Our Familiar and Institutional Contribution for Dominican Republic Council for Economy and Health : EN EL INSTITUTO EVANGELICO, INC. DE SANTIAGO DE LOS CABALLEROS, SON : desde el ano 1927, HACE CASI 100 ANOS... 1. CREYENTES. 2. NO ATEOS. 3. PROTESTANTES. PERO DE LA DENOMINACION RELIGIOSA: MAS RACIONAL ENTRE LOS PROTESTANTES: IGLESIA METODISTA LIBRE: 1. SE BASAN EN EL ALGEBRA. 2. EN LAS MATEMATICAS. 3. EN LOS LABORATORIOS DE: FISICA. 4. DE QUIMICA. 5. DE BIOLOGIA. 6. DE ANATOMIA. 7 DE GEOGRAFIA. 8. DE ECONOMIA POLITICA... Porque? PORQUE LOS MISIONEROS O PEREGRINOS O PREDICADORES EVANGELICOS : METODISTAS LIBRES, emigraron desde: LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DE AMERICA, CON UN CURRICULUM 100% CENTRADO EN LA PRACTICA DE: LAS CIENCIAS BASICAS & SUS APLICACIONES AL MUNDO, REAL: 1. AL MUNDO DEL TRABAJO PRODUCTIVO DE RIQUEZA. 2. AL MUNDO PRODUCTIVO DE LA : AGRICULTURA. 3. AL MUNDO PRODUCTIVO DE LA : GANADERIA... 4. A LA PRODUCCION DE COMIDA: DOMINICANA, EN EL VALLE DEL CIBAO... EN SUS 14 PROVINCIAS... 1927, 1937, 1947, 1957, 1967, 1977, 1987, 1997, 2007, 2017, 2027... 100 ANOS DE SERVICIOS A LA PATRIA DOMINICANA... 100 ANOS DE SERVICIOS AL NACIONALISMO DOMINICANO... 100 ANOS DE SERVICIOS AL PATRIOTISMO: JUANPABLODUARTIANO, DESDE : 1. LAS CIENCIAS DEL APRENDIZAJE. 2. LAS CIENCIAS DEL DESCUBRIMIENTO: PRACTICO EN SUS LABORATORIOS... 3. CIENCIAS DEL DEPORTE. 4. CIENCIAS DEL OCIO... 5. CIENCIAS DE LA EXCELENCIA: EN CIENCIAS PAIDOLOGICAS DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. 6. 100 ANOS DE: SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING. 7. 100 ANOS DE: METODO CIENTIFICO CARTESIANO... 8. 100 ANOS DE CANTO CORAL. 9. 100 ANOS DE TEATRO ESCOLAR. 10.100 ANOS DE PUBLICACIONES, SONADAS, EDITADAS, CONCEBIDAS POR ESCOLARES DE TODOS LOS CURSOS... ----------- EVANGELICOS, NO FANATICOS... NI ESTUPIDOS... SABEN QUE: LA CIENCIA HUMANA ES LA UNICA QUE RESUELVE PROBLEMAS EN EL MUNDO REAL: EN LA ECONOMIA. CREEN EN DIOS & CREEN EN LA CIENCIA HUMANA... POR ESO SIGUEN UNA VARIANTE DEL PROTESTANTISMO, QUE: 1. NO NIEGA LA IMAGINACION HUMANA. 2. NO NIEGA LA INVESTIGACION HUMANA. 3. NO NIEGA EL METODO CIENTIFICO. 4. NO NIEGA LA INNOVACION. 5. NO NIEGA LOS LABORATORIOS. 6. NO NIEGA LA : ECONOMIA COMO CIENCIA EXACTA. 7. NO NIEGA EL VALOR DE LA : EDUCACION INFANTIL MULTILINGUE... 8. NO NIEGA EL VALOR DE LAS CIENCIAS: DEL DEPORTE. 9. NO NIEGA EL VALOR DE LAS : CIENCIAS DEL OCIO. 10. NO NIEGA EL VALOR DE LAS CIENCIAS NATURALES, PARA LA PRODUCCION DE COMIDA, EN 1. LA ECONOMIA AGROPECUARIA DOMINICANA. 2. EN LA ECONOMIA DE LAS FINCAS DOMINICANAS. 3. EN LA ECONOMIA DE LAS GANADERIAS DOMINICANAS... PORQUE TODOS TENEMOS QUE COMER: 1. TODOS LOS DIAS... 2. 3 VECES AL DIA O MAS... -------- 1.QUIEN FUE EL MATEMATICO: RENE DESCARTES? https://www.biography.com/scholar/rene-descartes 2.CUAL ES SU ACTUALIDAD EN EL SIGLO XXI? ---------- RENE DESCARTES ... HIZO COMO CIENTIFICO, LO QUE TENIA QUE HACER: ENTRE LOS ANOS: 1596-1650. ---------------- FUE FILOSOFO, PERO MAS QUE TODO: MATEMATICO. -------- René Descartes Biography Mathematician (1596–1650) UPDATED:APR 16, 2019ORIGINAL:OCT 14, 2014 Philosopher and mathematician René Descartes COMO PENSADOR ORIGINAL: FUNDO LA FILOSOFIA MODERNA. COGITO ERGO SUM. PIENSO LUEGO, EXISTO... is regarded as the father of modern philosophy for defining a starting point for existence, “I think; therefore I am.” RENE DESCARTES... NACIO DE UNA MADRE: HETEROSEXUAL... 31 DE MARZO, 1596. ---------- Synopsis René Descartes was born on March 31, 1596, EN LA HAYE , TOURAINE, FRANCIA... in La Haye en Touraine, France. DESDE NINO: FUE INMENSAMENTE, EDUCADO... He was extensively educated, LO METIERON DE CABEZA, CON MANO DE HIERRO, SU PAPA Y SU MAMA: EN EL COLEGIO JESUITA, DESDE QUE CUMPLIO LOS 8 ANOS DE EDAD... first at a Jesuit college at age 8, ADENTRO DE ESE COLEGIO : 1. APRENDIO. 2. LEYES. 3. CIENCIAS JURIDICAS. 4. GRADUANDOSE A LOS : 22 ANOS DE EDAD... then earning a law degree at 22, PERO UNO DE SUS PROFESORES, ENTRE LA : 1. ESCUELA. 2. LA UNIVERSIDAD. but an influential teacher set him ORIENTO SUS TALENTOS & SUS VOCACIONES... AL USO COMBINADO DE: 1. MATEMATICAS. 2. LOGICA, en el proceso de INTELECCION & COMPRENSION DEL MUNDO DE: LA NATURALEZA... (EL PRIMER PLANO DE LA: REALIDAD) 1. NATURALEZA. 2. PENSAMIENTO. 3. SOCIEDAD. 4. ECONOMIA. on a course to apply mathematics and logic to understanding the natural world. SU APROXIMACION DERIVO DE LA: 1. EXPERIENCIA CONTEMPLATIVA. 2. DE LA NATURALEZA DE LA EXISTENCIA. PERO NO ESTABA LOCO, el buen : RENE DESCARTES, sus observaciones, LAS CONDUJO : HACIA EL CONOCIMIENTO, HACIA LA ECONOMIA NARANJA, HACIA LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA... EL CONOCIMIENTO EN SU INMANENCIA... This approach incorporated the contemplation of the nature of existence and of knowledge itself, hence his most famous observation, “I think; therefore I am.” INFANCIA DE RENE DESCARTES (1596-1616) Early Life Philosopher René Descartes was born on March 31, 1596, in La Haye en Touraine, 1. UNA PEQUENA CIUDAD : EN EL CORAZON DE FRANCIA. a small town in central France, which has since been renamed EL PUEBLECITO FUE RE-NOMBRADO: EN HONOR A EL, SU HIJO MAS : DISTINGUIDO... after him to honor its most famous son. FUE EL HIJO MENOR .. DE UNA FAMILIA: FRANCESA. TUVO OTROS : 2 HERMANOS. He was the youngest of three children, QUEDO HUERFANO ... DE MADRE... and his mother, Jeanne Brochard, CUANDO TENIA UN SOLO ANO DE VIDA... died within his first year of life. SU PAPA... ERA REGIDOR, EN EL CONSEJO MUNICIPAL DE: AQUEL PUEBLECITO... His father, Joachim, a council member in the provincial parliament, COMO ERA HOMBRE -& POLITICO PROFESIONAL- LO MANDO A EDUCAR CON SU: ABUELA, ALGO QUE HACEMOS, TAMBIEN EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA: 1. HOMBRES VIUDOS. 2. HOMBRES DIVORCIADOS. A CASA DE SU ABUELA MATERNA: 1. PARA QUE SU ABUELA: LO CRIARA... 2. Y EL PODER SEGUIR ACTIVO: 2.1.EN SU VIDA POLITICA. 2.2.SU PROFESION... sent the children to live with their maternal grandmother, PERO NADIE POR FAMOSO O OCUPADO QUE ESTE EN LA VIDA: QUIERE ECHARLE LA CARGA DE LA CRIANZA DE SUS NINOS & NINAS: A LOS ABUELOS, POR POBRE QUE SEA... O POR POLITICO QUE SEA... 1. UNO QUIERE CRIAR A SUS HIJOS E HIJAS. 2. CON LOS VALORES, QUE UNO HA: HEREDADO DE SUS PADRES, ABUELOS, TIOS... 3. PERO PARA QUE TENGAN EXITO; ECONOMICO, EN EL FUTURO, EN LA VIDA... 3.1. ESCOLAR. 3.2. ESTUDIANTIL 3.3. UNIVERSITARIA. CUANDO RECOGIO SU PAPA A SU NINO? 1. TAN PRONTO VENCIO EL LUTO DE: LA VIUDEDAD. 2. TAN PRONTO SE VOLVIO A CASAR... POCOS ANOS DESPUES... where they remained even after he remarried a few years later. PERO CUAL ERA LA PREOCUPACION: RPIORITARIA DE SU PAPA? 1. METERLO EN UNA ESCUELA INFANTIL DE EXCELENCIA, DE CALIDAD EN : 1.1. CIENCIAS DEL APRENDIZAJE. 1.2. EN CIENCIAS PAIDOLOGICAS. NADIE QUIERE QUE UN MAESTRO O MAESTRA: 1. INSULTE A SU HIJO O HIJA. 2. LO ACOMPLEJE. 3. LE DANE LA AUTO-ESTIMA... But he was very concerned with good education and sent René, at age 8, QUIEN GARANTIZABA ESOS ESTANDARES MUNDIALES DE EXCELENCIA, EN FRANCIA & EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA? 1.LA PAIDOLOGIA JESUITA, QUE FORMA: CIENTIFICOS. 2.NINOS & NINAS: CIENTIFICOS. LA ESCUELA BUENA, DE EXCELENCIA: QUEDABA LEJOS... PERO SE MONTO EN SU CABALLO CON SU MUCHACHITO... Y CABALGO HASTA ALLI... MUCHAS MILLAS, MUCHAS MILLAS.. HASTA LLEGAR A LA ESCUELA DE : 1. CALIDAD. 2. DE EXCELENCIA. METIO AL MUCHACHITO ALLI: 1. DE CABEZA. 2. CON MANO DE HIERRO... 3. AUNQUE LLORARA... (LE ESTABA SALVANDO LA VIDA: REGALANDOLE UN: FUTURO EN LA ECONOMIA) LO METIO 7 ANOS CON LOS : JESUITAS.... to boarding school at the Jesuit college of Henri IV in La Flèche, several miles to the north, for seven years. DE INFANCIA, DE NINO: DESCARTES, DESDE EL PRINCIPIO: FUE BUEN ALUMNO... 1. LA ESCUELA ERA: RIGUROSA. 2. A LA ESCUELA NO LE IMPORTABA: QUE EN ESOS 7 ANOS, SE ENFERMARA... LA ESCUELA: NO COGIA CORTES. LA ESCUELA: NO ACEPTABA NONERIAS. LA ESCUELA NO : ACEPTABA CUENTOS. LA ESCUELA NO : ACEPTABA MALCRIADEZAS... DE NINO ... 1. HIJO DE POLITICO FAMOSO, en su pueblecito. 2. HIJO DE REGIDOR DEL AYUNTAMIENTO, en su pueblecito, en el corazon de FRANCIA: ESE NINO SE LE ENTREGO A LA ESCUELA JESUITA, PARA SER EDUCADO... Y LOS PADRES JESUITAS, 1.NO DESCANSARIAN 2.POR AMOR AL NINO... 3.HASTA LOGRARLO... Descartes was a good student, although it is thought that he might have been sickly, CUAL ERA EL CURRICULUM & HORARIO EDUCATIVO, SIN ELECTRICIDAD, IMAGINESE? since he didn’t have to abide by the school’s 1. RIGOR. 2. VIDA ESCOLAR HASTA: LA MEDIANOCHE... rigorous schedule and was instead allowed to rest in bed until midmorning. QUE LE ENSENARON LOS CURAS JESUITAS A RENE DESCARTES EN LOS PRIMEROS 7 ANOS DE : ESCOLARIZACION? 1. RETORICA CLASICA. 2. LOGICA FORMAL. 3. LAS ARTES DE LAS: MATEMATICAS. The subjects he studied, such as rhetoric and logic and the “mathematical arts,” PERO NO TODO ERA ABURRIDO: HABIA ALEGRIA, EN EL CUADRIVIUM 1. LA MUSICA. 2. LA ASTRONOMIA. which included music and astronomy, PERO NO ERA PARA SER ARTISTA QUE LO ESTABAN EDUCANDO... SINO PARA SER MATEMATICO... POR TANTO EL CURRICULUM, incluia: 1. METAFISICA. 2. FILOSOFIA NATURAL. 3. ETICA. as well as metaphysics, natural philosophy and ethics, LA MATERIA PRIMA EN LA INFANCIA, PARA: 1. DE ADULTO PODER DEDICARSE A LA : PROFESION DE FILOSOFO. equipped him well for his future as a philosopher. LUEGO EN 4 ANOS: SE HIZO CIENTIFICO DE LAS CIENCIAS JURIDICAS... PERO EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DE: POITIERS. So did spending the next four years earning a baccalaureate in law at the University of Poitiers. ALGUNOS ACADEMICOS & BIOGRAFOS: SENALAN QUE PROBABLEMENTE, TUVO PROBLEMAS NERVIOSOS (PSIQUIATRICOS) EN SUS ANOS DE: ESTUDIANTE UNIVERSITARIO. Some scholars speculate that he may have had a nervous breakdown during this time. PERO COMO DICE LA DOCTORA PAULA KROEBER: DESCASTER NACIO... CON UN CEREBRO COMPLEJO, DE SELVA TROPICAL... SIENDO YA ABOGADO & MATEMATICO... VOLVIO A LA UNIVERSIDAD: EL PRIMER INDICADOR DE QUE NO QUERIA SER UN MEDIOCRE... 1. SE HIZO TEOLOGO. 2. SE HIZO MEDICO. ERA UN HOMBRE JOVEN, igual a todos los jovenes del mundo nacidos en 1596, SOLO QUE ESTE TENIA: 4 TITULOS UNIVERSITARIOS. 4. ESPECIALIDADES... Descartes later added theology and medicine to his studies. But he eschewed all this, “resolving to seek no knowledge other than that of which could be found in myself or else in the great book of the world,” 4 CUATRO ESPECIALIDADES CIENTIFICAS, NO A LOS 12 NI A LOS 20 ANOS DE EDAD: 1. SE SIENTA EN UNA SILLA. 2. SE SIENTA EN UN ESCRITORIO. Y REDACTA: EL DISCURSO DEL METODO: 1. COMO CONDUCICON RACIONAL. 2.PARA QUIEN ANDA BUSCANDO LA: VERDAD. 3. EN LAS CIENCIAS. QUE EDAD TENIA ESTE POLIMATA, EN EL ANO: 1637, SI HABIA NACIDO EN 1597? ESTE MUCHACHON TENIA : 30 ANOS DE EDAD. he wrote much later in Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences, published in 1637. QUE HIZO? 1. LO QUE HACEN TODOS LOS PATRIOTAS DEL MUNDO. 2. LO QUE HACEN TODOS LOS NACIONALISTAS DEL MUNDO... A.SE ENGANCHO, AL EJERCITO DE SU: PAIS..... B. SE JUGO LA VIDA : EN LOS CAMPOS DE BATALLA. C. POR LA FELICIDAD & LA LIBERTAD DE LOS NINOS & NINAS, DEL FUTURO: DE SU PAIS... PARA CONSTRUIR LA PAZ & LA ECONOMIA FUTURA DE SU PAIS... COMO: JUAN PABLO DUARTE & DIEZ. COMO GENERAL PEDRO SANTANA, COMO GREGORIO LUPERON... So he traveled, joined the army for a brief time, PERO LO SUYO NO ERAN LAS ARMAS: SINO LA FILOSOFIA & LAS MATEMATICAS... saw some battles and was introduced to DE TODAS ESAS CORRERIAS MILITARES, BATALLAS & SANGRE: DESCARTES SACO EL LADO: POSITIVO: 1. LOGRO HACER UN AMIGO. 2. ALGUIEN QUE HABLARA SU : MISMO IDIOMA. 3. EL LENGUAJE SISTEMATICO DE: LAS CIENCIAS. 1. CONOCIO A ISAAC BEECKMAN 1.1. DE PROFESION: FILOSOFO. 1.2. DE PROFESION: CIENTIFICO. Dutch scientist and philosopher Isaac Beeckman, PERO NO SE PUSO DE ARROGANTE, NI DE : 1. PEQUENO -BURGUES. 2. DE SOBERBIO. 3. DICIENDO: YO SOY HIJO DE UN REGIDOR. YO TENGO 4 TITULOS UNIVERSITARIOS. SE DIO CUENTA DE QUE ARRIBA: EN EUROPA DEL CIENTRO Y DEL NORTE, LOS JUDIOS, HABIAN HECHO AVANZAR LAS CIENCIAS DESDE SU EXPULSION DE ESPANA EN 1492... SE PUSO: 1.HUMILDEMENTE DE ALUMNO... 2. DE ISAAC BECKMAN... QUIEN: 1. CON SUS CONOCIMIENTOS: 2.INFLUYO PARA SIEMPRE: EN SU VIDA... Pwho would become for Descartes a very influential teacher. PERO, PARA SER UN PENSADOR UNIVERSITARIO; INNOOVADOR: COMO DR. FACUNDO MANES, QUE INICIO -SU VIDA CIENTIFICA- EN SEGUNDO ANO DE: MEDICINA, EN ARGENTINA... RENE DESCARTES INICIA AL FINALIZAR LA CARRERA EN LA: UNIVERSIDAD DE POITIERS... 