak et al. (2007) argue that economic growth can be achieved via increases in the volume of inputs. This economic relationship is known as Tourism Capital Imports to Growth (TKIG). The TKIG hypothesis has been empirically supported for the case of Spain (Nowak et al. 2007), confirming that economic development and industrialisation in Spain were achieved since the early Sixties through imports of capital goods mainly financed by tourism receipts (Sinclair and Bote Gómez 1996). On the other side, the Tourism-Led Growth (TLG) hypothesis postulates that the economic growth of countries can be generated by expanding international tourism as a non-traditional export. A comprehensive review on the TLG hypothesis is provided by Cortés-Jiménez and Pulina (2009). ----------- UN DIA COMO HOY MUERE: INGENIERO PEDRO PABLO BONILLA, FUNDADOR DEL CANAL DE TELEVISION DOMINICANO: RAHINTEL, en 1957. -------- QUE ES ITB. BERLIN, desde el ano: 1966? ------------ ITB Berlin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITB_Berlin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ITB ES LA BOLSA INTERNACIONAL DE: TURISMO. The ITB Berlin (Internationale Tourismus-Börse Berlin) IS LA FERIA DE LA INDUSTRIA DE LAS CIENCIAS DE LA HOSPITALIDAD & DEL TURISMO, MAS GRANDE DEL MUNDO. is the world's largest tourism trade fair. QUIENES EN TODO EL MUNDO, ASISTEN A DICHA FERIA? 1. HOTELES. 2. BUROS DE TURISMO. 3. OPERADORES DE LA INDUSTRIA: TURISTICA. 4. PROVEEDORES DE SISTEMAS O CIENCIAS TICs. 5. LINEAS AEREAS -INCLUYENDO LAS LINEAS AEREAS: DEL GOBIERNO DE CADA PAIA O: LINEAS AEREAS: BANDERA NACIONAL- LINEAS AEREAS PRIVADAS. LA INDUSTRIA DE LAS CIENCIAS: LOGISTICAS, POR VIA DE LA: AEROTRANSPORTACION de flujos de: PASAJEROS. 1. MOTIVACION DE VIAJE: TURISMO 2. TIEMPO PARA HACER DICHOS DESPLAZAMIENTOS: VACACIONES LABORALES. VACAIONES FAMILIARES. VACACIONES ESCOLARES VACACIONES ESTACIONALES: 1.--Semana Santa. 2.-Vacaciones & Fiestas de Navidad. 3.-Vacaciones de Verano. 4.-Vacaciones en terminos GENERALES; TURISMO SOCIAL. 5. Turismo de Negocios. 6.Turismo de Salud & Bienestar. 7. TURISMO DE: NOVIAZGO, MATRIMONIO, LUNA DE MIEL... The companies represented at the fair include hotels, tourist boards, tour operators, system providers, airlines and car rental companies. AGENCIAS DE RENTA DE VEHICUOS DE: 1. MOTOR. 2. CON CHOFER & SIN CHOFER... 3. CON GUIAS TURISTICOS O SIN GUIAS: TURISTICOS. HISTORICAMENTE desde el ano 1966: ITB, CONVOCA a todos los : 1. Stakeholders. 2. Shareholders A NIVEL MUNDIAL de este segmento de la ECONOMIA NARANAJA O DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA MUNDIAL, fundamentada en: 1. PERSONAS, altamente entrenadas. 2. QUE ATIENDEN, miman, apapachan a; OTRAS PERSONAS. 1. DESE LA OFERTA DE SOLUCIONES: PERSONALES, para quien salio de su casa: A GOZAR SUS VACACIONES. 1.1 SOLO. 1.2 EN PAREJA. 1.3. EN FAMILIA. 1.4. CON GRUPOS DE AMIGOS & AMIGAS. 1.5. CON COMPANEROS DE TRABAJO: De oficina. De hospital. De clinica. 1.6. PERSONAS DE TODO TIPO DE : GRUPOS DE EDAD O SEGMENTOS ETARIOS DEL MERCADO: DEMANDANTE DE PROPUESTAS & OFERTAS : INDUSTRIALES, TURISTICAS. 1. Ninos. 2. Jovenes. 3. Adultos. 4. Envejecientes. 5. Ancianos. 6. Muy ancianos. 7. CON O SIN DIVERSIDAD FUNCIOINAL, CON O SIN DISCAPACIDAD... Pero la existencia del aparato: BOEING 787 PERMITIRA POR PRIMERA VEZ EN LA HISTORIA: 1. QUE LAS PERSONAS CON ALGUNA : DISCAPACIDAD. 1.1.VIAJEN CON SU : CUIDADOR O CUIDADORA. EN EL MISMO ASIENTO. 1.2. O BIEN: RENTEN ESOS SERVICIOS DE: CUIDADO PERSONAL, EN EL DESTINO: TURISTICO... 1. REPRESNETANDO este segmento del mercado mundial... 2. UNA NUEVA FUENTE DE EMPLEOS PRODUCTIVOS DE RIQUEZA, para padres y madres de familia DOMINICANOS, 1.SIN EDUCACION FORMAL O UNIVERSITARIA SIEMPRE QUE SEPAN : 2.HABLAR INGLES. The ITB Berlin takes place annually in March at the Messe Berlin. The fair always has an official partner country, in 2018 (March 7-11) represented by the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. ITB HA LOGRADO DIVERSIFICARSE (1066-2019), construyendo EVENTOS SATELITE en SOCIEDADES, CULTURAS, CIVILIZACIONES & ECONOMIAS: ANTIQUISIMAS... COMO: 1. INDIA. 2. CHINA. 3. SINGAPUR ITB Berlin (or just ITB) has been running since 1966 and now has managed to establish satellite events in China, India and Singapore.[1]. LA LABOR DE : 1. B2B. 2.B2C desde ITB, BERLIN, apuesta al : ACERCAMIENTO DE MAYORISTAS 1. VISITANTES. 2. OPERADORES TURISTICOS. The thematically ordered market segments help visitors and exhibitors to quickly find their way through the wide product range of ITB Berlin: LA FERIA ESTA SEGMENTADA EN : EL ESPACIO FISICO, A PARTIR DE SU DISENO ARQUITECTONICO & FERAIL: ORIGINAL. 1. ATLAS MUNDIALES: GEOGRAFIA TURISTICA. Book World, 2. MOTIVACION DE VIAJE: NEGOCIOS. 3. DIAS DE VIAJES. 4. CRUCEROS. 5. TURISMO CULTURAL. 6.ACOMODACIONES ECONOMICAS. 7. MUNDO DEL TURISMO DIGITAL O E-TRAVEL. 8. TURISMO DE AVENTURA. 9. TURISMO MOVIL (CIENCIAS TICs) apoyo al USUARIO FINAL O CLIENTE POTENCIAL, demandante individual o familiar de : 1. SERVICIOS TURISTICOS. 2. MARKETING TURISTICO. 10. CENTRO DE ACOPIO DE: TALENTOS CIENTIFICOS & TECNOLOGICOS, DENTRO DE ESTA ESPECIALIDAD. 1. OPORTUNIDADES DE ENTRENAMIENTO. 2. OPORTUNIDADES PARA DESARROLLO DE CARRERAS, DENTRO DE: 2.1. LAS CIENCIAS DEL OCIO. 2.2. LAS CIENCIAS DEL DEPORTE. 2.3. GESTION O ADMINISTRACION DE PROYECTOS TURISTICOS & AFINES. 11. OFERTAS ESPECIALIZADAS EN: CIENCIAS TICs: EN EL RENGLONN HIPER-ESPECIALIZADO DE: 1. TECNOLOGIAS APLICADAS A LOS VIAJES TURISTICOS. 2. GEOGRAFIA DIGITAL. 3. DESARROLLO LOCAL SOSTENIBLE. 4. DESARROLLO REGIONAL SOSTENIBLE. 5. DESARROLLO HUMANO SOSTENIBLE. 6. DESARROLLO ECONOMICO SOSTENIBLE. 12. TENDENCIAS MUNDIALES DE LA: INDUSTRIA TURISTICA. 13. EVENTOS MUNDIALES, EN EL CALENDARIO: 2020-2021, dentro de la INDUSTRIA TURISTICA GLOBAL. 14. TURISMO DE BIENESTAR: el cual se dedica a todas las actividades DENTRO & FUERA DE: MYPIMES, espacializadas con el CUIDADO PERSONAL, otra oportunidad para la : ECONOMIA PRODUCTIVA DE RIQUEZA & DE NEGOCIOS EN: REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. 15. TENDENCIAS MUNDIALES EN : TURISMO JUVENIL (2020-2021). Business Travel Days, Cruises, Cultural Tourism, Economy Accommodation, eTravel World, Adventure & Responsible Tourism, Gay & Lesbian Travel, ITB Mobile Travel Services, Training and Employment (Career Center), Travel Technology, Trends & Events, Wellness, Youth Travel. 7,000 PERIODISTAS: ESPECIALIZADOS EN LA INDUSTRIA TURISTICA, se ven cara a cara en ITB, Berlin. In 2012, about 7,000 journalists attended the ITB Berlin, of whom about PERO SOLO : 1500 PROCEDEN DEL : EXTRANJERO? 1. POR QUE? 2. PORQUE SE TRATA DE UNA : INDUSTRIA MUY COMPLEJA. 2.1. BASADA EN : INTAGIBLES. 2.2. VEASE DIRECTIVA: CONTABLE No. 38. 2.3. UNA INDUSTRIA BASADA : 100% EN EL CAPITAL HUMANO, EN EL CAPITAL SIMBOLICO, EN EL CAPITAL RELACIONAL, EN EL CAPITAL GERENCIAL, EN EL CAPITAL COMUNICACIONAL, para desde la economia naranja o la economia creativa: 1. CREAR GOODWILL. 2. FIDELIZAR AL CLIENTE. 3. MOTIVAR : LA RECOMPRA... 4. QUE EL TURISTA : REGRESE EL PROXIMO ANO : AL MISMO DESTINO, en nuestro caso: ATRAERLOS HACIA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA... 1,500 came from abroad. POR QUE SON IMPORTANTES, LOS TALENTOS PROFESIONALES, LLAMADOS: 1. FOTOGRAFOS ARTISTICOS. 2. VIDEOGRAPHERS. 3. CINEASTAS... PARA QUE TODOS ESTOS SUENOS SE: CONVIERTAN EN PLANES DE NEGOCIOS: 1. RENTABLES. 2. EXITOSOS. 3. BANCARIZABLES. 4. SOSTENIBLES? PORQUE ANTES DE VIAJAR, el turista o la turista: 1. SE INFORMA. 2. COMPRA REVISTAS ESPECIALIZADAS. 3. VISITA O CONSULTA A SU: AGENTE DE VIAJES. 4. VISITA: ONLINE: LAS AGENCIAS DE VIAJES. PERO ESO LO HACE : UN INDIVIDUO, UN PADRE O MADRE DE FAMILIA... EL MAYORISTA QUE ESTA INVIRTIENDO: GRANDES SUMAS DE DINERO, NO PUEDE ORIENTARSE, POR PUBLICACIONES: 1.GENERALES O PARA EL GRAN PUBLICO, 2.COMO LOS PERIODICOS. NECESITA: 1. PAGINAS WEB. ESPECIALIZADAS: EN LA INDUSTRIA MUNDIAL DEL TURISMO. 2. REVISTAS WEB : ESPECIALIZADAS EN LA INDUSTRIA MUNDIAL DEL TURISMO. CUALES SON ESAS: PUBLICACIONES ESPECIALIZADAS? 1. LAS REVISTAS ESPECIALIZADAS EN: 1.1.VIAJES, 1.2.NEGOCIOS, 1.3. INVERSIONES: -INDUSTRIALES TURISTICAS- 1.3.1. EN HISTORIAS DE VIDA DE : EMPRENDEDORES TURISTICOS, CON LAS METODOLOGIAS DE: 1. MANUFACTURA, 2.DE KAYZEN, 3.DE TQM TURISTICO 4. EN BIOGRAFIAS: DE LIDERES TURISTICOS GLOBALES. 1.3.2. REVISTAS ESPECIALIZADAS EN: 1.3.2.1.NEGOCIOS TURISTICOS. 1.3.2.2.FINANZAS TURISTICAS. 1.3.2.3. ESTADISTICAS GLOBALES: TRUISTICAS. 1.3.2.4.TASAS DE RETORNO. 1.3.2.5.ECONOMIA TURISTICA. 1.3.2.6.OPORTUNIDADES DE INVERSION: GLOBALES: EN LA ESPECIFICIDAD: TURISTICA. QUE ES UN PERIODISTA O UNA PERIODISTA DE VIAJES? 1. UN ESPECIALISTA, EN VIAJAR. 2. UN ESPECIALISTA: EN VIVIR EXPERIENCIAS TURISTICAS. 3. UN RECOMENDADORO RECOMENDADORA DE : DESTINOS TURISTICOS. 4. INDEPENDIENTE: ES DECIR, CREIBLE, A NIVEL MUNDIAL: PORQUE NO TIENE : CONFLICTOS DE INTERESES. 1. NO RECIBE PAGOS DE HOTELES. 2. NO RECIBE PAGOS DE TOUROPERADORES. 3. NO RECIBE PAGOS DE: GOBIERNOS.... In addition to the industry's leading trade magazines, business and DENTRO DE ESOS PERFILES ANTERIORES 94 PAISES, ENVIAN CON: 1. CONFIANZA. 2. CON FE. 3. SUS PRODUCTOS & SERVICIOS 4. PARA GENERAR TENDENCIAS & NUEVOS PRODUCTOS. travel journalists from 94 countries also report on the latest travel trends and products.[2] 11,000 STANDS O PUESTOS DE EXHIBICION SON DISPUESTOS EN ITB, BERLIN... 1. DESDE 180 PAISES. 2. ITB BERLIN, es BOLSA MUNDIAL DE TURISMO: pero como toda dferia, es un : EVENTO TURISTICO EN SI MISMO... 1. ATRAE: 170 MIL VISITANTES. 11,000 exhibitors from 180 countries welcomed 170,000 visitors, 2. PERO NO SON TURISTAS: CURIOSOS, SINO GENTE PODEROSA -CON DINERO EN EL BOLSILLO- PARA: 1. COMPRAR NUEVAS IDEAS, AL POR MAYOR. 2.EN LA ECONOMIA NARANAJA O EN LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA MAS DE 2/3 DE LOS CONVERGENTES EN TALES EXHIBICIONES: CATEGORIZADOS EN EL PERFIL DE: 1).VISITANTES DE NEGOCIOS... 2).113,000, INDIVIDUALIDADES... Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV. CCIAV, CC4AVE. Talents, Criticism, Friendship! Salut, Polis, Ecumene! (1959-2019) ---- among these, 113,000 were trade visitors.[3] References "ITB Berlin History & Information". Retrieved 29 November 2019. http://www.itb-berlin.de/en/MediaCentre/ http://www.itb-berlin.de/en/AboutITBBerlin/ITBAtAGlance/ External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to ITB Berlin. Official website Coordinates: 52°30′14″N 13°16′24″E vte Tourism Categories: Trade fairs in GermanyTraveling exhibits Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Deutsch Español Français Polski Português Русский Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2019, at 08:14 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementMobile view ------------ Nearly five decades have passed since it all began – an eventful time full of important societal and political changes. This is also the time in which the tourism industry developed into one of the world’s most important economic factors – along with its leading trade show. Today, ITB Berlin is the leading trade show of the worldwide travel industry and, at the same time, the biggest travel show for the German public. A detailed history of the ITB Berlin: History ITB Berlin (PDF, 270.1 kB) Press release about ITB Berlin history (PDF, 201.2 kB) ------- -------- ITB, BERLIN: 8 AL 20 MARZO, 2020 -------- The worldwide travel industry and, at the same time, the biggest travel show for the German public. ------ A detailed history of the ITB Berlin: HISTORY ITB GERLIN History ITB Berlin (PDF, 270.1 kB) Press release about ITB Berlin history (PDF, 201.2 kB) Picture ITB Berlin History Gallery ITB, BERLIN, NACE EN EL ANO : 1966. https://www.itb-berlin.com/ITBBerlin/FactsFigures/History/ ---------------- RUSSA, Lourdes: ESTUDIO & DIAGNOSTICO DEL TURISMO DE SALUD & BIENESTAR de la REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. ------- CUANDO TERMINARON LOS PASAJES BARATOS DE AVION, VOLANDO POR: DOMINICANA DE AVIACION, A FRANKFURT, LO NUNCA VISTO 1.DESDE SU FUNDACION EN 1944. 2.PARALELO CON LA : FUNDACION DE ICAO, EN CHICAGO? PUES, tristemente, ESE CANAL AEREO DE EDUCACION : 1.SUPERIOR -DE EXCELENCIA MUNDIAL- 2.BA-RA-TA.... 3.MEDICA 4.ESPECIALIZADA... TERMINO EN EL ANO: 1995... SE DIJO QUE : DOMINICANA DE AVIACION CERRARIA SUS PUERTAS: 1. A LA JUVENTUD ESTUDIOSA, DOMINICANA ansiosa de la oportunidad educativa, de su: ESPECIALIZACION MEDICA -DE CLASE MUNDIAL- VIAJANDO A: FRANKFURT, -ALEMANIA OCCIDENTAL- 1. A COMPRAR: LIBROS & REVISTAS DE: MEDICINA ESPECIALIZADA & ACTUAL. 2. A COMPRAR EQUIPO, 2.1.TECNOLOGIA, 2.2.MEDICA. 3. A HACER INVERSIONES -EN BIENES DE CAPITAL- PARA SUS: 3.1.CLINICAS, 3.2.PARA SUS CONSULTORIOS PRIVADOS... 3.3.3PARA BRINDAR: 1. CALIDAD MUNDIAL, EN EL SERVICIO A SUS PACIENTES... 2. PARA MEJORAR