12 MESES ANTES DE GRADUARSE... year after graduating from Poitiers, HACIA DONDE SE; 1. DIRIGIO SU PENSAMIENTO 2.Y SU:PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACION LONGITUDINAL? EN TRES LINEAS DE INVESTIGACION: Descartes credited a series of three very powerful dreams or visions with determining the course of his study for the rest of his life. 1. FUNDAR LA FILOSOFIA MODERNA O CONTEMPORANEA. Becoming the Father of Modern Philosophy. Descartes is considered by many to be the father of modern philosophy, 1.BECAUSE HIS IDEAS... because his ideas 2.DEPARTED WIDELY 2.1.FROM CURRENT 2.2.UNDERSTANDING 2.3.IN THE EARLY: 17 TH CENTURY. departed widely from current understanding in the early 17th century, 3. WHICH WAS MORE : FEELING-BASED. which was more feeling-based. While elements of his philosophy weren’t completely new, HIS APPROACH TO THEM WAS. his approach to them was. Descartes believed in basically: 1. clearing everything off the table, 2.all preconceived and 3. inherited notions, 4.and starting fresh, 5.putting back one by one THE THINGS THAT WERE CERTAIN the things that were certain, which for him began with the statement “I exist.” From this sprang his most famous quote: “I think; therefore I am.” Since Descartes believed that all truths WERE ULTIMATELY LINKED... were ultimately linked, he sought to UNCOVER... THE MEANING OR THE NATURAL WORLD uncover the meaning of the natural world WITH A RATIONAL 1. THROUGH SCIENCE. 2. MATHEMATICS. with a rational approach, through science and mathematics—in some ways 1.AND EXTENSION OF THE APPROACH an extension of the approach 2. SIR FRANCIS BACON Sir Francis Bacon had asserted in England A FEW DECADES PRIOR. a few decades prior. In addition to Discourse on the Method, Descartes also published: 1. MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY. 2. PRINCIPLES OF PHILOSOPHY. Meditations on First Philosophy and Principles of Philosophy, among other treatises. Although philosophy is largely where the 20th century deposited Descartes—each century has focused on different aspects of his work— HIS: 1. INVESTIGATIONS. 2. IN THEORETICAL : PHYSICS. LED MANY SCHOLARS TO CONSIDER HIM A : 1. MATHEMATICIAN. 2. FIRST. his investigations in theoretical physics led many scholars to consider him a mathematician first. HE INTRODUCED: 1. CARTESIAN GEOMETRY. He introduced Cartesian geometry, WHICH INCORPORATES: 1. ALGEBRA. 2. THROGH HIS LAWS OF : REFRACTION. which incorporates algebra; through his laws of refraction, 2. HE DEVELOPED AND: EMPIRICAL UNDERSTANDING OF RAINBOWS. he developed an empirical understanding of rainbows; 3. HE PROPOSED A: NATURALISTIC ACCOUNT OF THE FORMATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM. and he proposed a naturalistic account of the formation of the solar system, although he felt he had to suppress much of that due to Galileo’s fate at the hands of the Inquisition. His concern wasn’t misplaced— POPE ALEXANDER VII LATER ADDED DESCARTES WORKS TO THE : INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS. Pope Alexander VII later added Descartes’ works to the Index of Prohibited Books. Later Life, Death and Legacy. DESCARTES: NEVER MARRIED.... Descartes never married, BUT HE DID HAVE A : DAUGHTER, FRANCINE... but he did have a daughter, Francine, born in the Netherlands in 1635. HE HAD MOVE -CENTRAL AT NORTH EUROPE- TRAVELING IN 1628, AT: NETHERLANDS. IN 1628He had moved to that country in 1628 because life in FRANCE WAS TOO BUSTLING FOR HIM TO CONCENTRATE ON HIS WORK France was too bustling for him to concentrate on his work, and Francine’s mother was a maid in the home where he was staying. HE HAD PLANNED TO HAVE THE : LITTLE GIRL EDUCATED... He had planned to have the little girl educated IN FRANCE... in France, having arranged for her to live WITH RELATIVES... with relatives, BUT SHE DIED OF A FEVER AT AGE 5.... but she died of a fever at age 5. 1.Descartes lived in the Netherlands FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS... 2.BUT DIED IN : STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN. for more than 20 years but died in Stockholm, Sweden, on February 11, 1650. He had moved there less than a year before, AT THE REQUEST OF QUEEN: CHIRSTINA at the request of Queen Christina, TO BE HER PHILOSOPHY TUTOR. to be her philosophy tutor. The fragile health indicated in his early life persisted. HABITS. 1.SPEND MORNING IN BED. He habitually spent mornings in bed, 2. WHERE HE CONTIUED TO HONOR HIS: DREAM LIFE. where he continued to honor his dream life, incorporating 1.IT INTO WAKING METHODOLOGIES it into his waking methodologies 2.IN CONCIOUS MEDITATION... in conscious meditation, 1.BUT THE QUEEN 'S INSISTENCE 2.ON 5 AM LESSONS... but the queen’s insistence on 5 am lessons 3. LED TO A BOUT OF PNEUMONIA led to a bout of pneumonia 4. FROM WHICH HE COULD NOT: RECOVER from which he could not recover. HE WAS 53 YEARS OLD.... He was 53. Sweden was a PROTESTANT COUNTRY. Protestant country, SO DESCARTES A CATHOLIC so Descartes, a Catholic, was buried in a graveyard primarily for unbaptized babies. Later, his remains were taken to the ABBEY OF SAINT-GERMAN-DE-PRES abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, THE OLDEST CHURCH OF PARIS. the oldest church in Paris. They were moved during the French Revolution, and were put back later —although urban legend has it that only his heart is there and the rest IS BURIED IN THE PANTHEON. is buried in the Panthéon. Descartes’ approach of combining mathematics and logic with philosophy to explain the physical world turned metaphysical when confronted with questions of theology; it led him to a contemplation of the nature of existence and the mind-body duality, identifying the point of contact for the body with the soul at the pineal gland. It also led him to define the idea of dualism: matter meeting non-matter. Because his previous philosophical system had given man the tools to define knowledge of what is true, this concept led to controversy. Fortunately, Descartes himself had also invented methodological skepticism, OR CARTESIAN DOUBT or Cartesian doubt, thus making philosophers of us all. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Citation Information Article Title René Descartes Biography Author Biography.com Editors Website Name The Biography.com website URL https://www.biography.com/scholar/rene-descartes Access Date 13 de diciembre de 2019 Publisher A&E Television Networks Last Updated April 16, 2019 Original Published Date April 1, 2014 ------------- MIENTRAS HAYA... BOLA, HAY AGUILA! ---------- POR ESO, TODO LO QUE SOY Y TODO LO QUE SERE: 1. SE LO AGRADEZCO A MI INFANCIA: BURGUESA, PRIVILEGIADA, URBANA... 2.AL CONSEJO NACIONAL DE EDUCACION DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, que es la UNICA INSTITUCION FACULTADA POR LAS LEYES DOMINICANAS, PARA: ASIGNAR LOS LIBROS DE TEXTO, en las ESCUELAS PUBLICAS & PRIVADAS INFANTILES DOMINICANAS... 1. INCLUYENDO LA ASIGNACION DEL: LIBRO DE ECONOMIA POLITICA QUE DEBE LEER UN NINO O NINA DOMINICANOS: PRINCIPIOS DE ECONOMIA POLITICA DE LUCIO M. CASADO (VIGENTE EN EL PERIODO HISTORICO: 1966-1980)... EN EL BACHILLERATO DOMINICANO DE CIENCIAS & LETRAS... EN EL INSTITUTO EVANGELICO,INC. DE SANTIAGO DE LOS CABALLEROS, NO FANATICOS. NO SECTARIOS. MAESTROS EXPERTOS PAIDOLOGOS DOMINICANOS, DE LA EDUCACION PRIVADA DOMINICANA... POR QUE? PORQUE ES UNA INSTITUCION PRIVADA, CARTESIANA... FUNDADA EN EL METODO DE RENE DESCARTES SON EVANGELICOS, PERO TRABAJAN PARA GANARSE LA VIDA, COMO DIOS MANDA... SON EVANGELICOS: METODISTAS LIBRES. Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV. CCIAV, CC4AVE. Talents, Criticism, Friendship! Salut, Polis ,Ecumene! (1959-2019). --------- Pero las COOPERATIVAS DOMINICANAS, que han sacado de la pobreza A MILES Y MILES DE MAESTROS & MAESTRAS DE EDUCACION INFANTIL, DE PAIDOLOGOS DOMINICANOS, DE PAIDOLOGAS DOMINICANAS... DE COLEGIOS PRIVADOS DE ALTO STANDING, DE COLEGIOS PRIVADOS BILINGUES, DE COLEGIOS SPONSORIZADOS POR EL GOBIERNO DOMINICANO, EN BARRIOS POBRES & EN ZONAS RURALES.... A TODOS & TODAS LOS MAESTROS DE LAS ESCUELAS PUBLICAS DOMINICANAS, desde la INVENCON, INNOVACION GERENCIAL DE DR. OCTAVIO RAMIREZ DUVAL, con la COMPLICIDAD & ESTIMULO DEL LEGISLADOR DOMINICANO, DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL DOMINICANO, desde el ano 1964 hasta hoy, DENTRO DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA, DENTRO DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, en el ultimo TERCIO DEL SIGLO XX & EN LO QUE VA DEL SIGLO XXI (1964-2019): EL NO INVENTO NADA... ADAPTO, UN INVENTO INGLES A LA REALIDAD DEL MAESTRO Y DE LA MAESTRA POBRES, DOMINICANO: 1. LA COOPERATIVA. 2. QUE ES UNA COOPERATIVA? 3. PORQUE FUNCIONAN EN TODO EL MUNDO, SACANDO GENTE DE LA POBREZA, MIENTRAS TRABAJAN, CON EL SUDOR DE SU FRENTE? ------------ COOPERATIVA. --------------- Cooperative. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the personality trait, see: Cooperativeness. "Co-op" redirects here. For other uses, see Co-op (disambiguation). By jurisdiction[show] General corporate forms[show] Corporate forms by jurisdiction[show] Doctrines[show] Related areas[show] Company portalLaw portal vte UN CONSEJO DE VOLUNTARIADO... The volunteer board of a CONSUMIDORES MINORISTAS... retail consumers' cooperative, such as the: former Oxford, Swindon & Gloucester Co-op, is held to account at an annual general meeting of members GERENCIA O ADMINISTRACION DEL NEGOCIO: DE LA EMPRESA. Business administration Management of a business CIENCIAS CONTABLES. Accounting[show] Business entities[show] GOBIERNO CORPORATIVO. Corporate governance[show] Corporate law[show] Corporate title[show] Economics[show] Finance[show] TIPOS DE GERENCIA. Types of management[show] Organization[show] COMERCIO. Trade[show] Emblem-money.svg Business and economics portal vte. EL CONCEPTO: COOPERATIVA. A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is 1. ES UNA INSTITUCION AUTONOMA: 1.1. FORMADA POR INDIVIDULIDADES. 1.2. POR PERSONAS & SUS FAMILIAS... ENTIENDASE: SU ESPOSO, SU ESPOSA, SUS NINOS, NINAS... "an autonomous association of persons united REUNIDAS, SIN USO DE LA FUERZA: VOLUNTARIAMENTE... EN TORNO A UNA SOLA : PRIORIDAD HACER REALIDAD UN SUENO, PERSONAL, GRUPAL, FAMILIAR, COLECTIVO... 1. PRODUCIR SATISFACTORES: DINERARIOS & EN TIME MANAGEMENT, DESDE EL VOLUNTARIADO... 1.1. PARA SATISFACER, SUS PRIORIDADES: EN BIENES DE SUPERACION, EN BIENES DE CONFORT (INCLUYENDO EL LUJO : EL CONSUMO:CONSPICUO, DE THORSTEIN VEBLEN (1904-1907)... EXPRESADO EN PROCESOS DE: 1. CONSUMO . 2. DE PROSUMO. PERSONAL & FAMILIAR (FAMILIA NUCLEAR)... OPERACIONALIZANDO UN MARCO: ASPIRACIONAL (EL SUENO PERSONAL & FAMILIAR)... 1. NECESIDADES..HUMANAS.. 1.1. ECONOMICAS. 1.2. SOCIALES. 1.3. CULTURALES. voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations HACIENDO DE LA EMPRESA COOPERATIVA: EL CANAL -FINANCIERO , GERENCIAL, CONTABLE- PARA LUCHAR CONTRA LA ADVERSIDAD, PERSONAL & FAMILIAR DE ORIGEN, DESDE EL: 1. MICRO-AHORRO. 2. DESDE EL MICRO-CRETITO. through a jointly-owned enterprise".[1] COMO ESTAN DISENADAS, ADMINISTRATIVAMENTE, LAS COOPERATIVAS, EN TODO EL MUNDO? Cooperatives may include: 1. COOPERATIVA DE SERVICIOS: DE CONSUMO. Donde el plan de negocios es circular: 1. Administrada 2. Por sus propios duenos. 3. QUE CONSUMEN: SU PROPIO INVENTARIO... businesses owned and managed by the people who use their services (a consumer cooperative)... 2. COOPERATIVA DE TRABAJADORES. cooperativa de trabajadores. 1. GENTE QUE TRABAJA: A TIEMPO COMPLETO EN LA COOPERATIVA. 2. QUE NO TIENE MAS EMPLEO: LA COOPERATIVA. 3. QUE CUMPLE SU JORNADA LABORAL: EN UNA SOLA INSTITUCION: LA COOPERATIVA... organizations managed by the people who work there (worker cooperatives) 3. COOPERATIVAS HIBRIDAS O DE DECISORES MULTIPLES, DONDE -SIN ENTRAR EN CONFLICTOS DE INTERESES- 1.DONDE CONVERGE LA PROPIEDAD, ENTRE: 2.DISTINTOS SECTORES CO-PROPIETARIOS. multi-stakeholder or hybrid cooperatives that share ownership between different stakeholder groups. EL EJEMPLO CLASICO, A NIVEL MUNDIAL: LAS CARE COOPERATIVES, LAS COOPERATIVAS DE: CUIDADORES & CUIDADORAS TIPICAS DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA, TIPICAS DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, TIPICA DE LOS SERVICIOS : PERSONALIZADOS: 1. PACIENTE -CUIDADOR 2. MEDICO-PACIENTE. 3. ENFERMERA-PACIENTE. 4.CAREGIVER-PATIENT PUEDE LLEGAR A INCLUIR: ORGANIZACIONES NO LUCRATIVAS, COMO: ASOCIACION DOMINICANA DE REHABILITACION, INC PERO NO SOLO IDEALISTAS O FILANTROPOS... SINO CIENTIFICOS DEL MANAGEMENT, DE LAS ALTAS FINANZAS, COMO: 1.LOS BANCOS, DE DESARROLLO, 2.LAS ASOCIACIONES DE : AHORROS & PRESTAMOS. 3.LOS DUENOS DE CLINICAS PRIVADAS: DE SERVICIOS DE SALUD: DE ALTA ESPECIALIDAD... 1. IMPORTADORES DE BIENES DE CAPITAL PARA : INDUSTRIA MEDICA 1.1. HARDWARE. 1.2. SOFTWARE. 