LA AGRICULTURA MUNDIAL EN 2030:

LAS TENDENCIAS SEGUN LA FAO.

http://www.fao.org/3/y4252e/y4252e11.htm

----

COMERCIO AGRICOLA, POLITICAS

COMERCIALES & EL SISTEMA

DE ALIMENTAICON MUNDIAL.

-----------
Agricultural trade, trade policies and the global food system
9.1 Introduction
For centuries countries have relied on trade in agricultural and food commodities

TO SUPLEMENT AND COMPLEMENT

to supplement and complement

THEIR DOMESTIC PRODUCTION.

their domestic production.

The uneven distribution of land resources and the influence of climatic zones on the ability to raise plants and animals have led to trade between and within continents.

Historical patterns of settlement and colonization contributed to the definition of trade patterns and to the emergence of an infrastructure to support such trade.

More recently, transnational firms with global production and distribution systems have taken over from post-colonial trade structures as a paradigm for the organization of world agricultural trade.

Changes in consumer taste have encouraged the emergence of global markets and added to the significance of trade.

POCOS PAISES PODRIAN SOBREVIVIR

SI SE ELIMINARA EL COMERCIO:

MUNDIAL DE ALIMENTOS

Few countries could survive the elimination of agricultural trade without a considerable drop in national income, and none could do so without

CONSIDERABLE REDUCTION IN:

1. CONSUMER .

2. CHOISE.

3. WELL-BEING.

considerable reduction in consumer choice and well-being.

The projections presented in Chapter 3 suggest that the role of trade in meeting

GLOBAL FOOD DEMAND WILL

INCREASE OVER

THE NEXT 30 YEARS...

global food demand will further increase over the next 30 years.

Developed countries will provide a growing share of developing countries’ food needs, and in return will continue to import larger quantities of other agricultural products,

NOTABLY:

1. TROPICAL BEVERAGES.

2. RUBBER.

3. FIBRES.

notably tropical beverages, rubber and fibres.

However, the developing countries are not a homogenous trading bloc. While the group as a whole

1.WIL INCREASE ITS NET EXPORTS

2.OF TROPICAL PRODUCTS.

will increase its net exports of tropical products and import more and more temperate-zone commodities, within the group there will remain important net exporters of temperate-zone commodities.

Like all projections, the global trade outlook presented in this chapter is based on numerous assumptions about the

LIKELY:

1. EVOLUTION OF POLICIES.

likely evolution of policies

1.1.THAT WILL AFFECT TRADE FLOWS

that will affect trade flows,

1.2. AS WELL AS BASIC TRENDS.

1.2.1. IN INCOME.

1.2.2. POPULATION.

1.2.3. PRODUCTIVITY.

as well as basic trends in income, population and productivity.

A principal premise of the quantitative projections is the continuation of existing policies related to the support and protection of agriculture, including policy changes that will be implemented in the future, for example, the EU's Everything but Arms Initiative (EBA) that foresees

A LIBERAL IMPORT REGIME:

1. RICE.

2. SUGAR.

IN THE FUTURE.

a liberal import regime for rice and sugar from the least developed countries (LDCs) in the future. If policies differ substantially in the future, so will the outcomes. If, for instance, the reform process that began under the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture were to achieve a fundamental reform of the sector, and if there were significant reductions in production-enhancing subsidies and protection in industrial countries, this could have an impact on predicted trading patterns. And if policy reforms extended beyond the developed countries and led to the removal of the remaining bias against agriculture in the policy of several developing countries,

THIS CULD MOBILIZE RESOURCES

this could mobilize resources

1. TO ENHANCE PRODUCTIVITY

to enhance productivity

2. AND STIMULATE DEVELOPMENT

3. RURAL ECONOMY.

and stimulate development of the rural economy.1

As a consequence, much of the qualitative discussion in the chapter is an attempt to indicate

1.HOW POLICIES MIGHT DEVELOP

2.OVER THE NEXT THREE DECADES

how policies might develop over the next three decades.

This chapter begins with a discussion (Section 9.2) of the evolution of patterns in global agricultural trade.

The analysis reviews the changing share of agricultural trade relative to manufactures in world trade and identifies the

1.RAPIDILY CHANGING ROLE

rapidly changing role

2. OF AGRICULTURAL TRADE.

3. IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.

of agricultural trade in the developing countries.

This is followed by a discussion of the agricultural trade balances for developing countries by major commodity categories. It shows changes in the net trade balances of these product categories. It also provides an overview of complementarity and competition in global agricultural trade and how, where, and to

WHAT EXTEND POLICIES HAVE:

1. AFFECT THE CURRENT TRADING

2.PATTERNS.

3. BETWEEN DEVELOPING

4. AND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.

what extent policies have affected the current trading patterns between developing and developed countries.

Section 9.3 examines the trade policy environment, focusing on the Agreement on Agriculture. It assesses the progress made to create a “fair and market-oriented” trading system for agriculture, and looks at other trade policy developments in agriculture, particularly the role of preferential and regional trade agreements.