1.3. INSTRUMENTAL : ORTOPEDICO, PROTESIS.. For example, care cooperatives where ownership is shared between both care-givers and receivers. Stakeholders might also include non-profits or investors. EL HOLDING COOPERATIVO: DONDE YA LOS SOCIOS NO SON PERSONAS, SINO OTRAS; EMPRESAS COOPERATIVAS second- and third-tier cooperatives whose members are other cooperatives... PLATAFORMAS COOPERATIVISTAS... DESDE EL GOBIERNO... 1. MEDIANTE EL USO DE LA WEB 2.0 2. MEDIANTE LA CULTURA DIGITAL. 2.1.PAGINA WEB O VIRTUALIZACION DE LAS OFERTAS DE SERVICIOS. 2.2. TELETRABAJO. 2.3. NETWORKING. 2.4. COWORKING. 2.5. DISENO DE APLICACIONES O APPS PARA CADA SEGMENTO DE MERCADO, ON DEMAND. 2.6. APLICACIONES MOVILES. 2.7. TODOS LOS RECURSOS... DE LA CREATIVIADAD PATENTBLE, DE LA PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL, DE L A PRPIEDAD INTLECTUAL, DE LA AUTORIA ORIGINAL, DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA, DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, DOMINICANA... DE LA IMAGINACION, DE LA CREATIVIDAD, DE LA INOVACION HUMANA, PARA: 1. FACILITAR & OPTIMIZAR 2. LA REALIZCION DE: FIDELIZACION -ENTRE EMPRESA OFERTANTE & CLIENTE FINAL- EN CLAVE: SHARE CULTURE. platform cooperatives that use a cooperatively owned and governed website, mobile app or a protocol to facilitate the sale of goods and services. LA COOPERATIVA ES POPULAR: PERO NO ACEPTAN VAGOS, EN " COOPERATIVAS... NI NI-NIS... SINO: TRABAJADORES & TRABAJADORAS... EN EL ANO 2012: WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE... DICE QUE LOS COOPERATIVISTAS & LAS COOPERATIVISTAS: 1. EN TODO EL MUNDO. 2. TOTALIZAN : UN BILLON DE SERES HUMANOS.. 3. EN 96 PAISES... EN SU VIDA HA SIDO MIEMBRO O SOCIO, DE POR LO MENOS: UNA COOPERATIVA, EN SU CICLO DE VIDA... Research published by the Worldwatch Institute found that in 2012 approximately one billion people in 96 countries had become members of at least one cooperative.[2] The turnover of the largest three hundred cooperatives in the world reached $2.2 trillion.[3]. ------- Cooperative businesses are TIPICAMENTE MAS ECONOMICAMENTE: RESILENTES... typically more economically resilient than many other forms of enterprise, with twice the number of co-operatives (80%) surviving their first five years compared with other business ownership models (41%).[4] . Cooperatives frequently have social goals which they aim to accomplish by investing a proportion of trading profits back into their communities. As an example of this, in 2013, retail co-operatives in the UK invested 6.9% of their pre-tax profits in the communities in which they trade as compared with 2.4% for other rival supermarkets.[5]. EL DOMINIO VIRTUAL O DIGITAL: COOP, -Se ha popularizado desde el ano 2002- Since 2002 cooperatives have been distinguishable on the Internet through the use of a .coop domain. TODAS LAS COOPERATIVAS COMO: 1. EMPRESA RENTABLES. 2. SOSTENIBLES. todas las cooperativas como empresas sostenibles... SE HAN FEDERADO A ESCALA PLANETARIA... EN LA ALIANZA INTERNACIONAL DE: COOPERATIVAS. en 96 paises In 2014, the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) introduced the Cooperative Marque, meaning ICA cooperatives and WOCCU credit unions can also be identified through a coop ethical consumerism label. Contents 1 Origins and history 2 Meaning 2.1 Identity 2.1.1 Co-op principles and values 2.1.2 Co-op Marque and domain 2.2 Cooperatives as legal entities 3 Economic stability 3.1 In Europe 3.2 In North America 3.2.1 In the United States of America 3.2.2 In Canada 4 Types of cooperatives 4.1 Consumers' cooperative 4.1.1 Retail cooperative 4.1.2 Housing cooperative 4.1.3 Utility cooperative 4.1.4 Credit unions, cooperative banking and co-operative insurance 4.2 Worker cooperative 4.2.1 Business and employment cooperative 4.3 Purchasing cooperative 4.4 Producer cooperative 4.5 Multi-stakeholder cooperatives 4.5.1 Social cooperative 4.5.2 New generation cooperative 4.6 Other 4.6.1 Platform cooperative 4.6.2 Volunteer cooperative 4.7 Federal or secondary cooperative 4.7.1 Cooperative union 4.7.2 Cooperative political movements 4.7.2.1 UK 4.7.2.2 Philippines 5 Women in cooperatives 6 Cooperatives in popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links --------------- ORIGENES E HISTORIA: COOPERATIVA & COOPERATIVISMO. Origins and history Main article: History of the cooperative movement Cooperation dates back as far as human beings have been organizing for mutual benefits. DESDE LAS TRIBUS... Tribes were organized as cooperative structures, allocating jobs and resources among each other, only trading with the external communities.[citation needed] In alpine environments, EL COMERCIO... FUE LA FUERZA MOTRIZ, - LA CIRCULACION DE BIENES & SERVICIOS... - trade could only be maintained in organized cooperatives to achieve a LA PREPARACION DE CAMINOS O CARRETERAS ARTIFICIALES, ES DECIR: NACIDAS D E LA INTERVENCION HUMANA (INGENIERIL)... DESDE 1472.... useful condition of artificial roads such as Viamala in 1472.[6] PRE-INDUSTRIAL EUROPE... Pre-industrial Europe is home to the first cooperatives from an industrial context.[7] The roots of the cooperative movement can be traced to multiple influences and extend worldwide. In the English-speaking world, POST-FEUDAL FORMS OF COOPERATION: 1.BETWEEN WORKERS. 2. AND OWNERS. post-feudal forms of cooperation between workers and owners that are expressed today as "profit-sharing" and "surplus sharing" arrangements, existed as far back as 1795.[8] THE KEY IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE... The key ideological influence on the Anglosphere branch of the cooperative movement, however, was a rejection of the charity principles that UNDERPINNED WELFARE REFORMS WHEN THE BRITISH underpinned welfare reforms when the BRITISH GOVERNMENT: RADICALLY British government radically REVISED THE POOR LAWS (1834). revised its Poor Laws in 1834. AS BOTH: 1. THE STATE. 2. CHURCH INSTITUTIONS. As both state and church institutions began to routinely distinguish between the 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor, a movement of friendly societies grew throughout the British Empire based on the PRINCIPLE OF MUTUALLY: COMMITTED principle of mutuality, committed TO SELF- HELP.. to self-help in the welfare of working people.[citation needed] ROBERT OWEN AS PIONEER (1771-1858). Robert Owen (1771–1858) was a social reformer and a pioneer OF THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT. of the cooperative movement. In 1761, the Fenwick Weavers' Society was formed in Fenwick, East Ayrshire, Scotland to sell discounted oatmeal to local workers.[9] Its services expanded to INCLUDE: 1. ASSISTANCE. 2. SAVINGS. 3. LOANS. 4. EMIGRATION. 5. EDUCATION. include assistance with savings and loans, emigration and education. In 1810, Welsh social reformer Robert Owen, from Newtown in mid-Wales, and his partners purchased New Lanark mill from Owen's father-in-law David Dale and proceeded to introduce better labour standards including discounted retail shops where profits were passed on to his employees. Owen left New Lanark to pursue other forms of cooperative organization and develop coop ideas through writing and lecture. COOPERATIVES COMMUNITIES. Cooperative communities were set up in Glasgow, Indiana and Hampshire, although ultimately unsuccessful. --- FIRST COOPERATIVE: NEWSPAPER...(1828) ---- WILLIAM KING, THE NEWSPAPER: THE COOPERATOR. In 1828, William King set up a newspaper, The Cooperator, to promote Owen's thinking, having already set up a cooperative store in Brighton.[10][11]. ------ THE ROCHDALE SOCIETY OF EQUITABLE PIONEERS (RCEP) FOUNDED IN 1844... ---------- The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, (RCEP) founded in 1844, is usually considered the first successful cooperative enterprise, used as a model for modern coops, following the 'Rochdale Principles'. A group of 28 weavers and other artisans in Rochdale, England set up the society to open their own store selling food items they could not otherwise afford. Within ten years there were over a thousand cooperative societies in the United Kingdom.[citation needed] Spolok Gazdovský founded in 1845 by Samuel Jurkovič, was the first cooperative in Europe.[12] Other events such as the founding of a friendly society by the Tolpuddle Martyrs in 1832 were key occasions in the creation of organized labor and consumer movements.[13] Friendly Societies established forums through which one member, one vote was practiced in organisation decision-making. The principles challenged the idea that a person should be an owner of property before being granted a political voice. Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century (and then repeatedly every twenty years or so) there was a surge in the number of cooperative organisations, both in commercial practice and civil society, operating to advance democracy and universal suffrage as a political principle.[14] Friendly Societies and consumer cooperatives became the dominant form of organization amongst working people in Anglosphere industrial societies prior to the rise of trade unions and industrial factories. Weinbren reports that by the end of the 19th century, over 80% of British working age men and 90% of Australian working age men were members of one or more Friendly Society.[15] From the mid-nineteenth century, mutual organisations embraced these ideas in economic enterprises, firstly amongst tradespeople, and later in cooperative stores, educational institutes, financial institutions and industrial enterprises. The common thread (enacted in different ways, and subject to the constraints of various systems of national law) is the principle that an enterprise or association should be owned and controlled by the people it serves, and share any surpluses on the basis of each member's cooperative contribution (as a producer, labourer or consumer) rather than their capacity to invest financial capital.[16] The International Co-operative Alliance was the first international association formed (1895) by the cooperative movement.[citation needed] It includes the World Council of Credit Unions. A second organization formed later in Germany: the International Raiffeisen Union. In the United States, the National Cooperative Business Association (NCBA CLUSA; the abbreviation of the organization retains the initials of its former name, Cooperative League of the USA) serves as the sector's oldest national membership association. It is dedicated to ensuring that cooperative businesses have the same opportunities as other businesses operating in the country and that consumers have access to cooperatives in the marketplace. In 1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen received Nobel prize for chemistry for AIV silage which improved milk production and a method of preserving butter, the AIV salt, which led to increased Finnish butter exports. He had started his career in chemistry in Valio, a cooperative of dairy farmers in which he headed the research department for 50 years and where all his major inventions were first put to practice. Cooperative banks were first to adopt online banking. Stanford Federal Credit Union was the first financial institution to offer online internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994.[17] In 1996 OP Financial Group, also a cooperative bank, became the second online bank in the world and the first in Europe.[18] By 2004 a new association focused on worker co-ops was founded, the United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives. The cooperative movement has been fueled globally by ideas of economic democracy. Economic democracy is a socioeconomic philosophy that suggests an expansion of decision-making power from a small minority of corporate shareholders to a larger majority of public stakeholders. There are many different approaches to thinking about and building economic democracy. Anarchists are committed to libertarian socialism and have focused on local organization, including locally managed cooperatives, linked through confederations of unions, cooperatives and communities. Marxists, who as socialists have likewise held and worked for the goal of democratizing productive and reproductive relationships, often placed a greater strategic emphasis on confronting the larger scales of human organization. As they viewed the capitalist class to be politically, militarily and culturally mobilized for the purpose of maintaining an exploitable working class, they fought in the early 20th century to appropriate from the capitalist class the society's collective political capacity in the form of the state, either through democratic socialism, or through what came to be known as Leninism. Though they regard the state as an unnecessarily oppressive institution, Marxists considered appropriating national and international-scale capitalist institutions and resources (such as the state) to be an important first pillar in creating conditions favorable to solidaristic economies.