Section 9.4 addresses the prospects for and likely impacts of further reforms in the current and future rounds of negotiations, with particular attention to the ways in which the new emphasis on non-trade concerns will influence trade liberalization.

This is followed by an analysis of how different policy options could affect and alter the baseline projections to 2030.

The focus is on the stake of developing countries in international agricultural trade policy reform. The chapter concludes (Section 9.5) by looking at the emerging issues that will affect the overall trade policy environment and how they may influence agricultural trade in the coming three decades.

9.2 Long-term trends in the pattern of global agricultural trade
9.2.1 From agricultural exports to manufactures exports
The last 50 years have witnessed an impressive growth in international trade.

The volume of global merchandise trade has increased 17-fold, more than three times faster than the growth in world economic output.

A number of factors contributed to this growth. Average import tariffs on manufactures, for instance, fell from 40 to 4 percent over the four decades of trade negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (Abreu, 1996).

Non-policy factors have also been important, including a reduction in transport costs and new transportation facilities as well as cheaper and more efficient communications.

Moreover, growth in manufactures trade has been spurred by the rapid expansion of intra-industry and intrafirm trade, exploiting a division of labour within companies operating across various countries or continents.

MUCH OF THIS TRADE IS AN:

1. EXCHANGE.

2. OF COMPONENTS

3.SEMI-PROCESSED PRODUCTS.

Much of this trade is an exchange of components or semi-processed products.

FINALLY, MANUFACTURES BENEFITED

FROM A VIRTOUS CIRCLE

Finally, manufactures benefited from a virtuous circle whereby the gains from trade translated into higher incomes and in turn fuelled growth in trade.

Agricultural trade

1.HAS ALSO GROWN DURING

2.THE LAST 150 YEARS.

has also grown during the last 50 years, but only at about the rate of global economic output. Notable among the factors that contributed to this relatively slow growth in trade was the failure to include agriculture fully in the multilateral trade negotiations under GATT that were so successful in reducing industrial tariffs.

As a result, agricultural tariffs are as high now, on average, as industrial tariffs were in 1950.

The effects of high border protection have been compounded by domestic support policies in many developed countries and in some developing countries by policies that promoted import substitution at the expense of international trade.

Growth in agricultural exports from developing countries was also held back by the limited absorption capacity of their export markets.

The major part of their agricultural exports was destined for largely saturated developed country markets without much responsiveness in demand.

TROPICAL PRODUCTS:

1. COFFEE.

2. COCOA.

3.TEA.

4. RUBBER.

Tropical products such as coffee, cocoa, tea or rubber were most severely affected by these limitations.

Rising output from developing countries met inelastic demand in developed countries and resulted in a persistent downward pressure on prices.

In fact, lower prices cancelled out much of the gains in export volumes with the result that export earnings increased only moderately.

Moreover there has been very little intra-industry or intrafirm trade in food and agricultural products. This reflects mainly the nature of agricultural trade, which is often largely determined by different agro-ecological conditions.

But intra-industry trade has also been held back by traditional trade and investment barriers that made international sourcing more difficult than for manufactures.

When and where these barriers have declined, the exchange of processed and semi-processed agricultural products has increased considerably and brought about levels of intra-industry/intrafirm trade close to levels observed for non-agricultural products (see Chapter 10).

Much of this trade has been stimulated by the activities of global food companies and traders, but has also involved retailers and small food exporters exploiting niche markets.

The result of the rapid export growth in manufactures and slow growth in agricultural exports was a dramatic decline in the relative importance of agricultural exports.

The share of developing countries’ agricultural exports in their overall exports fell from nearly 50 percent at the beginning of the 1960s to barely more than 5 percent by 20002 (Figure 9.1).

Even for the group of the 49 LDCs, where agriculture is often the largest sector of the economy, the share of agricultural exports declined from more than 65 percent in the early 1960s to less than 15 percent by 2000 (Figure 9.1).

Whereas the low shares for developing countries are, among many other factors, also a reflection of protectionist policies in OECD countries, OECD policies have probably contributed to keeping shares high for the LDCs.

The numerous preference agreements in which they participate offer the LDCs higher export prices and encourage them to export more than otherwise.

http://www.fao.org/3/y4252e/y4252e11.htm

----------------

AHORA QUE NUESTRA DIPLOMACIA HA:

CONQUISTADO UNA VICTORIA PARA LA:

1. INDUSTRIA MUSICAL DOMINICANA.

2. PARA LA INDUSTRIA DEL DISCO DOMINICANA,

3. PARA LA INDUSTRIA DE LOS CONCIERTOS

EN VIVO DOMINICANA.

4. PARA LAS INDUSTRIAS CULTURALES

DOMINICANAS,

5. PARA LA INDUSTRIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA.

6. PARA LA :

ORIGINALIDAD DE LOS COMPOSITORES & DE

LAS COMPOSITORAS DOMINICANAS, de:

1. GENEROS COMO: MERENGUE.

2. BACHATA.

AHORA QUE EL CANCILLER, MIGUEL VARGAS

MALDONADO HA PROMETIDO UN GRAN FIESTON

NACIONAL DE CELEBRACION...

Quizas sea el momento de recordar a un amigo:

LUIS DIAS PORTORREAL.

1. NACIDO POBRE, CAMPESINO DOMINICANO.

2. EN MAIMON, BONAO.

A sus 14 anos de edad, comenzo a BUSCARSE

CON UNA GUITARRA ...

Y LLEGO LEJOS, CON SUS MULTIPLES TALENTOS

7 SUS MULTIPLES INTELIGENCIAS, hasta hacerse

acreedor de la PATERNIDAD DEL:

ROCK DOMINICANO...

NO lo logro en un dia,

NI en 10 anos...

NI EN 20...

SINO COIMO TODOS LOS CIENTIFICOS &

LAS CIENTIFICAS: TICs...

DEDICANDO TODA SU VIDA A SU : PROFESION.

DEDICANDO TODA SU SALUD: A SU PROFESION.

DEDICANDO TODA SU JUVENTUD:

A SU PROFESION...

hasta verse coronado por el maximo logro de un:

autodidacta o una autodidacta...

SER ACEPTADO POR LA FEDERACION MUNDIAL

DE GUITARRISTAS...

1. UN SIMPLE PAPEL...

2. EL PORTADOR:

LUIS DIAS PORTORREAL.

3. ESTA AUTORIZADO POR ESTA HONABLE

FEDERACION MUNDIAL DE GUITARRISTAS,

PARA EJECUTAR, ESTE INSTRUMENTO:

EN CUALQUIER ESCENARIO DEL MUNDO.

FIRMA:

ERIC CLAPTON.

PRESIDENTE

FEDERACION MUNDIAL DE GUITARRISTAS.

----------

LA PRIMERA VEZ, EN MI VIDA QUE LEI Y VI

UNA REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA:

EL CORREO DE LA UNESCO, me encontraba

CASTIGADO, porque ME QUEME EN LA ESCUELA

en 7mo curso de la primaria...

1. ME CONDENARON A:

ASISTIR A UNA ESCUELA PUBLICA, un

ano, PARA QUE VEA LO QUE LE PASA EN

LA VIDA a los ninos QUE:

NO APRENDEN MATEMATICAS...

COMO ADEREZO de tal castigo, se me hizo

caminar:

800 kilometros en todo el ano escolar...

DE LA CIENAGA, KM. 14 AUTOPISTA DUARTE,

HASTA LA ESCUELA BASICA DE LOS ALCARRIZOS

-Mi papa, tenia los juegos un poco pesados,

con las MALAS NOTAS ESCOLARES-

1. QUE RECUERDO DE ESE ANO:

EN EL CORAZON DEL PUEBLO?

1. LOS SOLES del mediodia.

2. La AUTOPISTA DUARTE...

3. Los amigos que hice alli... en la ESCUELA.

4. Los amigos de infancia: EN LA CIENAGA....

PERO LO QUE MAS ME INFLUYO EN TODA

MI VIDA...

Fue el profesor DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES,

llamado:

BOLIVAR....

1. SUS CLASES, SIEMPRE ERAN : DIVERTIDAS.

2. SUS CLASES ESTABAN LLENAS DE:

IMAGENES DE TODO EL MUNDO...

Un dia le pregunta DE DONDE UN MAESTRO,

DE UNA ESCUELA PUBLICA DOMINICANA?

1. SACABA TODA ESA INFORMACION :

ACTUALIZADA.

2. CUANTO TIEMPO EN SU CASA:

INVERTIA EN PREPARAR CON AMOR,

aquellas EXCELENTES CLASES DE :

1. HISTORIA MUNDIAL.

2. GEOGRAFIA MUNDIAL.

-Me dijo, te invitare a mi casa, al final de clases,

para CONTARTE CUAL ES EL SECRETO DEL:

EXITO DE MIS CLASES DE HISTORIA & DE

GEOGRAFIA?

AL FINAL... fui feliz a su casa... vivia en la misma

manzana de la escuela de BASICA....

1. Me introdujo a un CUARTO...

2. DE ESTANTES:

SU BIBLIOTECA....

1.REPLETA DE TODO TIPO DE MATERIALES

DE ENSENANZA...que haibia ido comprando y

coleccionando desde su :

1.MICRO-ECONOMIA, PERSONAL & FAMILIAR...

2. UNA INVERSION POR LA QUE NADIE LE DARIA

UN AUMENTO DE SUELDO...

3. UNA INVERSION: POR AMOR A LA PROFESION

DE MAESTRO, DE ESCUELA INFANTIL...

Me quede mirando una coleccion de REVISTAS...

Pedi permiso...

Tome una...

ERA EL CORREO DE LA UNESCO...

algo MUY DISTINTO A:

1. MUY INTERESANTE.

2. POPULAR MECHANICS.

3. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC...

UNA REVISTA ESCRITA POR CIENTIFICOS

& CIENTIFICAS DE TODO EL MUNDO...

UNA REVISTA DEL SISTEMA,

DE LA ORGANIZACION DE NACIONES UNIDAS

(ONU)...

Que problema tiene o tenia esa revista?

1. NO SE VENDIA EN LIBRERIAS: DOMINICANAS.

2. NINGUN NINO O NINA DOMINICANA:

PODIA COMPRARLA.

3. NINGUN NINO O NINA DOMINICANO:

PODIA LEERLA...

ERA UNA REVISTA QUE LES HACIA LLEGAR:

LA SECRETARIA DE ESTADO DE EDUCACION,

DOMINICANA, solo a:

MAESTROS & MAESTRAS.

PERO NO A TODOS ...

SOLO A LOS MAESTROS & MAESTRAS DE:

CIENCIAS SOCIALES...

Me quede pensando si todos los maestros de

CIENCIAS SOCIALES DOMINICANOS, hacian

EL USO:

1. CREATIVO.

2. FRESCO.

3. DESAFIANTE.

4. INTERROGADOR...

Del PROFESOR BOLIVAR...

Por anos....

REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, SERIA UN PAIS:

MUY DISTINTO, si todos los ninos y ninas

dominicanas, HUBIERAN PODIDO:

1. COMPRAR.

2. LEER.

EL CORREO DE LA UNESCO, por todos estos

anos...

A SABER...

1975,

1985,

1995,

2005,

2015,

2025....

Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV.

CCIAV, CC4AVE.

Talents, Criticism, Friendship!

Salut, Polis, Ecumene!

(1959-2019)

-----------

ALGUIEN RECUERDA LA CAMPANA:

PUBLICITARIA DOMINICANA.