[19][20] With the declining influence of the USSR after the 1960s, socialist strategies pluralized, though economic democratizers have not as yet established a fundamental challenge to the hegemony of global neoliberal capitalism. Meaning Identity Co-op principles and values Cooperative principles are the seven guidelines by which coops put their values into practice, often called the seven Rochdale Principles:[21] Voluntary and open membership Democratic member control Economic participation by members Autonomy and independence Education, training and information Cooperation among cooperatives Concern for community Cooperatives' values, in the tradition of its founders, are based on "self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity, and solidarity." Co-operative members believe in the ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring for others. Co-op Marque and domain Since 2002, ICA cooperatives and WOCCU credit unions could be distinguished by use of a .coop domain. In 2014, ICA introduced the Global Cooperative Marque[22] for use by ICA's[23] Cooperative members and by WOCCU's Credit Union members so they can be further identified[24] by their coop ethical consumerism label. The marque is used today by thousands of cooperatives in more than a hundred countries.[25] The .coop domain and Co-operative Marque were designed as a new symbol of the global cooperative movement and its collective identity in the digital age. The Co-operative Marque and domain is reserved just for co-operatives, credit unions and organisations that support co-operatives; is distinguished by its ethical badge that subscribes to the seven ICA Cooperative Principles and Co-op Values. Co-ops can be identified on the Internet through the use of the .coop suffix of internet addresses. Organizations using .coop domain names must adhere to the basic co-op values. Cooperatives as legal entities A cooperative is a legal entity owned and democratically controlled by its members. Members often have a close association with the enterprise as producers or consumers of its products or services, or as its employees.[26] The legal entities have a range of social characteristics. Membership is open, meaning that anyone who satisfies certain non-discriminatory conditions may join. Economic benefits are distributed proportionally to each member's level of participation in the cooperative, for instance, by a dividend on sales or purchases, rather than according to capital invested.[27] Cooperatives may be classified as either worker, consumer, producer, purchasing or housing cooperatives.[28] They are distinguished from other forms of incorporation in that profit-making or economic stability are balanced by the interests of the community.[27] There are specific forms of incorporation for cooperatives in some countries, e.g. Finland[29] and Australia.[30] Cooperatives may take the form of companies limited by shares or by guarantee, partnerships or unincorporated associations. In the UK they may also use the industrial and provident society structure. In the US, cooperatives are often organized as non-capital stock corporations under state-specific cooperative laws. Cooperatives often share their earnings with the membership as a dividends, which are divided among the members according to their participation in the enterprise, such as patronage, instead of according to the value of their capital shareholdings (as is done by a joint stock company). Economic stability Main article: Economic stability Capital and the Debt Trap reports that "cooperatives tend to have a longer life than other types of enterprise, and thus a higher level of entrepreneurial sustainability". This resilience has been attributed to how cooperatives share risks and rewards between members, how they harness the ideas of many and how members have a tangible ownership stake in the business. Additionally, "cooperative banks build up counter-cyclical buffers that function well in case of a crisis," and are less likely to lead members and clients towards a debt trap (p. 216). This is explained by their more democratic governance that reduces perverse incentives and subsequent contributions to economic bubbles. In Europe A 2013 report by ILO concluded that cooperative banks outperformed their competitors during the financial crisis of 2007-2008. The cooperative banking sector had 20% market share of the European banking sector, but accounted for only 7 per cent of all the write-downs and losses between the third quarter of 2007 and first quarter of 2011. Cooperative banks were also over-represented in lending to small and medium-sized businesses in all of the 10 countries included in the report.[31] A 2013 report published by the UK Office for National Statistics showed that in the UK the rate of survival of cooperatives after five years was 80 percent compared with only 41 percent for all other enterprises.[4] A further study found that after ten years 44 percent of cooperatives were still in operation, compared with only 20 percent for all enterprises. A 2012 report published by The European Confederation of cooperatives and worker-owned enterprises active in industry and services showed that in France and Spain, worker cooperatives and social cooperatives “have been more resilient than conventional enterprises during the economic crisis”.[32] In North America In the United States of America Main article: History of cooperatives in the United States In a 2007 study by the World Council of Credit Unions, the 5-year survival rate of cooperatives in the United States was found to be 90% in comparison to 3-5% for traditional businesses.[33] Credit unions, a type of cooperative bank, had five times lower failure rate than other banks during the financial crisis[34] and more than doubled lending to small businesses between 2008 - 2016, from $30 billion to $60 billion, while lending to small businesses overall during the same period declined by around $100 billion.[35] Public trust in credit unions stands at 60%, compared to 30% for big banks[36] and small businesses are five times less likely to be dissatisfied with a credit union than with a big bank.[37] In Canada Main article: History of cooperatives in Canada A 2010 report by the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export in Québec found that the five-year survival rate and 10-year survival rate of cooperatives in Québec to be 62% and 44% respectively compared to 35% and 20% for conventional firms.[38] Another report by the BC-Alberta Social economy Research Alliance found that the three-year survival rate of cooperatives in Alberta to be 81.5% in comparison to 48% for traditional firms.[39] Another report by the aforementioned Research Alliance found that in British Columbia, the 5-year survival rates for cooperatives between 2000 and 2010 to be 66.6% in comparison to conventional businesses that had 43% and 39% in the years 1984 and 1993 respectively[39] Types of cooperatives Co-op City in The Bronx, New York City is the largest cooperative housing development in the world, with 55,000 people.[40] The two largest supermarkets chains in Switzerland, Migros and Coop, are cooperatives. The third largest bank, Raiffeisen, is a cooperative as well. The top 300 largest cooperatives were listed in 2007 by the International Co-operative Alliance. 80% were involved in either agriculture, finance, or retail and more than half were in the United States, Italy, or France. Consumers' cooperative Main article: Consumers' cooperative A consumers' cooperative is a business owned by its customers. Members vote on major decisions and elect the board of directors from among their own number. The first of these was set up in 1844 in the North-West of England by 28 weavers who wanted to sell food at a lower price than the local shops. Retail cooperative Retail cooperatives are retailers, such as grocery stores, owned by their customers. They should not be confused with retailers' cooperatives, whose members are retailers rather than consumers. In Denmark, Singapore, Italy, and Finland the company with the largest market share in the grocery store sector is a consumer owned cooperative.[41][42][43][44] In Switzerland both the largest and the second largest retailer are consumer owned cooperatives[45]. Housing cooperative Main articles: Housing cooperative and Building cooperative A housing cooperative is a legal mechanism for ownership of housing where residents either own shares (share capital co-op) reflecting their equity in the cooperative's real estate, or have membership and occupancy rights in a not-for-profit cooperative (non-share capital co-op), and they underwrite their housing through paying subscriptions or rent. Housing cooperatives come in three basic equity structures In market-rate housing cooperatives, members may sell their shares in the cooperative whenever they like for whatever price the market will bear, much like any other residential property. Market-rate co-ops are very common in New York City. Limited equity housing cooperatives, which are often used by affordable housing developers, allow members to own some equity in their home, but limit the sale price of their membership share to that which they paid. Group equity or zero-equity housing cooperatives do not allow members to own equity in their residences and often have rental agreements well below market rates. Members of a building cooperative (in Britain known as a self-build housing cooperative) pool resources to build housing, normally using a high proportion of their own labor. When the building is finished, each member is the sole owner of a homestead, and the cooperative may be dissolved. This collective effort was at the origin of many of Britain's building societies, which however, developed into "permanent" mutual savings and loan organisations, a term which persisted in some of their names (such as the former Leeds Permanent). Nowadays such self-building may be financed using a step-by-step mortgage which is released in stages as the building is completed. The term may also refer to worker cooperatives in the building trade. Utility cooperative Main article: Utility cooperative A utility cooperative is a type of consumers' cooperative that is tasked with the delivery of a public utility such as electricity, water or telecommunications services to its members. Profits are either reinvested into infrastructure or distributed to members in the form of "patronage" or "capital credits", which are essentially dividends paid on a member's investment into the cooperative. In the United States, many cooperatives were formed to provide rural electrical and telephone service as part of the New Deal. See Rural Utilities Service. In the case of electricity, cooperatives are generally either generation and transmission (G&T) co-ops that create and send power via the transmission grid or local distribution co-ops that gather electricity from a variety of sources and send it along to homes and businesses. In Tanzania, it has been proven that the cooperative method is helpful in water distribution. When the people are involved with their own water, they care more because the quality of their work has a direct effect on the quality of their water. Credit unions, cooperative banking and co-operative insurance Main articles: Cooperative banking and Credit union The Co-operative Bank's head office in Manchester. The statue in front is of Robert Owen, a pioneer in the cooperative movement. Credit unions are cooperative financial institutions that are owned and controlled by their members. Credit unions provide the same financial services as banks but are considered not-for-profit organizations and adhere to cooperative principles. Credit unions originated in mid-19th-century Germany through the efforts of pioneers Franz Herman Schulze'Delitzsch and Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. The concept of financial cooperatives crossed the Atlantic at the turn of the 20th century, when the caisse populaire movement was started by Alphonse Desjardins in Quebec, Canada. In 1900, from his home in Lévis, he opened North America's first credit union, marking the beginning of the Mouvement Desjardins. Eight years later, Desjardins provided guidance for the first credit union in the United States, where there are now about 7,950 active status federally insured credit unions, with almost 90 million members and more than $679 billion on deposit. Cooperative banking networks, which were nationalized in Eastern Europe, work now as real cooperative ins