1. CORTA TU CANA, DOMINICANO!

2. CORTA LA CANA DOMINICANO!

ERA UN SISTEMA EFECTIVO...

1. SE RECOGIAN EN CAMIONES...

2. TODOS LOS VAGOS & DESEMPLEADOS

de las ciudades...

SE LLEVABAN A LOS:

CANAVERALES...

ASI: HACIAN EXCELENTE USO DE:

1. SU JUVENTUD

2.DE SU TIEMPO...

3. DE SU SALUD.

Produciendo: RIQUEZA, para:

LA ECONOMIA DOMINICANA.

-----

Journal de INNOVACION

en Ciencias Economicas & Negocios Internacioales

desde el MANAGEMENT O LA GERENCIA.

ESTRUCTURAS:

1. INDUSTRIALES.

2. ESTATETEGIAS DE NEGOCIOS.

3. INNOVACION

SOURCE:

RNI, BOECK

20 ANOS DE INNOVACION.

----------
ENCADENAMIENTOS PRODUCTIVOS

& CIENCIAS LOGISTICAS:

JOURNAL OF FOOD DISTRIBUTION

RESEARCH.

----------

MASTER PLAN KYRYIKISTAN (2015-2017):

EXPORTACIONES AL MERCADO MUNDIAL.

PRIORIDADES:

1. PRIMERO: TURISMO.

2. SEGUNDO: CARNE.

3. AGUA EMBOTELLADA.

4. LECHE & PRODUCTOS DE USO DIARIO.

5. ROPA.

6. FRUTAS & VEGETALES.

QUE TE QUIERO DECIR CON ESTO?

QUE ING. OSMAR BENITEZ, es el mejor

SECRETARIO QUE SE HA CONTRATADO

EN EL MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA,

DESPUES DE LA LABOR FUNDACIONAL

DE DICHO MINISTERIO POR :

ECONOMISTA AGRICOLA & AGROPECUARIO

ESPECIALIZADO EN NEGOCIOS GLOBALES,

EN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY:

FERNANDITO ALVAREZ BOGAERT A SUS:

ESCASOS 25 ANOS DE EDAD...

EN 1966...

Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV.

Talents, Criticism, Friendship!

Salut, Polis, Ecumene!

(1959-2019)

--------

REPENSANDO LA OBRA:

----
https://leerlaciudadblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/castells-la-cuestion-urbana.pdf

LA CUESTION URBANA DE

MANUEL CASTELLS

(1984):

1.CONURBANISMO.

2.ARQUITECTURA POPULAR.

3.TENSIONES ENTRE LO RURAL & LO URBANO.

1.Como ha resuelto la poblacion de CHINA,

estos problemas de la vida COTIDIANA,

en las zonas agricolas?

2.En las zonas agro-industriales?

REVISESE:

SU PLAN DE DESARROLLO

DEL SECTOR:

1. AGRICOLA,

2.PECUARIO,

3.AGRO-INDUSTRIAL:

2020-2030...

1. NADIE EN LA TIERRA...

Sale de la pobreza: SIN

MYPIMES

2. NADIE EN LA TIERRA:

SALE DE LA POBREZA,

SIN PLANES CONCRETOS,

CIENTIFICOS DE:

PRODUCCION DE COMIDA...

-------
LOS CIENTIFICOS & LAS CIENTIFICAS

-LOS UNICOS CON QUE CUENTA LA HUMANIDAD-

QUE:

1. HACEN, SUENAN, DISENAN este tipo de

planes, han elegido en su juventud una carrera

que se llama:

INGENIERIA AGRICOLA.

ZOOTECNIA.

PRODUCCION ANIMAL.

VETERINARIA.

ECONOMIA AGRICOLA.

ECONOMIA AGROPECUARIA...

Los unicos ESPECIALISTAS EN EL MUNDO:

1. EN CIENCIAS NATURALES.

2. EN CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA SILVESTRE.

3. EN CIENCIAS DE LOS ECOSISTEMAS.

4. EN CIENCIAS DE LA SOSTENIBILIDAD.

5. EN CIENCIAS DE LA CAZA.

6. EN CIENCIAS DE LA PESCA.

7. EN CIENCIAS DE LA AGRO-FORESTERIA.

En REPUBLICA DOMINICANA existen pocas

UNIVERSIDADES ESPECIALIZADAS EN:

PRODUCCION DE COMIDA &

EN LA CONSERVACION

DE LOS BOSQUES

- SIN LOS CUALES:NO TENDRIAMOS AGUA...-

1. UNIVERSIDAD FERNANDO ARTURO

DE MERINO, EN BONAO.

2. INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA

(ISA), EN LA CIUDAD DE SANTIAGO DE LOS

CABALLEROS, desde 1963.

YA NO CONOZCO mas a donde puedas enviar

a tu hijo o hija a ser un cientifico o una cientifica

dominicana, en PRODUCCION DE COMIDA...

AHHH, perdo, se me olvidaban:

LAS ESCUELAS SALESIANAS, esparcidas

por toda la geografia agricola & agropecuaria

dominicana...

Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV.

Talents, Criticism, Friendship!

Salut, Polis, Ecumene!

(1959-2019)

---------

2015-2020

COMO SALIR D E LAPOBREZA PERSONAL

O FAMILIAR, HACIENDOSE EXPORTADOR?

1. UD. Se levanta con su mujer y sus ninos,

de 3 y 5 anos de edad...

2. SE INTERNA, SIN PENSAR ENMAS NADA:

EN UN FUNDO, CON UN MACHETE,

UNA AZADA, UN RASTRILLO EN LA MANO...

3. Y TRABAJA productivamente de 4 de la

manana a 6 de la tarde...

DE LUNES A DOMINGO POR 12 MESES:

HASTA LA EPOCA DE LA COSECHA...

como hacen todos los agricultores y los

ganaderos, DOMINICANOS, desde el ano 3,600

antes de Cristo...

Y UD. VERA QUE JAMAS SE QUEJARA :

1. NI D ELA VIDA.

2. NI DEL GOBIERNO...

Tendra su mente ocupada en cosas:

2.1.UTILES,

2.2.PRODUCTIVAS DE RIQUEZA...

----------

PLAN PARA DESARROLLO:

1. EXPORTADOR.

DESDE:

1.MYPIMES

2.MICRO-FINANZAS

2015-2017

Kirgykistan-Rusia...

CREDITOS PARA: EMPRENDEDORES...

CREDITOS DE LA: ECONOMIA NARANJA.

CREDITOS DE LA : ECONOMIA CREATIVA.

PERO EN EL SECTOR:

AGRICULTURA.

CREACION DE SERVICIOS:

AGRO-TECNOLOGICOS

PARA ALIMENTAR:

LA INDUSTRIA...

1. POR VIA DE LEASING PARA:

NEGOCIOS AGRICOLAS.

2. UNA ESTRATEGIA RACIONAL DE:

CAPITALIZACION.

--------

EN EL MUNDO HAY MAS 7,500 millones de

personas...

SI TIENES AMIGOS & AMIGAS DE DISTINTOS

PAISES...

PREGUNTALES, UNO POR UNO:

1. SI HAN LEIDO, SONADO O VISTO...

2. AUN EN SUS PEORES PESADILLAS...

QUE UNA LINEA AEREA, COMO

DOMINICANA DE AVIACION (1944-1995)

SE PUEDE QUEBRAR...

1. SI TIENE COMO CLIENTE PREFERENCIAL:

A TODA LA POBLACION VIAJERA DE ESE PAIS...

2. A TODOS LOS COMERCIANTES IMPORTADORES

& EXPORTADORES, DE ESE PAIS...

3. SI TIENE COMO CLIENTES PREFERENCIALES:

A TODOS LOS AGRO-INDUSTRIALES DE ESE

PAIS, que EXPORTAN...

4. SI TIENEN COMO CLIENTES PREFERENCIALES

A TODOS Y A TODAS LAS MUJERES & HOMBRES

DE INDUSTRIA EN ESE PAIS...

1. EL CUAL ES ADEMAS:

UNA ISLA...

2. LOS PRODUCTOS EXPORTABLES, SOBRE:

TODO LOS AGRICOLAS PERECEDEROS, NO

VAN A NINGUNA PARTE DEL MUNDO, si no

LOS MONTAN EN UN :

AVION...

PERO NO ES SOLO ESO:

1. ES QUE ENTRE DOS LINEAS AEREAS...

2. UNA CON LA BANDERA DE MI PAIS...

3. OTRA, SIN ESA BANDERA...

EL DOMINICANO O LA DOMINICANA:

1. COMUN Y CORRIENTE...

2. NORMALITO.

3. ELIGIRA EN MAS DEL 60%

DE LOS CASOS:

3.1. EL AVION QUE TIENE:

3.1.1. LA BANDERA DOMINICANA.

3.1.2. EL ESCUDO DOMINICANO...

COMO PROVEEDOR DEL SERVICIO DE :

1. AEROTRANSPORACION DE SUS PRODUCTOS

DE LA AGRICULTURA...

POR UNA COSA SIMPLE?

LLAMADA:

DOMINICANIDAD...!

---------

COCINAR?

PROBANDO ES QUE SE SABE...

COMO EN LOS LABORATORIOS...

EXPERIMENTANDO...

1. SIN RAZONAMIENTOS DOGMATICOS.

2. SIN RAZONAMIENTOS SECTARIOS...

3. SIN FANATICMOS, COMO LOS:

EVANGELICOS DE LA IGLESIA METODISTA

LIBRE, VIENEN HACIENDO EN EL MUNDO:

1. CON SUS ESCUELAS INFANTILES.

2. CON UNIVERSIDADES COMO LA:

WESLEYAN....

DESDE EL ANO : 1860,

EN PEKIN, NEW YORK....

-----------

INVESTIGACION & INNOVACION EN:

INCLUSION EDUCATIVA.

DIAGNOSTICOS, MODELOS, PROPUESTAS.

--------

POR QUE LA INVESTIGACION

CONTEMPORANEA (1950-2019)

-EN CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS & NEGOCIOS-,

DESDE LA:

1. ECONOMIA NARANJA

2.O LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA,

CONSIDERA :

EL GASTO TURISTICO

-EL US $ DOLAR O EL EURO-

COMO EXPORTACION IN SITU?
Scholarly articles for:

1. Leisure Sciences, Public Health, Workers.

2. Vacations, Tourism, Social Tourism.

-------
UN DIA COMO HOY:

MUERE:

1. INGENIERO,

PEDRO PABLO BONILLA,

2.CIENTIFICO TICs,

3. de REPUBLICA DOMINICANA.

---------

QUE FUE : RAHINTEL, COMO PRIMER:

PROYECTO DE:

1.ORIGINALIDAD,

2.INNOVACION &

3. COMPETITIVIDAD, PRIVADA DE :

REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, fudado

en SANTO DOMINGO DE GUZMAN,

EN 1957?

------

RAHINTEL.

-------------

Rahintel.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

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-----

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RADIO HIN, TELEVISION...

DONDE NUESTRA GENERACION CONOCIO

EL TRABAJO FUNDACIONAL DEL LOCUTOR

DOMINICANO:

TEO VERAS LOPEZ (1950-2018).

-----------
Rahintel (Radio HIN Televisión).

------------
Rahintel logo, Dominican Republic, 1990s.jpg

LANZAMIENTO:

28 FEBRERO, 1959.

Launched 28 February 1959.

CIERRE:

4 ABRIL, 1999.

Closed 4 April 1999/

PROPIETARIO:

GRUPO FINANCIERO UNIVERSAL.