Friday, December 13, 2019

EN EL INSTITUTO EVANGELICO, INC. DE SANTIAGO DE LOS CABALLEROS, SON : desde el ano 1927, HACE CASI 100 ANOS... 1. CREYENTES. 2. NO ATEOS. 3. PROTESTANTES. PERO DE LA DENOMINACION RELIGIOSA: MAS RACIONAL ENTRE LOS PROTESTANTES: IGLESIA METODISTA LIBRE: 1. SE BASAN EN EL ALGEBRA. 2. EN LAS MATEMATICAS. 3. EN LOS LABORATORIOS DE: FISICA. 4. DE QUIMICA. 5. DE BIOLOGIA. 6. DE ANATOMIA. 7 DE GEOGRAFIA. 8. DE ECONOMIA POLITICA... Porque? PORQUE LOS MISIONEROS O PEREGRINOS O PREDICADORES EVANGELICOS : METODISTAS LIBRES, emigraron desde: LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DE AMERICA, CON UN CURRICULUM 100% CENTRADO EN LA PRACTICA DE: LAS CIENCIAS BASICAS & SUS APLICACIONES AL MUNDO, REAL: 1. AL MUNDO DEL TRABAJO PRODUCTIVO DE RIQUEZA. 2. AL MUNDO PRODUCTIVO DE LA : AGRICULTURA. 3. AL MUNDO PRODUCTIVO DE LA : GANADERIA... 4. A LA PRODUCCION DE COMIDA: DOMINICANA, EN EL VALLE DEL CIBAO... EN SUS 14 PROVINCIAS... 1927, 1937, 1947, 1957, 1967, 1977, 1987, 1997, 2007, 2017, 2027... 100 ANOS DE SERVICIOS A LA PATRIA DOMINICANA... 100 ANOS DE SERVICIOS AL NACIONALISMO DOMINICANO... 100 ANOS DE SERVICIOS AL PATRIOTISMO: JUANPABLODUARTIANO, DESDE : 1. LAS CIENCIAS DEL APRENDIZAJE. 2. LAS CIENCIAS DEL DESCUBRIMIENTO: PRACTICO EN SUS LABORATORIOS... 3. CIENCIAS DEL DEPORTE. 4. CIENCIAS DEL OCIO... 5. CIENCIAS DE LA EXCELENCIA: EN CIENCIAS PAIDOLOGICAS DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. 6. 100 ANOS DE: SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING. 7. 100 ANOS DE: METODO CIENTIFICO CARTESIANO... 8. 100 ANOS DE CANTO CORAL. 9. 100 ANOS DE TEATRO ESCOLAR. 10.100 ANOS DE PUBLICACIONES, SONADAS, EDITADAS, CONCEBIDAS POR ESCOLARES DE TODOS LOS CURSOS... ----------- EVANGELICOS, NO FANATICOS... NI ESTUPIDOS... SABEN QUE: LA CIENCIA HUMANA ES LA UNICA QUE RESUELVE PROBLEMAS EN EL MUNDO REAL: EN LA ECONOMIA. CREEN EN DIOS & CREEN EN LA CIENCIA HUMANA... POR ESO SIGUEN UNA VARIANTE DEL PROTESTANTISMO, QUE: 1. NO NIEGA LA IMAGINACION HUMANA. 2. NO NIEGA LA INVESTIGACION HUMANA. 3. NO NIEGA EL METODO CIENTIFICO. 4. NO NIEGA LA INNOVACION. 5. NO NIEGA LOS LABORATORIOS. 6. NO NIEGA LA : ECONOMIA COMO CIENCIA EXACTA. 7. NO NIEGA EL VALOR DE LA : EDUCACION INFANTIL MULTILINGUE... 8. NO NIEGA EL VALOR DE LAS CIENCIAS: DEL DEPORTE. 9. NO NIEGA EL VALOR DE LAS : CIENCIAS DEL OCIO. 10. NO NIEGA EL VALOR DE LAS CIENCIAS NATURALES, PARA LA PRODUCCION DE COMIDA, EN 1. LA ECONOMIA AGROPECUARIA DOMINICANA. 2. EN LA ECONOMIA DE LAS FINCAS DOMINICANAS. 3. EN LA ECONOMIA DE LAS GANADERIAS DOMINICANAS... PORQUE TODOS TENEMOS QUE COMER: 1. TODOS LOS DIAS... 2. 3 VECES AL DIA O MAS... -------- 1.QUIEN FUE EL MATEMATICO: RENE DESCARTES? https://www.biography.com/scholar/rene-descartes 2.CUAL ES SU ACTUALIDAD EN EL SIGLO XXI? ---------- RENE DESCARTES ... HIZO COMO CIENTIFICO, LO QUE TENIA QUE HACER: ENTRE LOS ANOS: 1596-1650. ---------------- FUE FILOSOFO, PERO MAS QUE TODO: MATEMATICO. -------- René Descartes Biography Mathematician (1596–1650) UPDATED:APR 16, 2019ORIGINAL:OCT 14, 2014 Philosopher and mathematician René Descartes COMO PENSADOR ORIGINAL: FUNDO LA FILOSOFIA MODERNA. COGITO ERGO SUM. PIENSO LUEGO, EXISTO... is regarded as the father of modern philosophy for defining a starting point for existence, “I think; therefore I am.” RENE DESCARTES... NACIO DE UNA MADRE: HETEROSEXUAL... 31 DE MARZO, 1596. ---------- Synopsis René Descartes was born on March 31, 1596, EN LA HAYE , TOURAINE, FRANCIA... in La Haye en Touraine, France. DESDE NINO: FUE INMENSAMENTE, EDUCADO... He was extensively educated, LO METIERON DE CABEZA, CON MANO DE HIERRO, SU PAPA Y SU MAMA: EN EL COLEGIO JESUITA, DESDE QUE CUMPLIO LOS 8 ANOS DE EDAD... first at a Jesuit college at age 8, ADENTRO DE ESE COLEGIO : 1. APRENDIO. 2. LEYES. 3. CIENCIAS JURIDICAS. 4. GRADUANDOSE A LOS : 22 ANOS DE EDAD... then earning a law degree at 22, PERO UNO DE SUS PROFESORES, ENTRE LA : 1. ESCUELA. 2. LA UNIVERSIDAD. but an influential teacher set him ORIENTO SUS TALENTOS & SUS VOCACIONES... AL USO COMBINADO DE: 1. MATEMATICAS. 2. LOGICA, en el proceso de INTELECCION & COMPRENSION DEL MUNDO DE: LA NATURALEZA... (EL PRIMER PLANO DE LA: REALIDAD) 1. NATURALEZA. 2. PENSAMIENTO. 3. SOCIEDAD. 4. ECONOMIA. on a course to apply mathematics and logic to understanding the natural world. SU APROXIMACION DERIVO DE LA: 1. EXPERIENCIA CONTEMPLATIVA. 2. DE LA NATURALEZA DE LA EXISTENCIA. PERO NO ESTABA LOCO, el buen : RENE DESCARTES, sus observaciones, LAS CONDUJO : HACIA EL CONOCIMIENTO, HACIA LA ECONOMIA NARANJA, HACIA LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA... EL CONOCIMIENTO EN SU INMANENCIA... This approach incorporated the contemplation of the nature of existence and of knowledge itself, hence his most famous observation, “I think; therefore I am.” INFANCIA DE RENE DESCARTES (1596-1616) Early Life Philosopher René Descartes was born on March 31, 1596, in La Haye en Touraine, 1. UNA PEQUENA CIUDAD : EN EL CORAZON DE FRANCIA. a small town in central France, which has since been renamed EL PUEBLECITO FUE RE-NOMBRADO: EN HONOR A EL, SU HIJO MAS : DISTINGUIDO... after him to honor its most famous son. FUE EL HIJO MENOR .. DE UNA FAMILIA: FRANCESA. TUVO OTROS : 2 HERMANOS. He was the youngest of three children, QUEDO HUERFANO ... DE MADRE... and his mother, Jeanne Brochard, CUANDO TENIA UN SOLO ANO DE VIDA... died within his first year of life. SU PAPA... ERA REGIDOR, EN EL CONSEJO MUNICIPAL DE: AQUEL PUEBLECITO... His father, Joachim, a council member in the provincial parliament, COMO ERA HOMBRE -& POLITICO PROFESIONAL- LO MANDO A EDUCAR CON SU: ABUELA, ALGO QUE HACEMOS, TAMBIEN EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA: 1. HOMBRES VIUDOS. 2. HOMBRES DIVORCIADOS. A CASA DE SU ABUELA MATERNA: 1. PARA QUE SU ABUELA: LO CRIARA... 2. Y EL PODER SEGUIR ACTIVO: 2.1.EN SU VIDA POLITICA. 2.2.SU PROFESION... sent the children to live with their maternal grandmother, PERO NADIE POR FAMOSO O OCUPADO QUE ESTE EN LA VIDA: QUIERE ECHARLE LA CARGA DE LA CRIANZA DE SUS NINOS & NINAS: A LOS ABUELOS, POR POBRE QUE SEA... O POR POLITICO QUE SEA... 1. UNO QUIERE CRIAR A SUS HIJOS E HIJAS. 2. CON LOS VALORES, QUE UNO HA: HEREDADO DE SUS PADRES, ABUELOS, TIOS... 3. PERO PARA QUE TENGAN EXITO; ECONOMICO, EN EL FUTURO, EN LA VIDA... 3.1. ESCOLAR. 3.2. ESTUDIANTIL 3.3. UNIVERSITARIA. CUANDO RECOGIO SU PAPA A SU NINO? 1. TAN PRONTO VENCIO EL LUTO DE: LA VIUDEDAD. 2. TAN PRONTO SE VOLVIO A CASAR... POCOS ANOS DESPUES... where they remained even after he remarried a few years later. PERO CUAL ERA LA PREOCUPACION: RPIORITARIA DE SU PAPA? 1. METERLO EN UNA ESCUELA INFANTIL DE EXCELENCIA, DE CALIDAD EN : 1.1. CIENCIAS DEL APRENDIZAJE. 1.2. EN CIENCIAS PAIDOLOGICAS. NADIE QUIERE QUE UN MAESTRO O MAESTRA: 1. INSULTE A SU HIJO O HIJA. 2. LO ACOMPLEJE. 3. LE DANE LA AUTO-ESTIMA... But he was very concerned with good education and sent René, at age 8, QUIEN GARANTIZABA ESOS ESTANDARES MUNDIALES DE EXCELENCIA, EN FRANCIA & EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA? 1.LA PAIDOLOGIA JESUITA, QUE FORMA: CIENTIFICOS. 2.NINOS & NINAS: CIENTIFICOS. LA ESCUELA BUENA, DE EXCELENCIA: QUEDABA LEJOS... PERO SE MONTO EN SU CABALLO CON SU MUCHACHITO... Y CABALGO HASTA ALLI... MUCHAS MILLAS, MUCHAS MILLAS.. HASTA LLEGAR A LA ESCUELA DE : 1. CALIDAD. 2. DE EXCELENCIA. METIO AL MUCHACHITO ALLI: 1. DE CABEZA. 2. CON MANO DE HIERRO... 3. AUNQUE LLORARA... (LE ESTABA SALVANDO LA VIDA: REGALANDOLE UN: FUTURO EN LA ECONOMIA) LO METIO 7 ANOS CON LOS : JESUITAS.... to boarding school at the Jesuit college of Henri IV in La Flèche, several miles to the north, for seven years. DE INFANCIA, DE NINO: DESCARTES, DESDE EL PRINCIPIO: FUE BUEN ALUMNO... 1. LA ESCUELA ERA: RIGUROSA. 2. A LA ESCUELA NO LE IMPORTABA: QUE EN ESOS 7 ANOS, SE ENFERMARA... LA ESCUELA: NO COGIA CORTES. LA ESCUELA: NO ACEPTABA NONERIAS. LA ESCUELA NO : ACEPTABA CUENTOS. LA ESCUELA NO : ACEPTABA MALCRIADEZAS... DE NINO ... 1. HIJO DE POLITICO FAMOSO, en su pueblecito. 2. HIJO DE REGIDOR DEL AYUNTAMIENTO, en su pueblecito, en el corazon de FRANCIA: ESE NINO SE LE ENTREGO A LA ESCUELA JESUITA, PARA SER EDUCADO... Y LOS PADRES JESUITAS, 1.NO DESCANSARIAN 2.POR AMOR AL NINO... 3.HASTA LOGRARLO... Descartes was a good student, although it is thought that he might have been sickly, CUAL ERA EL CURRICULUM & HORARIO EDUCATIVO, SIN ELECTRICIDAD, IMAGINESE? since he didn’t have to abide by the school’s 1. RIGOR. 2. VIDA ESCOLAR HASTA: LA MEDIANOCHE... rigorous schedule and was instead allowed to rest in bed until midmorning. QUE LE ENSENARON LOS CURAS JESUITAS A RENE DESCARTES EN LOS PRIMEROS 7 ANOS DE : ESCOLARIZACION? 1. RETORICA CLASICA. 2. LOGICA FORMAL. 3. LAS ARTES DE LAS: MATEMATICAS. The subjects he studied, such as rhetoric and logic and the “mathematical arts,” PERO NO TODO ERA ABURRIDO: HABIA ALEGRIA, EN EL CUADRIVIUM 1. LA MUSICA. 2. LA ASTRONOMIA. which included music and astronomy, PERO NO ERA PARA SER ARTISTA QUE LO ESTABAN EDUCANDO... SINO PARA SER MATEMATICO... POR TANTO EL CURRICULUM, incluia: 1. METAFISICA. 2. FILOSOFIA NATURAL. 3. ETICA. as well as metaphysics, natural philosophy and ethics, LA MATERIA PRIMA EN LA INFANCIA, PARA: 1. DE ADULTO PODER DEDICARSE A LA : PROFESION DE FILOSOFO. equipped him well for his future as a philosopher. LUEGO EN 4 ANOS: SE HIZO CIENTIFICO DE LAS CIENCIAS JURIDICAS... PERO EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DE: POITIERS. So did spending the next four years earning a baccalaureate in law at the University of Poitiers. ALGUNOS ACADEMICOS & BIOGRAFOS: SENALAN QUE PROBABLEMENTE, TUVO PROBLEMAS NERVIOSOS (PSIQUIATRICOS) EN SUS ANOS DE: ESTUDIANTE UNIVERSITARIO. Some scholars speculate that he may have had a nervous breakdown during this time. PERO COMO DICE LA DOCTORA PAULA KROEBER: DESCASTER NACIO... CON UN CEREBRO COMPLEJO, DE SELVA TROPICAL... SIENDO YA ABOGADO & MATEMATICO... VOLVIO A LA UNIVERSIDAD: EL PRIMER INDICADOR DE QUE NO QUERIA SER UN MEDIOCRE... 1. SE HIZO TEOLOGO. 2. SE HIZO MEDICO. ERA UN HOMBRE JOVEN, igual a todos los jovenes del mundo nacidos en 1596, SOLO QUE ESTE TENIA: 4 TITULOS UNIVERSITARIOS. 4. ESPECIALIDADES... Descartes later added theology and medicine to his studies. But he eschewed all this, “resolving to seek no knowledge other than that of which could be found in myself or else in the great book of the world,” 4 CUATRO ESPECIALIDADES CIENTIFICAS, NO A LOS 12 NI A LOS 20 ANOS DE EDAD: 1. SE SIENTA EN UNA SILLA. 2. SE SIENTA EN UN ESCRITORIO. Y REDACTA: EL DISCURSO DEL METODO: 1. COMO CONDUCICON RACIONAL. 2.PARA QUIEN ANDA BUSCANDO LA: VERDAD. 3. EN LAS CIENCIAS. QUE EDAD TENIA ESTE POLIMATA, EN EL ANO: 1637, SI HABIA NACIDO EN 1597? ESTE MUCHACHON TENIA : 30 ANOS DE EDAD. he wrote much later in Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences, published in 1637. QUE HIZO? 1. LO QUE HACEN TODOS LOS PATRIOTAS DEL MUNDO. 2. LO QUE HACEN TODOS LOS NACIONALISTAS DEL MUNDO... A.SE ENGANCHO, AL EJERCITO DE SU: PAIS..... B. SE JUGO LA VIDA : EN LOS CAMPOS DE BATALLA. C. POR LA FELICIDAD & LA LIBERTAD DE LOS NINOS & NINAS, DEL FUTURO: DE SU PAIS... PARA CONSTRUIR LA PAZ & LA ECONOMIA FUTURA DE SU PAIS... COMO: JUAN PABLO DUARTE & DIEZ. COMO GENERAL PEDRO SANTANA, COMO GREGORIO LUPERON... So he traveled, joined the army for a brief time, PERO LO SUYO NO ERAN LAS ARMAS: SINO LA FILOSOFIA & LAS MATEMATICAS... saw some battles and was introduced to DE TODAS ESAS CORRERIAS MILITARES, BATALLAS & SANGRE: DESCARTES SACO EL LADO: POSITIVO: 1. LOGRO HACER UN AMIGO. 2. ALGUIEN QUE HABLARA SU : MISMO IDIOMA. 3. EL LENGUAJE SISTEMATICO DE: LAS CIENCIAS. 1. CONOCIO A ISAAC BEECKMAN 1.1. DE PROFESION: FILOSOFO. 1.2. DE PROFESION: CIENTIFICO. Dutch scientist and philosopher Isaac Beeckman, PERO NO SE PUSO DE ARROGANTE, NI DE : 1. PEQUENO -BURGUES. 2. DE SOBERBIO. 3. DICIENDO: YO SOY HIJO DE UN REGIDOR. YO TENGO 4 TITULOS UNIVERSITARIOS. SE DIO CUENTA DE QUE ARRIBA: EN EUROPA DEL CIENTRO Y DEL NORTE, LOS JUDIOS, HABIAN HECHO AVANZAR LAS CIENCIAS DESDE SU EXPULSION DE ESPANA EN 1492... SE PUSO: 1.HUMILDEMENTE DE ALUMNO... 2. DE ISAAC BECKMAN... QUIEN: 1. CON SUS CONOCIMIENTOS: 2.INFLUYO PARA SIEMPRE: EN SU VIDA... Pwho would become for Descartes a very influential teacher. PERO, PARA SER UN PENSADOR UNIVERSITARIO; INNOOVADOR: COMO DR. FACUNDO MANES, QUE INICIO -SU VIDA CIENTIFICA- EN SEGUNDO ANO DE: MEDICINA, EN ARGENTINA... RENE DESCARTES INICIA AL FINALIZAR LA CARRERA EN LA: UNIVERSIDAD DE POITIERS... 12 MESES ANTES DE GRADUARSE... year after graduating from Poitiers, HACIA DONDE SE; 1. DIRIGIO SU PENSAMIENTO 2.Y SU:PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACION LONGITUDINAL? EN TRES LINEAS DE INVESTIGACION: Descartes credited a series of three very powerful dreams or visions with determining the course of his study for the rest of his life. 1. FUNDAR LA FILOSOFIA MODERNA O CONTEMPORANEA. Becoming the Father of Modern Philosophy. Descartes is considered by many to be the father of modern philosophy, 1.BECAUSE HIS IDEAS... because his ideas 2.DEPARTED WIDELY 2.1.FROM CURRENT 2.2.UNDERSTANDING 2.3.IN THE EARLY: 17 TH CENTURY. departed widely from current understanding in the early 17th century, 3. WHICH WAS MORE : FEELING-BASED. which was more feeling-based. While elements of his philosophy weren’t completely new, HIS APPROACH TO THEM WAS. his approach to them was. Descartes believed in basically: 1. clearing everything off the table, 2.all preconceived and 3. inherited notions, 4.and starting fresh, 5.putting back one by one THE THINGS THAT WERE CERTAIN the things that were certain, which for him began with the statement “I exist.” From this sprang his most famous quote: “I think; therefore I am.” Since Descartes believed that all truths WERE ULTIMATELY LINKED... were ultimately linked, he sought to UNCOVER... THE MEANING OR THE NATURAL WORLD uncover the meaning of the natural world WITH A RATIONAL 1. THROUGH SCIENCE. 2. MATHEMATICS. with a rational approach, through science and mathematics—in some ways 1.AND EXTENSION OF THE APPROACH an extension of the approach 2. SIR FRANCIS BACON Sir Francis Bacon had asserted in England A FEW DECADES PRIOR. a few decades prior. In addition to Discourse on the Method, Descartes also published: 1. MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY. 2. PRINCIPLES OF PHILOSOPHY. Meditations on First Philosophy and Principles of Philosophy, among other treatises. Although philosophy is largely where the 20th century deposited Descartes—each century has focused on different aspects of his work— HIS: 1. INVESTIGATIONS. 2. IN THEORETICAL : PHYSICS. LED MANY SCHOLARS TO CONSIDER HIM A : 1. MATHEMATICIAN. 2. FIRST. his investigations in theoretical physics led many scholars to consider him a mathematician first. HE INTRODUCED: 1. CARTESIAN GEOMETRY. He introduced Cartesian geometry, WHICH INCORPORATES: 1. ALGEBRA. 2. THROGH HIS LAWS OF : REFRACTION. which incorporates algebra; through his laws of refraction, 2. HE DEVELOPED AND: EMPIRICAL UNDERSTANDING OF RAINBOWS. he developed an empirical understanding of rainbows; 3. HE PROPOSED A: NATURALISTIC ACCOUNT OF THE FORMATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM. and he proposed a naturalistic account of the formation of the solar system, although he felt he had to suppress much of that due to Galileo’s fate at the hands of the Inquisition. His concern wasn’t misplaced— POPE ALEXANDER VII LATER ADDED DESCARTES WORKS TO THE : INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS. Pope Alexander VII later added Descartes’ works to the Index of Prohibited Books. Later Life, Death and Legacy. DESCARTES: NEVER MARRIED.... Descartes never married, BUT HE DID HAVE A : DAUGHTER, FRANCINE... but he did have a daughter, Francine, born in the Netherlands in 1635. HE HAD MOVE -CENTRAL AT NORTH EUROPE- TRAVELING IN 1628, AT: NETHERLANDS. IN 1628He had moved to that country in 1628 because life in FRANCE WAS TOO BUSTLING FOR HIM TO CONCENTRATE ON HIS WORK France was too bustling for him to concentrate on his work, and Francine’s mother was a maid in the home where he was staying. HE HAD PLANNED TO HAVE THE : LITTLE GIRL EDUCATED... He had planned to have the little girl educated IN FRANCE... in France, having arranged for her to live WITH RELATIVES... with relatives, BUT SHE DIED OF A FEVER AT AGE 5.... but she died of a fever at age 5. 1.Descartes lived in the Netherlands FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS... 2.BUT DIED IN : STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN. for more than 20 years but died in Stockholm, Sweden, on February 11, 1650. He had moved there less than a year before, AT THE REQUEST OF QUEEN: CHIRSTINA at the request of Queen Christina, TO BE HER PHILOSOPHY TUTOR. to be her philosophy tutor. The fragile health indicated in his early life persisted. HABITS. 