Owned by Grupo Financiero Universal
Picture format 480i (SDTV 4:3)

SLOGAN o IDENTIDAD CORPORATIVA:

GENTE QUE SABE, HACER TELEVISION.

Slogan Gente que sabe hacer televisión (People who know how to make television)
Country Dominican Republic

IDIOMA DE LAS TRANSMISIONES:

LENGUA ESPANOLA O CASTELLANA.
Language Spanish

COBERTURA:

NACIONAL,

TODA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA.

Broadcast area Dominican Republic.

SUBSIDIARIAS:

CANAL 7 CIBAO.

Affiliates Canal 7 Cibao
Headquarters Santo Domingo

REEMPLAZADO POR:

ANTENA LATINA.
Replaced by Antena Latina
Sister channel(s) Canal 7 Cibao.

SISTEMA DE NETWORK:

1. TERRESTRE.

2. OPEN NETWORK.

Availability
Terrestrial.

CANAL DE VHF:

VHF Channel 7 (Santo Domingo).

RAHINTEL FUE EL :

1.PRIMER CANAL PRIVADO

2.DE TELEVISION

Rahintel was the first privately owned television network in the Dominican Republic

Y EL SEGUNDO, EN TERMINOS GENERALES:

DESPUES DE LA VOZ DOMINICANA

and the second such network to start television broadcasts in the DR after La Voz Dominicana. It was owned and operated by Grupo Financiero Universal

LA QUIEBRA OBLIGO A VENDER EL :

1.CANAL...

2. EN LOS ANOS 80s.

until the latter's bankruptcy in the late-1980s and was headquartered in Santo Domingo.

Contents
1 Founding and early years
2 Growth and expansion
3 Golden Age
4 Decline, reboost and shutdown
5 References

EL VALOR DE:

INGENIERO PEDRO PABLO BONILLA,

COMO:

1. INNOVADOR INGENIERIL:

EN CIENCIAS TICs.

2. PIONERO EN LA INDUSTRIA

-TELEVISUAL O TELASTICA-

TELECOMUNICACIONL PRIVADA:

DOMINICANA.

-------

Founding and early years
The channel's origins are traced as far back as 1959. Pedro Bonilla,

INGENIERO PEDRO PABLO BONILLA:

1. PRIMRO FUE HOMBRE DE LA ;

RADIO -HIN, LA MISMA FIERA-

DOMINICANA.

2. UN INDUSTRIAL:

RADIODIFUSOR.

owner of Radio HIN, expressed the will to launch a private television station and launches Rahintel (Radio HIN Televisión) on February 28, 1959 in a shop located near the grounds of the Fair of Peace and Fraternity of the Free World, which had recently opened at the time.

PARA QUE FUNDO:

ING. PEDRO PABLO

BONILLA

1.UN CANAL DE TELEVISION,

2.EN 1959?

1. CONTRIBUIR A LA EDUCACION.

2. DE TODA LA POBLACION DOMINICANA.

3. PONER LA NUEVA FRECUENCIA:

3.1. AL SERVICIO.

3.1.1. DE TODOS LOS ACTORES & ACTRICES:

ECONOMICOS EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA.

3.1.2. AL SERVICIO DE TODOS LOS:

SECTORES INDUSTRIALES DOMINICANOS.

The initial purpose of the creator and, therefore, of the TV company in general were, initially, to contribute to the education of the population and to serve the economic and industrial sectors as a vehicle for promoting their products.

ARTISTICAMENTE, RAHINTEL FUE:

1. UN POCO MAS LIBERAL.

2. QUE LA VOZ DOMINICANA.

Artistically, Rahintel was a little more liberal in contrast to La Voz Dominicana (the current 4RD).

EN PRINCIPIO DON PETAN TRUJILLO,

NO SE SINTIO COMODO, CON ESTE

1. NUEVO COMPETIDOR.

2. PRIVADO.

PORQUE PROYECTO UN ESPIRITU:

1.ARTISITICO.

2. JUVENIL.

3.EXPERIMENTAL.

However, this climate of artistic freedom that opened in Rahintel bothered Jose Arismendy Trujillo (Petan), director of La Voz Dominicana (and brother of tyrant Rafael Leonidas Trujillo). But Petán couldn't remove the plant - or even acquire it -

1.LA EMISORA DE TELEVISION PRIVADA

DOMINICANA:

2.SOLO PUDO ABRIRSE EN EL ANO 1959,

2.1. PORQUE EXISTIAN UNOS VINCULOS:

-GERENCIALES, FINANCIEROS, CORPORATIVOS-

CON LA FAMILIA TRUJILLO.

ADEMAS DE AMISTAD, entre:

1.RAMFIS TRUJILLO.

2. DON PEPE BONILLA.

given the links between Pepe Bonilla and Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Martinez (Ramfis).

LOS NINOS DE MI GENERACION...

LAS NINAS DE MI GENERACION...

NACIDOS DESPUESDE 1960...

1.CRECIMOS DELEITANDONOS CON:

LA HORA DEL MORO.

Because of that, shows liike "La hora del moro" (Hour of the Chow) were created, which opened the doors to many young artists who tested their talents.

PERO NO LO DIRIGIA UN CUALQUIERA:

MAESTRO RAFAEL SOLANO, es un clasico

VIVO EN LA ECONOMIA NARANJA, EN LA

ECONOMIA CREATIVA DOMINICANA.

This program was run by the Dominican musician Rafael Solano and he gave the start of the careers of singers such as Nini Cáffaro.

POR TELEVISION ES

1.LA UNICA MANERA EN QUE:

2. HE VISTO A NINI CAFFARO.

At this time, coverage was limited to the capital and some nearby towns and their programming only ran from 6:00 PM to 10:00 PM and, on rare occasions, until 11. In addition to live programs, its programming consisted of American series and comedies.

PARA ESA EPOCA, LOS CANALES :

1. DOMINICANOS.

2. CERRABAN A LAS 12 DE LA NOCHE.

CON UNOS MENSAJES QUE DECIAN:

1. PADRE.

2. SON LAS 10 DE LA NOCHE.

3. SABES, DONDE ESTAN TUS HIJOS?

Growth and expansion
Several years later, in 1966, their coverage extended into the country via channels 7 and 11 and its signal was extended to the north and northwest. Notably, in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, Rahintel operated on channel 11. However, they managed to create another frequency to transmit channel 7 in Santiago. This channel was known as Canal 7 Cibao.

RAHINTEL HIZO LA PRIMERA :

1. TRANSMISION : SATELITAL.

2. DE LA HISTORIA : DOMINICANA.
During the decade, Rahintel made their first satellite transmission, becoming the first channel of the Dominican Republic to do it.[1]

Golden Age
In 1983, Pedro Bonilla sold the TV station to Grupo Financiero Universal, controlled at the time by Leonel Almonte, who would expand the plant and their television programming, along with Milton Peláez, who launched offers to several shows on Color Visión. The episode of the "war of the ballots" had begun.

Rahintel logo upon being acquired by Grupo Financiero Universal
At the time, Rahintel won this "war" and managed to move several famous and competitive programs to the channel, having also included cartoons and anime like Force Five, Candy Candy, Thundercats, among others.

In the late 80s, Grupo Financiero Universal collapses and several of their acquired artists and shows leave the channel. However, Rahintel continued broadcasting normally, still airing animated shows with good ratings.

Decline, reboost and shutdown
In the early 90s, a program called "Sabadíssimo" was created and was led by José Guillermo Sued but was later removed from the schedule. Telenovelas like Mari Amor and shows like Mission: Impossible, Tarzan, MacGyver, Freddy's Nightmares and other popular shows like Nubeluz were also transmitted.

By the very end of the decade, Rahintel in decline. Still, ratings surprisingly increased with reruns of Candy Candy, and managed to obtain the rights to broadcast Tigres de Licey and Leones del Escogido matches for the 1998-1999 Dominican basecall season. These two teams came to compete for the championship that season and all occurrences of that final series were transmitted by channel 7.

However, despite the transmission of the matches gave them an increase in ratings, their fate was sealed. After 40 years of operations,

Rahintel silently shuts down in April 1999. The frequency was sold for a sum of $15.000.000 to Grupo Mercasid, who, in October, launched a new channel, Antena Latina.

References:

EXPOSITO, ELSA:
Expósito, Elsa (2009).

"TV DOMINICANA SE INICIA EN 1952

PETAN TRUJILLO FUE EL PIONERO"

TV dominicana se inicia en 1952; Petán Trujillo fue el pionero". A Primera Plana. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
Categories: Television channels and stations established in 1959Television channels and stations disestablished in 1999Spanish-language television stations
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---------

POR QUE EN TERMINOS DE LA :

1. ECONOMIA NARANJA.

2. DE LA NUEVA ECONOMIA.

3. DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, se

consideran:

LOS COMPONENTES DEL GASTO

EN COMIDA DEL TURISTA, COMO

EXPORTACIONES IN SITU, SI TALES:

1. FRUTAS.

2. VEGETALES.

3. CARNES.

4. JUGOS.

5. ARROCES.

6. HABICHUELAS.

7. CONDIMENTOS...

LOS ELEMENTOS DE LA GASTRONOMIA

O DE LA COCINA, INCLUYENDO LAS;

RECTAS DE COCINA,son de:

1. PRODUCCION.

2. MANUFACTURA NACIONAL, es decir:

SI HAN PARTIDO DE: AGRONEGOCIOS,

FINCAS,

GANADERIAS, DOMINICANAS, dando :

ADEMAS EMPLEO EN LA CADENA DE

LOGISTICA A:

1 ESTIBDORES.

2. TRANSPORTISTAS.

3. OBREROS DOMINICANOS,

4. CAMPESINOS, AGRICULTURES,

5. GANADEROS, PASTORES DOMINICANOS,

a lo largo de dicho proceso de:

1. NUEVAS CADENAS DE:

VALOR AGREGADO?

---------

EL TURISMO & LA EXPORTABILIDAD,

IN SITU, COMO FACTOR DE CRECIMIENTO:

ORGANICO DE UNA ECONOMIA SOSTENIBLE.

------

Tourism and Exports as a means of Growth

By Isabel Cortés-Jiménez 1
, Manuela Pulina 2
, Carme Riera i Prunera 3
and Manuel Artis 3
1Christel DeHaan

SOURCE:

1.INSTITUTO DE TURISMO & VIAJES

ESCUELA DE NEGOCIOS.

UNIVERSIDAD DE NOTHINGHAN.

2. UNIVERSIDAD DE SASSARI,

2.1. CENTRO CRENOS DE INVESTIGACION

2.2. D.E.I. R. Universidad Sassari.

3. DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMETRIA

3.1. GRUPO DE INVESTIGACION AQR.

3.2. GRUPO DE INVESTIGACION IREA,

UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA.

Tourism and Travel Research Institute, Nottingham
University Business School.
Email: Isabel.Cortés-Jiménez@nottingham.ac.uk
2CRENoS Research Centre and D.E.I.R., Università di Sassari
3
AQR Research Group – IREA. Department of Econometrics,
Universitat de Barcelona
Abstract: This study expands existing research

POR CONSIDERARTANTO A LAS :

1. EXPORTACIONES.

2. COMO AL TURISMO,

FACTORES DE INFLUENCIA POTENCIAL

EN EL CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO

by considering
both exports and tourism as potential influencing factors for
economic growth. While trade of goods has been proven as a
means of growth for countries, inbound

TURISMO COMO EXPORTACION:

NO TRADICIONAL

tourism as nontraditional exports, has been scarcely examined in the literature.

OBSERVANDO EN LA LONGITUDINALIDAD

CASE STUDIES:

ITALIA & ESPANA (1954-2000)

Using data for Italy and Spain over the period 1954-2000 and

COMO 1964-2000, RESPECTIVAMENTE:

AMBOS TIPOS DE EXPORTACIONES:

1. DE BIENES.

2. DE TURISMO,

FUERON INCLUIDOS EN EL MISMO :

MODELO.
1964-2000 respectively, both exports of goods and tourism
exports are included in the same model.

CON CUALES METODOLOGIAS?

1. COINTEGRACION STANDARD.

Standard cointegration

2. GRANGER CASUALITY.

and Granger causality techniques are applied.

QUE ARROJARON ESTOS RESULTADOS EN

AMBOS ESTUDIOS LONGITUDINALES?

The main results
reveal the significance of both exports and tourism towards

1. CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO A LARGO:

PLAZO.

2. CON ALGUNAS MODALIZACIONES O

PECULIARIDADE, EN CADA CASO.

longterm growth with some peculiarities for each country.
.
Key words: Tourism, ELG Hypothesis, TLG Hypothesis,
Trade, Growth.
.
JEL codes: L83, C32, O49.
.
Acknowledgments. Carme Riera i Prunera acknowledges financial support from the Ministerio de
Ciencia y Tecnología, Programa Nacional de I+D+I, ECO2008-05314/ECON.
2
1. INTRODUCTION.

HACE POCO TIEMPO, EN ANOS RECIENTES...

In recent years

EXISTE UN CRECIENTE INTERES,

HA SURGIDO UN CRECIENTE INTERES

there has been an upsurge of interest

POR AVERIGUAR QUE ROLE,

QUE PITO TOCA...

1. EL TURISMO EN EL CRECIMIENTO:

ECONOMICO.

2. EN LOS PAISES MENOS ADELANTANTADOS

O NO INDUSTRIALIZADOS...

FOCALIZANDO LA ATENCION EN:

1. POLITICAS ECONOMICAS.

2. PROMOTORAS DE LA CAPTACION DE:

TURISMO INTERNAICIONAL.

in the role of tourism for growth.
Developing countries focus on economic policies to promote international tourism

1. COMO FUENTE POTENCIAL DE:

CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO.

as a
potential source of economic growth.

DE CUALQUER MODO, NUESTRO

ENTENDIMIENTO, NUESTRA COMPRENSION

However, our understanding

SOBRE LAS CORRELACIONES, ENTRE:

1. EXPORTACIONES TRADICIONALES.

2. TURISMO.

3. CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO.

of the relationship between
traditional exports, tourism and economic growth

TODAVIA ESTA : EN PROCESO...

ES UN TERRITORIO DE INVESTIGACION:

1. NUEVO.

2. DE NATURALEZA : EXPLORATORIA.

is still ongoing.

The debate on whether or not countries should promote their tourism sector to achieve long-run
economic growth

IS A NOVEL ISSUE.

is a novel issue.

Until recently, MUCHA DE LA LITERATURA

CIENTIFICA (ECONOMICA)

SE HA ENFOCADO EN:

BASICAMENTE,

EN LOS BIENES O PRODUCTOS DEL SECTOR

PRIMARIO DE LA ECONOMIA:

1. CAZA.

2. PESCA.

3. AGRICULTURA.

4. GANADERIA.

5. SILVICULTURA.

6. AGROFORESTERIA, COMO:

PRODUCTOS DE EXPORTACION.

LO MISMO QUE EN EL SECTOR:

MAQUILA O MANUFACTURERO...

-CASO CORPORACION DE ZONAS

FRANCAS DE REPUBLICA DOMINICANA

(1970-2019).

much of the literature focussed on primary
and manufactured product exports,

PERO LOS AUTORES 7 AUTORAS, EN

LA LITERATURA ESPECIALIZADA, HAN

CREADO DISTINCIONES, MODALIZACIONES

EN CADA UNA DE LAS CATEGORIAS...

1. EN SUS EFECTOS.

2. EN SUS IMPACTOS.

EN EL CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO.

with authors generally asserting that each category

has
different effects on growth.

SE HA INCREMENTADO LA ATENCION

O EL FOCO, DELIMITADO DE LOS ESTUDIOS

A:

1. PRODUCTOS DISTINTOS...

1.1. NO MANUFACTURADOS: PRIMARIOS.

1.2. PERO QUE PERTENECEN A UNA:

SUB-ESPECIE O SUB-CATEGORIA DE:

PRODUCTOS: EN EL RUBRO, RAMA DE

ACTIVIDAD:

SERVICIOS.

However, increasing attention is being paid to the exports of a
quite different type of product, which is neither primary nor manufactured, but belongs to the
so far neglected category of services.

EN ESE SENTIDO:

1. EL TURISMO INTERNACIONAL.

2. PUEDE SER CONSIDERADO:

UNA EXPORTACION,

EN EL SENTIDO NO TRADICIONAL,

DESDE EL MOMENTO EN QUE:

1. IMPLICA.

2. SER FUENTE DE:

A. RECEPCION DE CONSUMIDORES.

B. FUENTE DE RECEPCION MASIVA

DE PERSONAS QUE NO :

TRABAJAN, NI PRODUCEN DINERO

EN ESE PAIS (Lo visitan por 90 dias o menos)

portando DINERO, QUE TIENEN QUE:

DECLARAR:

1. EN EL PUERTO.

2. AEROPUERTO.

PARA GASTAR EN TAL ECONOMIA...

(SOCIEDAD: HUESPED)...

CON ESE DINERO, PROPIEDAD DEL:

1. CRUCERISTA.

2. VACACIONISTA.

3. TURISTA...

NADA DE LO QUE EL HAGA EN TAL PAIS;

EN TAL ECONOMIA, SERA UN FAVOR...

1. EL HA VENIDO A GASTAR SUS :

AHORROS.

2. DESPUES DE UN ANO TRABAJANDO:

DURA & HONESTAMENTE, EN SU PAIS

DE ORIGEN O DONDE:

1. ESTUDIA, EN LA ESCUELA.

2. ESTUDIA EN LA UNIVERSIDAD.

3. TIENE UN : EMPLEO O ACTIVIDAD

ECONOMICA:

1. LICITA O LEGAL, EN SU PAIS.

2. QUE LE OTORGA COMO TODOS LOS

PAISES MIEMBROS DE OIT:

VACACIONES PAGADAS...

2.1. PARA QUE SOLO O SOLA.

2.2. CON AMIGOS O AMIGAS.

2.3. CON SUS NINOS O NINAS.

2.4. CON SU ESPOSA O ESPOSO.

2.5. CON SU FAMILIA:

GASTE TODO EL DINERO

1.QUE LES DE

LA GANA ...

2.EN ESOS 90 DIAS...

3.HACIENDO TODO LO QUE LES

DE LA GANA:

4.SI ESTA DENTRO DE LAS LEYES

& LA CONSTITUCION, DEL PAIS AL CUAL

LLEGAN COMO:

TURISTAS....

-----------

EN EL CASO DOMINICANO:

1. NO MATRIMONIOS INFANTILES.

2. NO VENTA, DISTRIBUCION, NI CONSUMO

DE DROGAS NARCOTICAS...

3. NO PEDOFIILIA...

4. NO PRODUCCION DE VIDEOS O

CINE PORNO....

-----------------
In this respect, international tourism might be considered
as an export in a non-traditional way since it implies a source of receipts and consumption in
situ.

EN EL ULTIMO SIGLO, EN EL NUEVO MILENIO

The last century and the new millennium

HEMOS SIDO TESTIGOS DEL INCREMENTO

DE LOS FLUJOS TURISTICOS :

MUNDIALES.

have witnessed the prominent increase of tourism.

EL VOLUMEN PRODUCIDO POR LA:

ECONOMIA TURISTICA EN 1950:

MOVIA O RECEPCIONABA A PENAS:

2

BILLONES DE DOLARES DE LOS EEUU.

MIENTRAS QUE PARA EL ANO:

2006, SE LANZO POR LA FRIOLERA DE:

735 BILLONES DE DOLARES DE EEUU.

In
1950, the number of international tourism receipts was 2 billion US dollar while in 2006 it was
735 billion.

EN TODO EL MUNDO LAS LLEGADAS DE:

TURISTAS A PENAS ERA:

25 MILLONES DE SERES HUMANOS, EN

EL ANO 1950.

International tourist arrivals have risen from 25 million in 1950

PERO SEGUN LA ORGANIZACION ESPECIALIZADA

EN EL TURISMO MUNDIAL, TAL CIFRA, ALCANZO

EN EL ANO :

2008, NADA MAS Y NADA MENOS QUE:

924 MILLONES DE PERSONAS.

to 924 million in
2008 (UNWTO 2009).

LA INDUSTRIA TURISTICA PRODUCE

EN TODO EL MUNDO:

300 MILLONES DE:

1. EMPLEOS DIRECTOS.

2. EMPLEOS INDIRECTOS.

According to the same source, tourism is responsible for 300 million
direct and indirect jobs

PERO ADEMAS REPRESENTA EL:

13%

DEL PRODUCTO INTERNO BRUTO (PIB)

global o del planeta tierra

and represents 13% of the world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

The
preceding figures would increase markedly if domestic tourism too was taken into account .

PERO NO ES SOLO ESO LO QUE HACE;

1. EL TURISMO POR LA ECONOMIA MUNDIAL.

2. TIENE OTROS IMPACTOS O EFECTOS

ECONOMICOS, en el caso de la ECONOMIA

DOMINICANA EN LAS DE:

80 SECTORES O SUB-SECTORES DE

LOS DESARROLLOS DE COMPLEJOS O

PROYECTOS TURISTICOS.

1. DESDE LA ARQUITECTURA & EL URBANISMO

2. HASTA EL PAISAJISMO & LA JARDINERIA.
Tourism has important multiplier effects in other economic sectors, for instance,

1. AYUDANDO A NIVEL MACRO:

A ALIVIAR LOS DEFICITS DE:

LA BALAZA DE PAGOS.

it may help to
alleviate deficits in the balance of payments,

2. INCREMENTANDO LOS VOLUMENES

DE LAS RESERVAS DEL :

BANCO CENTRAL,

DE REPUBLICA DOMINICANA

to increase exchange reserves

3. CREANDO UNOS FLUJOS ESTABLES:

1. IMPUESTOS.

2. TRIBUTOS,

PARA CADA MUNICIPALIDAD

O AYUNTAMIENTO.

and to generate tax
earnings.

SE HA CONVERTIDO EN UN LUGAR COMUN:

1. LA CREENCIA DE UE TURISMO, puede:

JUGAR UN ROLE, ESENCIAL, FUNDAMENTAL

2. EN EL CASO CONCRETO DE LOS :

PAISES MENOS ADELANTADOS O

MENOS INSTRIALIZADOS DEL MUNDO...

ACELERNADO:

1. SU DESARROLLO HUMANO.

2. SU DESARROLLO ECONOMICO...

DESDE UN NUEVO RITMO DE CRECIMIENTO

ECONOMICO, POR LA INYECCION DE:

TALES CONSUMOS DEL DOLAR & DEL

EURO, TURISTICO.

There is an increasing and widely accepted belief that tourism can play a fundamental role for
developing countries to achieve economic growth and development.

ESTE HECHO ESTA FUERTEMENTE

RESPALDADO...