1.SPEND MORNING IN BED. He habitually spent mornings in bed, 2. WHERE HE CONTIUED TO HONOR HIS: DREAM LIFE. where he continued to honor his dream life, incorporating 1.IT INTO WAKING METHODOLOGIES it into his waking methodologies 2.IN CONCIOUS MEDITATION... in conscious meditation, 1.BUT THE QUEEN 'S INSISTENCE 2.ON 5 AM LESSONS... but the queen’s insistence on 5 am lessons 3. LED TO A BOUT OF PNEUMONIA led to a bout of pneumonia 4. FROM WHICH HE COULD NOT: RECOVER from which he could not recover. HE WAS 53 YEARS OLD.... He was 53. Sweden was a PROTESTANT COUNTRY. Protestant country, SO DESCARTES A CATHOLIC so Descartes, a Catholic, was buried in a graveyard primarily for unbaptized babies. Later, his remains were taken to the ABBEY OF SAINT-GERMAN-DE-PRES abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, THE OLDEST CHURCH OF PARIS. the oldest church in Paris. They were moved during the French Revolution, and were put back later —although urban legend has it that only his heart is there and the rest IS BURIED IN THE PANTHEON. is buried in the Panthéon. Descartes’ approach of combining mathematics and logic with philosophy to explain the physical world turned metaphysical when confronted with questions of theology; it led him to a contemplation of the nature of existence and the mind-body duality, identifying the point of contact for the body with the soul at the pineal gland. It also led him to define the idea of dualism: matter meeting non-matter. Because his previous philosophical system had given man the tools to define knowledge of what is true, this concept led to controversy. Fortunately, Descartes himself had also invented methodological skepticism, OR CARTESIAN DOUBT or Cartesian doubt, thus making philosophers of us all. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Citation Information Article Title René Descartes Biography Author Biography.com Editors Website Name The Biography.com website URL https://www.biography.com/scholar/rene-descartes Access Date 13 de diciembre de 2019 Publisher A&E Television Networks Last Updated April 16, 2019 Original Published Date April 1, 2014 ------------- MIENTRAS HAYA... BOLA, HAY AGUILA! ---------- POR ESO, TODO LO QUE SOY Y TODO LO QUE SERE: 1. SE LO AGRADEZCO A MI INFANCIA: BURGUESA, PRIVILEGIADA, URBANA... 2.AL CONSEJO NACIONAL DE EDUCACION DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, que es la UNICA INSTITUCION FACULTADA POR LAS LEYES DOMINICANAS, PARA: ASIGNAR LOS LIBROS DE TEXTO, en las ESCUELAS PUBLICAS & PRIVADAS INFANTILES DOMINICANAS... 1. INCLUYENDO LA ASIGNACION DEL: LIBRO DE ECONOMIA POLITICA QUE DEBE LEER UN NINO O NINA DOMINICANOS: PRINCIPIOS DE ECONOMIA POLITICA DE LUCIO M. CASADO (VIGENTE EN EL PERIODO HISTORICO: 1966-1980)... EN EL BACHILLERATO DOMINICANO DE CIENCIAS & LETRAS... EN EL INSTITUTO EVANGELICO,INC. DE SANTIAGO DE LOS CABALLEROS, NO FANATICOS. NO SECTARIOS. MAESTROS EXPERTOS PAIDOLOGOS DOMINICANOS, DE LA EDUCACION PRIVADA DOMINICANA... POR QUE? PORQUE ES UNA INSTITUCION PRIVADA, CARTESIANA... FUNDADA EN EL METODO DE RENE DESCARTES SON EVANGELICOS, PERO TRABAJAN PARA GANARSE LA VIDA, COMO DIOS MANDA... SON EVANGELICOS: METODISTAS LIBRES. Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV. CCIAV, CC4AVE. Talents, Criticism, Friendship! Salut, Polis ,Ecumene! (1959-2019). --------- Pero las COOPERATIVAS DOMINICANAS, que han sacado de la pobreza A MILES Y MILES DE MAESTROS & MAESTRAS DE EDUCACION INFANTIL, DE PAIDOLOGOS DOMINICANOS, DE PAIDOLOGAS DOMINICANAS... DE COLEGIOS PRIVADOS DE ALTO STANDING, DE COLEGIOS PRIVADOS BILINGUES, DE COLEGIOS SPONSORIZADOS POR EL GOBIERNO DOMINICANO, EN BARRIOS POBRES & EN ZONAS RURALES.... A TODOS & TODAS LOS MAESTROS DE LAS ESCUELAS PUBLICAS DOMINICANAS, desde la INVENCON, INNOVACION GERENCIAL DE DR. OCTAVIO RAMIREZ DUVAL, con la COMPLICIDAD & ESTIMULO DEL LEGISLADOR DOMINICANO, DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL DOMINICANO, desde el ano 1964 hasta hoy, DENTRO DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA, DENTRO DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, en el ultimo TERCIO DEL SIGLO XX & EN LO QUE VA DEL SIGLO XXI (1964-2019): EL NO INVENTO NADA... ADAPTO, UN INVENTO INGLES A LA REALIDAD DEL MAESTRO Y DE LA MAESTRA POBRES, DOMINICANO: 1. LA COOPERATIVA. 2. QUE ES UNA COOPERATIVA? 3. PORQUE FUNCIONAN EN TODO EL MUNDO, SACANDO GENTE DE LA POBREZA, MIENTRAS TRABAJAN, CON EL SUDOR DE SU FRENTE? ------------ COOPERATIVA. --------------- Cooperative. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the personality trait, see: Cooperativeness. "Co-op" redirects here. For other uses, see Co-op (disambiguation). By jurisdiction[show] General corporate forms[show] Corporate forms by jurisdiction[show] Doctrines[show] Related areas[show] Company portalLaw portal vte UN CONSEJO DE VOLUNTARIADO... The volunteer board of a CONSUMIDORES MINORISTAS... retail consumers' cooperative, such as the: former Oxford, Swindon & Gloucester Co-op, is held to account at an annual general meeting of members GERENCIA O ADMINISTRACION DEL NEGOCIO: DE LA EMPRESA. Business administration Management of a business CIENCIAS CONTABLES. Accounting[show] Business entities[show] GOBIERNO CORPORATIVO. Corporate governance[show] Corporate law[show] Corporate title[show] Economics[show] Finance[show] TIPOS DE GERENCIA. Types of management[show] Organization[show] COMERCIO. Trade[show] Emblem-money.svg Business and economics portal vte. EL CONCEPTO: COOPERATIVA. A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is 1. ES UNA INSTITUCION AUTONOMA: 1.1. FORMADA POR INDIVIDULIDADES. 1.2. POR PERSONAS & SUS FAMILIAS... ENTIENDASE: SU ESPOSO, SU ESPOSA, SUS NINOS, NINAS... "an autonomous association of persons united REUNIDAS, SIN USO DE LA FUERZA: VOLUNTARIAMENTE... EN TORNO A UNA SOLA : PRIORIDAD HACER REALIDAD UN SUENO, PERSONAL, GRUPAL, FAMILIAR, COLECTIVO... 1. PRODUCIR SATISFACTORES: DINERARIOS & EN TIME MANAGEMENT, DESDE EL VOLUNTARIADO... 1.1. PARA SATISFACER, SUS PRIORIDADES: EN BIENES DE SUPERACION, EN BIENES DE CONFORT (INCLUYENDO EL LUJO : EL CONSUMO:CONSPICUO, DE THORSTEIN VEBLEN (1904-1907)... EXPRESADO EN PROCESOS DE: 1. CONSUMO . 2. DE PROSUMO. PERSONAL & FAMILIAR (FAMILIA NUCLEAR)... OPERACIONALIZANDO UN MARCO: ASPIRACIONAL (EL SUENO PERSONAL & FAMILIAR)... 1. NECESIDADES..HUMANAS.. 1.1. ECONOMICAS. 1.2. SOCIALES. 1.3. CULTURALES. voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations HACIENDO DE LA EMPRESA COOPERATIVA: EL CANAL -FINANCIERO , GERENCIAL, CONTABLE- PARA LUCHAR CONTRA LA ADVERSIDAD, PERSONAL & FAMILIAR DE ORIGEN, DESDE EL: 1. MICRO-AHORRO. 2. DESDE EL MICRO-CRETITO. through a jointly-owned enterprise".[1] COMO ESTAN DISENADAS, ADMINISTRATIVAMENTE, LAS COOPERATIVAS, EN TODO EL MUNDO? Cooperatives may include: 1. COOPERATIVA DE SERVICIOS: DE CONSUMO. Donde el plan de negocios es circular: 1. Administrada 2. Por sus propios duenos. 3. QUE CONSUMEN: SU PROPIO INVENTARIO... businesses owned and managed by the people who use their services (a consumer cooperative)... 2. COOPERATIVA DE TRABAJADORES. cooperativa de trabajadores. 1. GENTE QUE TRABAJA: A TIEMPO COMPLETO EN LA COOPERATIVA. 2. QUE NO TIENE MAS EMPLEO: LA COOPERATIVA. 3. QUE CUMPLE SU JORNADA LABORAL: EN UNA SOLA INSTITUCION: LA COOPERATIVA... organizations managed by the people who work there (worker cooperatives) 3. COOPERATIVAS HIBRIDAS O DE DECISORES MULTIPLES, DONDE -SIN ENTRAR EN CONFLICTOS DE INTERESES- 1.DONDE CONVERGE LA PROPIEDAD, ENTRE: 2.DISTINTOS SECTORES CO-PROPIETARIOS. multi-stakeholder or hybrid cooperatives that share ownership between different stakeholder groups. EL EJEMPLO CLASICO, A NIVEL MUNDIAL: LAS CARE COOPERATIVES, LAS COOPERATIVAS DE: CUIDADORES & CUIDADORAS TIPICAS DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA, TIPICAS DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, TIPICA DE LOS SERVICIOS : PERSONALIZADOS: 1. PACIENTE -CUIDADOR 2. MEDICO-PACIENTE. 3. ENFERMERA-PACIENTE. 4.CAREGIVER-PATIENT PUEDE LLEGAR A INCLUIR: ORGANIZACIONES NO LUCRATIVAS, COMO: ASOCIACION DOMINICANA DE REHABILITACION, INC PERO NO SOLO IDEALISTAS O FILANTROPOS... SINO CIENTIFICOS DEL MANAGEMENT, DE LAS ALTAS FINANZAS, COMO: 1.LOS BANCOS, DE DESARROLLO, 2.LAS ASOCIACIONES DE : AHORROS & PRESTAMOS. 3.LOS DUENOS DE CLINICAS PRIVADAS: DE SERVICIOS DE SALUD: DE ALTA ESPECIALIDAD... 1. IMPORTADORES DE BIENES DE CAPITAL PARA : INDUSTRIA MEDICA 1.1. HARDWARE. 1.2. SOFTWARE. 1.3. INSTRUMENTAL : ORTOPEDICO, PROTESIS.. For example, care cooperatives where ownership is shared between both care-givers and receivers. Stakeholders might also include non-profits or investors. EL HOLDING COOPERATIVO: DONDE YA LOS SOCIOS NO SON PERSONAS, SINO OTRAS; EMPRESAS COOPERATIVAS second- and third-tier cooperatives whose members are other cooperatives... PLATAFORMAS COOPERATIVISTAS... DESDE EL GOBIERNO... 1. MEDIANTE EL USO DE LA WEB 2.0 2. MEDIANTE LA CULTURA DIGITAL. 2.1.PAGINA WEB O VIRTUALIZACION DE LAS OFERTAS DE SERVICIOS. 2.2. TELETRABAJO. 2.3. NETWORKING. 2.4. COWORKING. 2.5. DISENO DE APLICACIONES O APPS PARA CADA SEGMENTO DE MERCADO, ON DEMAND. 2.6. APLICACIONES MOVILES. 2.7. TODOS LOS RECURSOS... DE LA CREATIVIADAD PATENTBLE, DE LA PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL, DE L A PRPIEDAD INTLECTUAL, DE LA AUTORIA ORIGINAL, DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA, DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA, DOMINICANA... DE LA IMAGINACION, DE LA CREATIVIDAD, DE LA INOVACION HUMANA, PARA: 1. FACILITAR & OPTIMIZAR 2. LA REALIZCION DE: FIDELIZACION -ENTRE EMPRESA OFERTANTE & CLIENTE FINAL- EN CLAVE: SHARE CULTURE. platform cooperatives that use a cooperatively owned and governed website, mobile app or a protocol to facilitate the sale of goods and services. LA COOPERATIVA ES POPULAR: PERO NO ACEPTAN VAGOS, EN " COOPERATIVAS... NI NI-NIS... SINO: TRABAJADORES & TRABAJADORAS... EN EL ANO 2012: WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE... DICE QUE LOS COOPERATIVISTAS & LAS COOPERATIVISTAS: 1. EN TODO EL MUNDO. 2. TOTALIZAN : UN BILLON DE SERES HUMANOS.. 3. EN 96 PAISES... EN SU VIDA HA SIDO MIEMBRO O SOCIO, DE POR LO MENOS: UNA COOPERATIVA, EN SU CICLO DE VIDA... Research published by the Worldwatch Institute found that in 2012 approximately one billion people in 96 countries had become members of at least one cooperative.[2] The turnover of the largest three hundred cooperatives in the world reached $2.2 trillion.[3]. ------- Cooperative businesses are TIPICAMENTE MAS ECONOMICAMENTE: RESILENTES... typically more economically resilient than many other forms of enterprise, with twice the number of co-operatives (80%) surviving their first five years compared with other business ownership models (41%).[4] . Cooperatives frequently have social goals which they aim to accomplish by investing a proportion of trading profits back into their communities. As an example of this, in 2013, retail co-operatives in the UK invested 6.9% of their pre-tax profits in the communities in which they trade as compared with 2.4% for other rival supermarkets.[5]. EL DOMINIO VIRTUAL O DIGITAL: COOP, -Se ha popularizado desde el ano 2002- Since 2002 cooperatives have been distinguishable on the Internet through the use of a .coop domain. TODAS LAS COOPERATIVAS COMO: 1. EMPRESA RENTABLES. 2. SOSTENIBLES. todas las cooperativas como empresas sostenibles... SE HAN FEDERADO A ESCALA PLANETARIA... EN LA ALIANZA INTERNACIONAL DE: COOPERATIVAS. en 96 paises In 2014, the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) introduced the Cooperative Marque, meaning ICA cooperatives and WOCCU credit unions can also be identified through a coop ethical consumerism label. Contents 1 Origins and history 2 Meaning 2.1 Identity 2.1.1 Co-op principles and values 2.1.2 Co-op Marque and domain 2.2 Cooperatives as legal entities 3 Economic stability 3.1 In Europe 3.2 In North America 3.2.1 In the United States of America 3.2.2 In Canada 4 Types of cooperatives 4.1 Consumers' cooperative 4.1.1 Retail cooperative 4.1.2 Housing cooperative 4.1.3 Utility cooperative 4.1.4 Credit unions, cooperative banking and co-operative insurance 4.2 Worker cooperative 4.2.1 Business and employment cooperative 4.3 Purchasing cooperative 4.4 Producer cooperative 4.5 Multi-stakeholder cooperatives 4.5.1 Social cooperative 4.5.2 New generation cooperative 4.6 Other 4.6.1 Platform cooperative 4.6.2 Volunteer cooperative 4.7 Federal or secondary cooperative 4.7.1 Cooperative union 4.7.2 Cooperative political movements 4.7.2.1 UK 4.7.2.2 Philippines 5 Women in cooperatives 6 Cooperatives in popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links --------------- ORIGENES E HISTORIA: COOPERATIVA & COOPERATIVISMO. Origins and history Main article: History of the cooperative movement Cooperation dates back as far as human beings have been organizing for mutual benefits. DESDE LAS TRIBUS... Tribes were organized as cooperative structures, allocating jobs and resources among each other, only trading with the external communities.[citation needed] In alpine environments, EL COMERCIO... FUE LA FUERZA MOTRIZ, - LA CIRCULACION DE BIENES & SERVICIOS... - trade could only be maintained in organized cooperatives to achieve a LA PREPARACION DE CAMINOS O CARRETERAS ARTIFICIALES, ES DECIR: NACIDAS D E LA INTERVENCION HUMANA (INGENIERIL)... DESDE 1472.... useful condition of artificial roads such as Viamala in 1472.[6] PRE-INDUSTRIAL EUROPE... Pre-industrial Europe is home to the first cooperatives from an industrial context.[7] The roots of the cooperative movement can be traced to multiple influences and extend worldwide. In the English-speaking world, POST-FEUDAL FORMS OF COOPERATION: 1.BETWEEN WORKERS. 2. AND OWNERS. post-feudal forms of cooperation between workers and owners that are expressed today as "profit-sharing" and "surplus sharing" arrangements, existed as far back as 1795.[8] THE KEY IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE... The key ideological influence on the Anglosphere branch of the cooperative movement, however, was a rejection of the charity principles that UNDERPINNED WELFARE REFORMS WHEN THE BRITISH underpinned welfare reforms when the BRITISH GOVERNMENT: RADICALLY British government radically REVISED THE POOR LAWS (1834). revised its Poor Laws in 1834. AS BOTH: 1. THE STATE. 2. CHURCH INSTITUTIONS. As both state and church institutions began to routinely distinguish between the 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor, a movement of friendly societies grew throughout the British Empire based on the PRINCIPLE OF MUTUALLY: COMMITTED principle of mutuality, committed TO SELF- HELP.. to self-help in the welfare of working people.[citation needed] ROBERT OWEN AS PIONEER (1771-1858). Robert Owen (1771–1858) was a social reformer and a pioneer OF THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT. of the cooperative movement. In 1761, the Fenwick Weavers' Society was formed in Fenwick, East Ayrshire, Scotland to sell discounted oatmeal to local workers.[9] Its services expanded to INCLUDE: 1. ASSISTANCE. 2. SAVINGS. 3. LOANS. 4. EMIGRATION. 5. EDUCATION. include assistance with savings and loans, emigration and education. In 1810, Welsh social reformer Robert Owen, from Newtown in mid-Wales, and his partners purchased New Lanark mill from Owen's father-in-law David Dale and proceeded to introduce better labour standards including discounted retail shops where profits were passed on to his employees. Owen left New Lanark to pursue other forms of cooperative organization and develop coop ideas through writing and lecture. COOPERATIVES COMMUNITIES. Cooperative communities were set up in Glasgow, Indiana and Hampshire, although ultimately unsuccessful. --- FIRST COOPERATIVE: NEWSPAPER...(1828) ---- WILLIAM KING, THE NEWSPAPER: THE COOPERATOR. In 1828, William King set up a newspaper, The Cooperator, to promote Owen's thinking, having already set up a cooperative store in Brighton.[10][11]. ------ THE ROCHDALE SOCIETY OF EQUITABLE PIONEERS (RCEP) FOUNDED IN 1844... ---------- The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, (RCEP) founded in 1844, is usually considered the first successful cooperative enterprise, used as a model for modern coops, following the 'Rochdale Principles'. A group of 28 weavers and other artisans in Rochdale, England set up the society to open their own store selling food items they could not otherwise afford. Within ten years there were over a thousand cooperative societies in the United Kingdom.[citation needed] Spolok Gazdovský founded in 1845 by Samuel Jurkovič, was the first cooperative in Europe.[12] Other events such as the founding of a friendly society by the Tolpuddle Martyrs in 1832 were key occasions in the creation of organized labor and consumer movements.[13] Friendly Societies established forums through which one member, one vote was practiced in organisation decision-making. The principles challenged the idea that a person should be an owner of property before being granted a political voice. Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century (and then repeatedly every twenty years or so) there was a surge in the number of cooperative organisations, both in commercial practice and civil society, operating to advance democracy and universal suffrage as a political principle.[14] Friendly Societies and consumer cooperatives became the dominant form of organization amongst working people in Anglosphere industrial societies prior to the rise of trade unions and industrial factories. Weinbren reports that by the end of the 19th century, over 80% of British working age men and 90% of Australian working age men were members of one or more Friendly Society.[15] From the mid-nineteenth century, mutual organisations embraced these ideas in economic enterprises, firstly amongst tradespeople, and later in cooperative stores, educational institutes, financial institutions and industrial enterprises. The common thread (enacted in different ways, and subject to the constraints of various systems of national law) is the principle that an enterprise or association should be owned and controlled by the people it serves, and share any surpluses on the basis of each member's cooperative contribution (as a producer, labourer or consumer) rather than their capacity to invest financial capital.[16] The International Co-operative Alliance was the first international association formed (1895) by the cooperative movement.[citation needed] It includes the World Council of Credit Unions. A second organization formed later in Germany: the International Raiffeisen Union. In the United States, the National Cooperative Business Association (NCBA CLUSA; the abbreviation of the organization retains the initials of its former name, Cooperative League of the USA) serves as the sector's oldest national membership association. It is dedicated to ensuring that cooperative businesses have the same opportunities as other businesses operating in the country and that consumers have access to cooperatives in the marketplace. In 1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen received Nobel prize for chemistry for AIV silage which improved milk production and a method of preserving butter, the AIV salt, which led to increased Finnish butter exports. He had started his career in chemistry in Valio, a cooperative of dairy farmers in which he headed the research department for 50 years and where all his major inventions were first put to practice. Cooperative banks were first to adopt online banking. Stanford Federal Credit Union was the first financial institution to offer online internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994.[17] In 1996 OP Financial Group, also a cooperative bank, became the second online bank in the world and the first in Europe.[18] By 2004 a new association focused on worker co-ops was founded, the United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives. The cooperative movement has been fueled globally by ideas of economic democracy. Economic democracy is a socioeconomic philosophy that suggests an expansion of decision-making power from a small minority of corporate shareholders to a larger majority of public stakeholders. There are many different approaches to thinking about and building economic democracy. Anarchists are committed to libertarian socialism and have focused on local organization, including locally managed cooperatives, linked through confederations of unions, cooperatives and communities. Marxists, who as socialists have likewise held and worked for the goal of democratizing productive and reproductive relationships, often placed a greater strategic emphasis on confronting the larger scales of human organization. As they viewed the capitalist class to be politically, militarily and culturally mobilized for the purpose of maintaining an exploitable working class, they fought in the early 20th century to appropriate from the capitalist class the society's collective political capacity in the form of the state, either through democratic socialism, or through what came to be known as Leninism. Though they regard the state as an unnecessarily oppressive institution, Marxists considered appropriating national and international-scale capitalist institutions and resources (such as the state) to be an important first pillar in creating conditions favorable to solidaristic economies.[19][20] With the declining influence of the USSR after the 1960s, socialist strategies pluralized, though economic democratizers have not as yet established a fundamental challenge to the hegemony of global neoliberal capitalism. Meaning Identity Co-op principles and values Cooperative principles are the seven guidelines by which coops put their values into practice, often called the seven Rochdale Principles:[21] Voluntary and open membership Democratic member control Economic participation by members Autonomy and independence Education, training and information Cooperation among cooperatives Concern for community Cooperatives' values, in the tradition of its founders, are based on "self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity, and solidarity." Co-operative members believe in the ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring for others. Co-op Marque and domain Since 2002, ICA cooperatives and WOCCU credit unions could be distinguished by use of a .coop domain. In 2014, ICA introduced the Global Cooperative Marque[22] for use by ICA's[23] Cooperative members and by WOCCU's Credit Union members so they can be further identified[24] by their coop ethical consumerism label. The marque is used today by thousands of cooperatives in more than a hundred countries.[25] The .coop domain and Co-operative Marque were designed as a new symbol of the global cooperative movement and its collective identity in the digital age. The Co-operative Marque and domain is reserved just for co-operatives, credit unions and organisations that support co-operatives; is distinguished by its ethical badge that subscribes to the seven ICA Cooperative Principles and Co-op Values. Co-ops can be identified on the Internet through the use of the .coop suffix of internet addresses. Organizations using .coop domain names must adhere to the basic co-op values. Cooperatives as legal entities A cooperative is a legal entity owned and democratically controlled by its members. Members often have a close association with the enterprise as producers or consumers of its products or services, or as its employees.[26] The legal entities have a range of social characteristics. Membership is open, meaning that anyone who satisfies certain non-discriminatory conditions may join. Economic benefits are distributed proportionally to each member's level of participation in the cooperative, for instance, by a dividend on sales or purchases, rather than according to capital invested.[27] Cooperatives may be classified as either worker, consumer, producer, purchasing or housing cooperatives.[28] They are distinguished from other forms of incorporation in that profit-making or economic stability are balanced by the interests of the community.[27] There are specific forms of incorporation for cooperatives in some countries, e.g. Finland[29] and Australia.[30] Cooperatives may take the form of companies limited by shares or by guarantee, partnerships or unincorporated associations. In the UK they may also use the industrial and provident society structure. In the US, cooperatives are often organized as non-capital stock corporations under state-specific cooperative laws. Cooperatives often share their earnings with the membership as a dividends, which are divided among the members according to their participation in the enterprise, such as patronage, instead of according to the value of their capital shareholdings (as is done by a joint stock company). Economic stability Main article: Economic stability Capital and the Debt Trap reports that "cooperatives tend to have a longer life than other types of enterprise, and thus a higher level of entrepreneurial sustainability". This resilience has been attributed to how cooperatives share risks and rewards between members, how they harness the ideas of many and how members have a tangible ownership stake in the business. Additionally, "cooperative banks build up counter-cyclical buffers that function well in case of a crisis," and are less likely to lead members and clients towards a debt trap (p. 216). This is explained by their more democratic governance that reduces perverse incentives and subsequent contributions to economic bubbles. In Europe A 2013 report by ILO concluded that cooperative banks outperformed their competitors during the financial crisis of 2007-2008. The cooperative banking sector had 20% market share of the European banking sector, but accounted for only 7 per cent of all the write-downs and losses between the third quarter of 2007 and first quarter of 2011. Cooperative banks were also over-represented in lending to small and medium-sized businesses in all of the 10 countries included in the report.[31] A 2013 report published by the UK Office for National Statistics showed that in the UK the rate of survival of cooperatives after five years was 80 percent compared with only 41 percent for all other enterprises.[4] A further study found that after ten years 44 percent of cooperatives were still in operation, compared with only 20 percent for all enterprises. A 2012 report published by The European Confederation of cooperatives and worker-owned enterprises active in industry and services showed that in France and Spain, worker cooperatives and social cooperatives “have been more resilient than conventional enterprises during the economic crisis”.[32] In North America In the United States of America Main article: History of cooperatives in the United States In a 2007 study by the World Council of Credit Unions, the 5-year survival rate of cooperatives in the United States was found to be 90% in comparison to 3-5% for traditional businesses.[33] Credit unions, a type of cooperative bank, had five times lower failure rate than other banks during the financial crisis[34] and more than doubled lending to small businesses between 2008 - 2016, from $30 billion to $60 billion, while lending to small businesses overall during the same period declined by around $100 billion.[35] Public trust in credit unions stands at 60%, compared to 30% for big banks[36] and small businesses are five times less likely to be dissatisfied with a credit union than with a big bank.[37] In Canada Main article: History of cooperatives in Canada A 2010 report by the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export in Québec found that the five-year survival rate and 10-year survival rate of cooperatives in Québec to be 62% and 44% respectively compared to 35% and 20% for conventional firms.[38] Another report by the BC-Alberta Social economy Research Alliance found that the three-year survival rate of cooperatives in Alberta to be 81.5% in comparison to 48% for traditional firms.[39] Another report by the aforementioned Research Alliance found that in British Columbia, the 5-year survival rates for cooperatives between 2000 and 2010 to be 66.6% in comparison to conventional businesses that had 43% and 39% in the years 1984 and 1993 respectively[39] Types of cooperatives Co-op City in The Bronx, New York City is the largest cooperative housing development in the world, with 55,000 people.[40] The two largest supermarkets chains in Switzerland, Migros and Coop, are cooperatives. The third largest bank, Raiffeisen, is a cooperative as well. The top 300 largest cooperatives were listed in 2007 by the International Co-operative Alliance. 80% were involved in either agriculture, finance, or retail and more than half were in the United States, Italy, or France. Consumers' cooperative Main article: Consumers' cooperative A consumers' cooperative is a business owned by its customers. Members vote on major decisions and elect the board of directors from among their own number. The first of these was set up in 1844 in the North-West of England by 28 weavers who wanted to sell food at a lower price than the local shops. Retail cooperative Retail cooperatives are retailers, such as grocery stores, owned by their customers. They should not be confused with retailers' cooperatives, whose members are retailers rather than consumers. In Denmark, Singapore, Italy, and Finland the company with the largest market share in the grocery store sector is a consumer owned cooperative.[41][42][43][44] In Switzerland both the largest and the second largest retailer are consumer owned cooperatives[45]. Housing cooperative Main articles: Housing cooperative and Building cooperative A housing cooperative is a legal mechanism for ownership of housing where residents either own shares (share capital co-op) reflecting their equity in the cooperative's real estate, or have membership and occupancy rights in a not-for-profit cooperative (non-share capital co-op), and they underwrite their housing through paying subscriptions or rent. Housing cooperatives come in three basic equity structures In market-rate housing cooperatives, members may sell their shares in the cooperative whenever they like for whatever price the market will bear, much like any other residential property. Market-rate co-ops are very common in New York City. Limited equity housing cooperatives, which are often used by affordable housing developers, allow members to own some equity in their home, but limit the sale price of their membership share to that which they paid. Group equity or zero-equity housing cooperatives do not allow members to own equity in their residences and often have rental agreements well below market rates. Members of a building cooperative (in Britain known as a self-build housing cooperative) pool resources to build housing, normally using a high proportion of their own labor. When the building is finished, each member is the sole owner of a homestead, and the cooperative may be dissolved. This collective effort was at the origin of many of Britain's building societies, which however, developed into "permanent" mutual savings and loan organisations, a term which persisted in some of their names (such as the former Leeds Permanent). Nowadays such self-building may be financed using a step-by-step mortgage which is released in stages as the building is completed. The term may also refer to worker cooperatives in the building trade. Utility cooperative Main article: Utility cooperative A utility cooperative is a type of consumers' cooperative that is tasked with the delivery of a public utility such as electricity, water or telecommunications services to its members. Profits are either reinvested into infrastructure or distributed to members in the form of "patronage" or "capital credits", which are essentially dividends paid on a member's investment into the cooperative. In the United States, many cooperatives were formed to provide rural electrical and telephone service as part of the New Deal. See Rural Utilities Service. In the case of electricity, cooperatives are generally either generation and transmission (G&T) co-ops that create and send power via the transmission grid or local distribution co-ops that gather electricity from a variety of sources and send it along to homes and businesses. In Tanzania, it has been proven that the cooperative method is helpful in water distribution. When the people are involved with their own water, they care more because the quality of their work has a direct effect on the quality of their water. Credit unions, cooperative banking and co-operative insurance Main articles: Cooperative banking and Credit union The Co-operative Bank's head office in Manchester. The statue in front is of Robert Owen, a pioneer in the cooperative movement. Credit unions are cooperative financial institutions that are owned and controlled by their members. Credit unions provide the same financial services as banks but are considered not-for-profit organizations and adhere to cooperative principles. Credit unions originated in mid-19th-century Germany through the efforts of pioneers Franz Herman Schulze'Delitzsch and Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. The concept of financial cooperatives crossed the Atlantic at the turn of the 20th century, when the caisse populaire movement was started by Alphonse Desjardins in Quebec, Canada. In 1900, from his home in Lévis, he opened North America's first credit union, marking the beginning of the Mouvement Desjardins. Eight years later, Desjardins provided guidance for the first credit union in the United States, where there are now about 7,950 active status federally insured credit unions, with almost 90 million members and more than $679 billion on deposit. Cooperative banking networks, which were nationalized in Eastern Europe, work now as real cooperative ins