This fact is strongly
supported by international organizations such as UNWTO and World Travel and Tourism
Council (WTTC).

UNCTAD EN 2004...

For instance, the United Nations conference on Trade and Development held
in 2004 declared that for many developing countries, particularly least developed countries

Y LAS ISLAS PEQUENAS...

and
small islands,

1. TURISMO ES UNA DE

1.1.LAS POCAS SOSTENIBLES & VIABLES

tourism constitutes one of a few viable

1.2.OPCIONES CONFIABLES DE:

DESARROLLO INTEGRAL

development options

3. CONVIRTIENDOSE EN LA PRINCIPAL

FUENTE DE CAPTACION DE:

MONEDAS DURAS O CONVERTIBLES.

and it is often the
principal source of foreign exchange earnings. Subsequently, national governments of
3
emerging countries apply policies in favour of tourism expansion under the argument that
tourism does not only draw upon the resources of the national economy and could be a
promoting tool to economic growth,

PERO TAMBIEN ESTIMULA:

1. EL CRECIMIIENTO

2.DE OTROS SECTORES ECONOMICOS,

ENTRE ELLOS ...

LAS MYPIMES...

but it also stimulates the growth of other economic sectors
via multiplier and spill-over effects.
It seems reasonable to reckon that the defence of the tourism role within the national economy
stems from the observation of successful experiences; that is, countries that became
economically developed and experienced an expansion of international tourism. Interestingly,

EN EL RANKING MUNDIAL DE DESTINOS

TURISTICOS, de la UNWTO:

1. LOS PAISES MENOS ADELANTADOS.

2. MENOS INDUSTRIALIZADOS.

3. OCUPAN LA POSICION DE:

LIDERAZGO MUNDIAL.
while the ranking of top tourism destinations worldwide provided by the UNWTO shows that
the first positions are occupied essentially by developed countries, the ranking of the top
emerging tourism destinations (which have a growth rate of international tourist arrivals above
the world average and an increase of at least 100,000 arrivals per year)

CONTIENE MAYORMENTE: PAISES

EN VIAS DE DESARROLLO O DE DESARROLLO

1. TARDO -CAPITALISTA.

2. TARDO-INDUSTRIALIZACION.

contains mostly
developing countries. This picture suggests that emerging countries are probably trying to
imitate other known experiences.

As Sinclair (1998) pointed out, it is important to take into
account previous successful models of tourism and economic growth,

COMO LE MODELO ESPENOL...

1. NO PUEDE SER:

CALCADO O COPIADO ACRITICAMENTE...

2. Tiene que ser DOMINICANIZADO,

APLATANADO...

as the Spanish one,
though the model should not be copied exactly,

DE CONFORMIDADCON LAS:

1. CARACTERISTICAS:

CONCRTETAS, ESPECIFICAS.

2. DE CADA PAIS

.but suited to the economic characteristics of
every country.

The field of research focused on the relationship between tourism and economic growth is still
in development.

Nowadays, there are two generally accepted methodologies that can be
applied to estimate the impact of tourism on GDP: the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) and
the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. Encouraged by the UNWTO and the
WTTC, many countries use a TSA to quantify the contribution of tourism and travelling to
different sectors of the economy.

As Blake et al. (2006) underline, TSAs provide an ideal basis
for CGE models that can examine the analytical and policy-related questions that the more
descriptive TSA are not designed to answer. The first tool, TSA, is commonly employed by
international organizations such as WTTC and national governments, whilst the second tool,
the CGE model, has received much attention in specialised tourism literature.

However, scarce
attention has been paid to the long-run relationship between tourism expansion and economic
growth to date, and particularly to the econometric testing of these assumptions.

Considering the great contribution of the tourism industry to the world economy, the research
in this field may be of significant importance. In particular, the investigation of the relationship
between tourism and economic growth in the long term, demonstrating theoretical assumptions
and encompassing all types of tourism – domestic and inbound tourism – at a national and
4
regional level of analysis, can provide crucial information for policy formulations and strategic
planning by the government, as well as tourism businesses.

LA NATURALEZA DINAMICA DEL TURISMO...

The dynamic nature of tourism as
well as its potential role as a tool to achieve economic development calls for updated research
to improve our understanding of its practical implications.

To this respect, in the tourism literature, there are two main streams of thought stemming from
the so-called Export-Led Growth (ELG) hypothesis. On the one side, Nowak et al. (2007)
argue that economic growth can be achieved via increases in the volume of inputs.

This
economic relationship is known as Tourism Capital Imports to Growth (TKIG). The TKIG
hypothesis has been empirically supported for the case of Spain (Nowak et al. 2007),
confirming that economic development and industrialisation in Spain were achieved since the
early Sixties through imports of capital goods mainly financed by tourism receipts (Sinclair
and Bote Gómez 1996).

On the other side, the Tourism-Led Growth (TLG) hypothesis
postulates that the economic growth of countries can be generated by expanding international
tourism as a non-traditional export.

A comprehensive review on the TLG hypothesis is
provided by Cortés-Jiménez and Pulina (2009).

-----------

UN DIA COMO HOY MUERE: INGENIERO

PEDRO PABLO BONILLA, FUNDADOR DEL

CANAL DE TELEVISION DOMINICANO:

RAHINTEL, en 1957.

--------

QUE ES ITB. BERLIN, desde el ano:

1966?

------------
ITB Berlin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITB_Berlin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ITB ES LA BOLSA INTERNACIONAL DE:

TURISMO.

The ITB Berlin (Internationale Tourismus-Börse Berlin)

IS LA FERIA DE LA INDUSTRIA DE LAS CIENCIAS

DE LA HOSPITALIDAD & DEL TURISMO, MAS

GRANDE DEL MUNDO.

is the world's largest tourism trade fair.

QUIENES EN TODO EL MUNDO, ASISTEN

A DICHA FERIA?

1. HOTELES.

2. BUROS DE TURISMO.

3. OPERADORES DE LA INDUSTRIA:

TURISTICA.

4. PROVEEDORES DE SISTEMAS O

CIENCIAS TICs.

5. LINEAS AEREAS

-INCLUYENDO LAS LINEAS AEREAS:

DEL GOBIERNO DE CADA PAIA O:

LINEAS AEREAS: BANDERA NACIONAL-

LINEAS AEREAS PRIVADAS.

LA INDUSTRIA DE LAS CIENCIAS:

LOGISTICAS, POR VIA DE LA:

AEROTRANSPORTACION de flujos de:

PASAJEROS.

1. MOTIVACION DE VIAJE: TURISMO

2. TIEMPO PARA HACER DICHOS

DESPLAZAMIENTOS:

VACACIONES LABORALES.

VACAIONES FAMILIARES.

VACACIONES ESCOLARES

VACACIONES ESTACIONALES:

1.--Semana Santa.

2.-Vacaciones & Fiestas de Navidad.

3.-Vacaciones de Verano.

4.-Vacaciones en terminos GENERALES;

TURISMO SOCIAL.

5. Turismo de Negocios.

6.Turismo de Salud & Bienestar.

7. TURISMO DE: NOVIAZGO,

MATRIMONIO, LUNA DE MIEL...

The companies represented at the fair include hotels, tourist boards, tour operators, system providers, airlines and car rental companies.

AGENCIAS DE RENTA DE VEHICUOS DE:

1. MOTOR.

2. CON CHOFER & SIN CHOFER...

3. CON GUIAS TURISTICOS O SIN GUIAS:

TURISTICOS.

HISTORICAMENTE desde el ano 1966:

ITB, CONVOCA a todos los :

1. Stakeholders.

2. Shareholders

A NIVEL MUNDIAL de este segmento de

la ECONOMIA NARANAJA O DE LA ECONOMIA

CREATIVA MUNDIAL, fundamentada en:

1. PERSONAS, altamente entrenadas.

2. QUE ATIENDEN, miman, apapachan a;

OTRAS PERSONAS.

1. DESE LA OFERTA DE SOLUCIONES:

PERSONALES, para quien salio de su casa:

A GOZAR SUS VACACIONES.

1.1 SOLO.

1.2 EN PAREJA.

1.3. EN FAMILIA.

1.4. CON GRUPOS DE AMIGOS & AMIGAS.

1.5. CON COMPANEROS DE TRABAJO:

De oficina.

De hospital.

De clinica.

1.6. PERSONAS DE TODO TIPO DE :

GRUPOS DE EDAD O SEGMENTOS

ETARIOS DEL MERCADO: DEMANDANTE

DE PROPUESTAS & OFERTAS :

INDUSTRIALES, TURISTICAS.

1. Ninos.

2. Jovenes.

3. Adultos.

4. Envejecientes.

5. Ancianos.

6. Muy ancianos.

7. CON O SIN DIVERSIDAD FUNCIOINAL,

CON O SIN DISCAPACIDAD...

Pero la existencia del aparato: BOEING 787

PERMITIRA POR PRIMERA VEZ EN LA

HISTORIA:

1. QUE LAS PERSONAS CON ALGUNA :

DISCAPACIDAD.

1.1.VIAJEN CON SU : CUIDADOR O CUIDADORA.

EN EL MISMO ASIENTO.

1.2. O BIEN: RENTEN ESOS SERVICIOS DE:

CUIDADO PERSONAL, EN EL DESTINO:

TURISTICO...

1. REPRESNETANDO este segmento del mercado

mundial...

2. UNA NUEVA FUENTE DE EMPLEOS

PRODUCTIVOS DE RIQUEZA, para padres

y madres de familia DOMINICANOS,

1.SIN EDUCACION FORMAL O UNIVERSITARIA

SIEMPRE QUE SEPAN :

2.HABLAR INGLES.

The ITB Berlin takes place annually in March at the Messe Berlin. The fair always has an official partner country, in 2018 (March 7-11) represented by the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

ITB HA LOGRADO DIVERSIFICARSE

(1066-2019), construyendo EVENTOS SATELITE

en SOCIEDADES,

CULTURAS,

CIVILIZACIONES

& ECONOMIAS:

ANTIQUISIMAS...

COMO:

1. INDIA.

2. CHINA.

3. SINGAPUR

ITB Berlin (or just ITB) has been running since 1966 and now has managed to establish satellite events in China, India and Singapore.[1].

LA LABOR DE :

1. B2B.

2.B2C desde ITB, BERLIN, apuesta al :

ACERCAMIENTO DE MAYORISTAS

1. VISITANTES.

2. OPERADORES TURISTICOS.

The thematically ordered market segments help visitors and exhibitors to quickly find their way through the wide product range of ITB Berlin:

LA FERIA ESTA SEGMENTADA EN :

EL ESPACIO FISICO, A PARTIR DE

SU DISENO ARQUITECTONICO &

FERAIL:

ORIGINAL.

1. ATLAS MUNDIALES: GEOGRAFIA

TURISTICA.

Book World,

2. MOTIVACION DE VIAJE:

NEGOCIOS.

3. DIAS DE VIAJES.

4. CRUCEROS.

5. TURISMO CULTURAL.

6.ACOMODACIONES ECONOMICAS.

7. MUNDO DEL TURISMO DIGITAL O

E-TRAVEL.

8. TURISMO DE AVENTURA.

9. TURISMO MOVIL (CIENCIAS TICs)

apoyo al USUARIO FINAL O CLIENTE

POTENCIAL, demandante individual o

familiar de :

1. SERVICIOS TURISTICOS.

2. MARKETING TURISTICO.

10. CENTRO DE ACOPIO DE:

TALENTOS CIENTIFICOS & TECNOLOGICOS,

DENTRO DE ESTA ESPECIALIDAD.

1. OPORTUNIDADES DE ENTRENAMIENTO.

2. OPORTUNIDADES PARA DESARROLLO

DE CARRERAS, DENTRO DE:

2.1. LAS CIENCIAS DEL OCIO.

2.2. LAS CIENCIAS DEL DEPORTE.

2.3. GESTION O ADMINISTRACION DE

PROYECTOS TURISTICOS & AFINES.

11. OFERTAS ESPECIALIZADAS EN:

CIENCIAS TICs:

EN EL RENGLONN HIPER-ESPECIALIZADO

DE:

1. TECNOLOGIAS APLICADAS A LOS VIAJES

TURISTICOS.

2. GEOGRAFIA DIGITAL.

3. DESARROLLO LOCAL SOSTENIBLE.

4. DESARROLLO REGIONAL SOSTENIBLE.

5. DESARROLLO HUMANO SOSTENIBLE.

6. DESARROLLO ECONOMICO SOSTENIBLE.

12. TENDENCIAS MUNDIALES DE LA:

INDUSTRIA TURISTICA.

13. EVENTOS MUNDIALES, EN EL CALENDARIO:

2020-2021, dentro de la INDUSTRIA TURISTICA

GLOBAL.

14. TURISMO DE BIENESTAR: el cual se dedica

a todas las actividades DENTRO & FUERA DE:

MYPIMES, espacializadas con el CUIDADO

PERSONAL, otra oportunidad para la :

ECONOMIA PRODUCTIVA DE RIQUEZA

& DE NEGOCIOS EN:

REPUBLICA DOMINICANA.

15. TENDENCIAS MUNDIALES EN :

TURISMO JUVENIL (2020-2021).

Business Travel Days, Cruises, Cultural Tourism, Economy Accommodation, eTravel World, Adventure & Responsible Tourism, Gay & Lesbian Travel, ITB Mobile Travel Services, Training and Employment (Career Center), Travel Technology, Trends & Events, Wellness, Youth Travel.

7,000 PERIODISTAS: ESPECIALIZADOS

EN LA INDUSTRIA TURISTICA, se ven cara

a cara en ITB, Berlin.

In 2012, about 7,000 journalists attended the ITB Berlin, of whom about

PERO SOLO : 1500 PROCEDEN DEL :

EXTRANJERO?

1. POR QUE?

2. PORQUE SE TRATA DE UNA :

INDUSTRIA MUY COMPLEJA.

2.1. BASADA EN : INTAGIBLES.

2.2. VEASE DIRECTIVA: CONTABLE

No. 38.

2.3. UNA INDUSTRIA BASADA : 100%

EN EL CAPITAL HUMANO,

EN EL CAPITAL SIMBOLICO,

EN EL CAPITAL RELACIONAL,

EN EL CAPITAL GERENCIAL,

EN EL CAPITAL COMUNICACIONAL,

para desde la economia naranja o la economia

creativa:

1. CREAR GOODWILL.

2. FIDELIZAR AL CLIENTE.

3. MOTIVAR : LA RECOMPRA...

4. QUE EL TURISTA : REGRESE EL

PROXIMO ANO : AL MISMO DESTINO,

en nuestro caso:

ATRAERLOS HACIA REPUBLICA

DOMINICANA...

1,500 came from abroad.

POR QUE SON IMPORTANTES, LOS

TALENTOS PROFESIONALES, LLAMADOS:

1. FOTOGRAFOS ARTISTICOS.

2. VIDEOGRAPHERS.

3. CINEASTAS...

PARA QUE TODOS ESTOS SUENOS SE:

CONVIERTAN EN PLANES DE NEGOCIOS:

1. RENTABLES.

2. EXITOSOS.

3. BANCARIZABLES.

4. SOSTENIBLES?

PORQUE ANTES DE VIAJAR, el turista o

la turista:

1. SE INFORMA.

2. COMPRA REVISTAS ESPECIALIZADAS.

3. VISITA O CONSULTA A SU:

AGENTE DE VIAJES.

4. VISITA: ONLINE: LAS AGENCIAS

DE VIAJES.

PERO ESO LO HACE :

UN INDIVIDUO,

UN PADRE O MADRE DE FAMILIA...

EL MAYORISTA QUE ESTA INVIRTIENDO:

GRANDES SUMAS DE DINERO, NO

PUEDE ORIENTARSE, POR PUBLICACIONES:

1.GENERALES O PARA EL GRAN PUBLICO,

2.COMO LOS PERIODICOS.

NECESITA:

1. PAGINAS WEB. ESPECIALIZADAS:

EN LA INDUSTRIA MUNDIAL DEL TURISMO.

2. REVISTAS WEB : ESPECIALIZADAS

EN LA INDUSTRIA MUNDIAL DEL TURISMO.

CUALES SON ESAS:

PUBLICACIONES ESPECIALIZADAS?

1. LAS REVISTAS ESPECIALIZADAS EN:

1.1.VIAJES,

1.2.NEGOCIOS,

1.3. INVERSIONES:

-INDUSTRIALES TURISTICAS-

1.3.1. EN HISTORIAS DE VIDA DE :

EMPRENDEDORES TURISTICOS,

CON LAS METODOLOGIAS DE:

1. MANUFACTURA,

2.DE KAYZEN,

3.DE TQM TURISTICO

4. EN BIOGRAFIAS: DE LIDERES

TURISTICOS GLOBALES.

1.3.2. REVISTAS ESPECIALIZADAS EN:

1.3.2.1.NEGOCIOS TURISTICOS.

1.3.2.2.FINANZAS TURISTICAS.

1.3.2.3. ESTADISTICAS GLOBALES:

TRUISTICAS.

1.3.2.4.TASAS DE RETORNO.

1.3.2.5.ECONOMIA TURISTICA.

1.3.2.6.OPORTUNIDADES DE INVERSION:

GLOBALES: EN LA ESPECIFICIDAD:

TURISTICA.

QUE ES UN PERIODISTA O UNA PERIODISTA

DE VIAJES?

1. UN ESPECIALISTA, EN VIAJAR.

2. UN ESPECIALISTA:

EN VIVIR EXPERIENCIAS

TURISTICAS.

3. UN RECOMENDADORO RECOMENDADORA

DE :

DESTINOS TURISTICOS.

4. INDEPENDIENTE: ES DECIR, CREIBLE,

A NIVEL MUNDIAL:

PORQUE NO TIENE :

CONFLICTOS DE INTERESES.

1. NO RECIBE PAGOS DE HOTELES.

2. NO RECIBE PAGOS DE TOUROPERADORES.

3. NO RECIBE PAGOS DE:

GOBIERNOS....

In addition to the industry's leading trade magazines, business and

DENTRO DE ESOS PERFILES ANTERIORES

94 PAISES, ENVIAN CON:

1. CONFIANZA.

2. CON FE.

3. SUS PRODUCTOS & SERVICIOS

4. PARA GENERAR TENDENCIAS

& NUEVOS PRODUCTOS.

travel journalists from 94 countries also report on the latest travel trends and products.[2]

11,000 STANDS O PUESTOS DE EXHIBICION

SON DISPUESTOS EN ITB, BERLIN...

1. DESDE 180 PAISES.

2. ITB BERLIN, es BOLSA MUNDIAL

DE TURISMO: pero como toda dferia, es un :

EVENTO TURISTICO EN SI MISMO...

1. ATRAE: 170 MIL VISITANTES.

11,000 exhibitors from 180 countries welcomed 170,000 visitors,

2. PERO NO SON TURISTAS: CURIOSOS,

SINO GENTE PODEROSA

-CON DINERO EN EL BOLSILLO-

PARA:

1. COMPRAR NUEVAS IDEAS,

AL POR MAYOR.

2.EN LA ECONOMIA NARANAJA

O EN LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA

MAS DE 2/3 DE LOS CONVERGENTES

EN TALES EXHIBICIONES:

CATEGORIZADOS EN EL PERFIL DE:

1).VISITANTES DE NEGOCIOS...

2).113,000, INDIVIDUALIDADES...

Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV.

CCIAV, CC4AVE.

Talents, Criticism, Friendship!

Salut, Polis, Ecumene!

(1959-2019)

----

among these, 113,000 were trade visitors.[3]

References
"ITB Berlin History & Information". Retrieved 29 November 2019.
http://www.itb-berlin.de/en/MediaCentre/
http://www.itb-berlin.de/en/AboutITBBerlin/ITBAtAGlance/
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ITB Berlin.
Official website
Coordinates: 52°30′14″N 13°16′24″E

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------------

Nearly five decades have passed since it all began – an eventful time full of important societal and political changes. This is also the time in which the tourism industry developed into one of the world’s most important economic factors – along with its leading trade show. Today, ITB Berlin is the leading trade show of the worldwide travel industry and, at the same time, the biggest travel show for the German public.

A detailed history of the ITB Berlin:
History ITB Berlin (PDF, 270.1 kB)

Press release about ITB Berlin history (PDF, 201.2 kB)

-------

--------

ITB, BERLIN: 8 AL 20 MARZO,

2020

--------
The worldwide travel industry

and, at the same time, the biggest

travel show for the German public.

------

A detailed history of the ITB Berlin:

HISTORY ITB GERLIN

History ITB Berlin (PDF, 270.1 kB)

Press release about ITB Berlin history (PDF, 201.2 kB)

Picture ITB Berlin History
Gallery

ITB, BERLIN, NACE EN EL ANO : 1966.

https://www.itb-berlin.com/ITBBerlin/FactsFigures/History/
----------------

RUSSA, Lourdes:

ESTUDIO & DIAGNOSTICO DEL TURISMO

DE SALUD & BIENESTAR de la REPUBLICA

DOMINICANA.

-------

CUANDO TERMINARON LOS PASAJES

BARATOS DE AVION,

VOLANDO POR:

DOMINICANA DE AVIACION,

A FRANKFURT,

LO NUNCA VISTO

1.DESDE SU FUNDACION

EN 1944.

2.PARALELO CON LA :

FUNDACION

DE ICAO, EN CHICAGO?

PUES, tristemente,

ESE CANAL AEREO

DE EDUCACION :

1.SUPERIOR

-DE EXCELENCIA MUNDIAL-

2.BA-RA-TA....

3.MEDICA

4.ESPECIALIZADA...

TERMINO EN EL ANO:

1995...

SE DIJO QUE :

DOMINICANA

DE AVIACION CERRARIA

SUS PUERTAS:

1. A LA JUVENTUD ESTUDIOSA,

DOMINICANA

ansiosa de la

oportunidad educativa, de su:

ESPECIALIZACION

MEDICA

-DE CLASE MUNDIAL-

VIAJANDO A:

FRANKFURT,

-ALEMANIA OCCIDENTAL-

1. A COMPRAR:

LIBROS & REVISTAS DE:

MEDICINA ESPECIALIZADA

& ACTUAL.

2. A COMPRAR EQUIPO,

2.1.TECNOLOGIA,

2.2.MEDICA.

3. A HACER INVERSIONES

-EN BIENES DE CAPITAL-

PARA SUS:

3.1.CLINICAS,

3.2.PARA SUS CONSULTORIOS

PRIVADOS...

3.3.3PARA BRINDAR:

1. CALIDAD MUNDIAL,

EN EL SERVICIO

A SUS PACIENTES...

2. PARA MEJORAR

Our Familiar and Institutional Contribution for Dominican Republic Council for Economy and Health

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

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