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EN LA ECONOMIA.

CREEN EN DIOS & CREEN EN LA CIENCIA

HUMANA...

POR ESO SIGUEN UNA VARIANTE DEL

PROTESTANTISMO, QUE:

1. NO NIEGA LA IMAGINACION HUMANA.

2. NO NIEGA LA INVESTIGACION HUMANA.

3. NO NIEGA EL METODO CIENTIFICO.

4. NO NIEGA LA INNOVACION.

5. NO NIEGA LOS LABORATORIOS.

6. NO NIEGA LA : ECONOMIA COMO

CIENCIA EXACTA.

7. NO NIEGA EL VALOR DE LA :

EDUCACION INFANTIL MULTILINGUE...

8. NO NIEGA EL VALOR DE LAS CIENCIAS:

DEL DEPORTE.

9. NO NIEGA EL VALOR DE LAS :

CIENCIAS DEL OCIO.

10. NO NIEGA EL VALOR DE LAS

CIENCIAS NATURALES, PARA LA

PRODUCCION DE COMIDA, EN

1. LA ECONOMIA AGROPECUARIA

DOMINICANA.

2. EN LA ECONOMIA DE LAS FINCAS

DOMINICANAS.

3. EN LA ECONOMIA DE LAS GANADERIAS

DOMINICANAS...

PORQUE TODOS TENEMOS QUE COMER:

1. TODOS LOS DIAS...

2. 3 VECES AL DIA O MAS...

--------

1.QUIEN FUE EL MATEMATICO:

RENE DESCARTES?

https://www.biography.com/scholar/rene-descartes

2.CUAL ES SU ACTUALIDAD EN EL

SIGLO XXI?

----------

RENE DESCARTES ...

HIZO COMO CIENTIFICO,

LO QUE TENIA QUE HACER:

ENTRE LOS ANOS:

1596-1650.

----------------

FUE FILOSOFO, PERO MAS QUE TODO:

MATEMATICO.

--------

René Descartes Biography
Mathematician (1596–1650)
UPDATED:APR 16, 2019ORIGINAL:OCT 14, 2014
Philosopher and mathematician René Descartes

COMO PENSADOR ORIGINAL:

FUNDO LA FILOSOFIA MODERNA.

COGITO ERGO SUM.

PIENSO LUEGO, EXISTO...

is regarded as the father of modern philosophy for defining a starting point for existence, “I think; therefore I am.”

RENE DESCARTES...

NACIO DE UNA MADRE:

HETEROSEXUAL...

31 DE MARZO, 1596.

----------

Synopsis
René Descartes was born on March 31, 1596,

EN LA HAYE , TOURAINE,

FRANCIA...

in La Haye en Touraine, France.

DESDE NINO:

FUE INMENSAMENTE, EDUCADO...

He was extensively educated,

LO METIERON DE CABEZA, CON

MANO DE HIERRO, SU PAPA Y SU

MAMA:

EN EL COLEGIO JESUITA,

DESDE QUE CUMPLIO LOS 8

ANOS DE EDAD...

first at a Jesuit college at age 8,

ADENTRO DE ESE COLEGIO :

1. APRENDIO.

2. LEYES.

3. CIENCIAS JURIDICAS.

4. GRADUANDOSE A LOS :

22 ANOS DE EDAD...

then earning a law degree at 22,

PERO UNO DE SUS PROFESORES,

ENTRE LA :

1. ESCUELA.

2. LA UNIVERSIDAD.

but an influential teacher set him

ORIENTO SUS TALENTOS &

SUS VOCACIONES...

AL USO COMBINADO DE:

1. MATEMATICAS.

2. LOGICA,

en el proceso de INTELECCION &

COMPRENSION DEL MUNDO DE:

LA NATURALEZA...

(EL PRIMER PLANO DE LA:

REALIDAD)

1. NATURALEZA.

2. PENSAMIENTO.

3. SOCIEDAD.

4. ECONOMIA.

on a course to apply mathematics and logic to understanding the natural world.

SU APROXIMACION DERIVO DE LA:

1. EXPERIENCIA CONTEMPLATIVA.

2. DE LA NATURALEZA DE LA EXISTENCIA.

PERO NO ESTABA LOCO, el buen :

RENE DESCARTES, sus observaciones,

LAS CONDUJO :

HACIA EL CONOCIMIENTO,

HACIA LA ECONOMIA NARANJA,

HACIA LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA...

EL CONOCIMIENTO EN SU INMANENCIA...

This approach incorporated the contemplation of the nature of existence and of knowledge itself, hence his most famous observation, “I think; therefore I am.”

INFANCIA DE RENE DESCARTES

(1596-1616)

Early Life
Philosopher René Descartes was born on March 31, 1596, in La Haye en Touraine,

1. UNA PEQUENA CIUDAD :

EN EL CORAZON DE FRANCIA.

a small town in central France,

which has since been renamed

EL PUEBLECITO FUE RE-NOMBRADO:

EN HONOR A EL, SU HIJO MAS :

DISTINGUIDO...

after him to honor its most famous son.

FUE EL HIJO MENOR .. DE UNA FAMILIA:

FRANCESA.

TUVO OTROS : 2 HERMANOS.

He was the youngest of three children,

QUEDO HUERFANO ... DE MADRE...

and his mother, Jeanne Brochard,

CUANDO TENIA UN SOLO ANO DE VIDA...

died within his first year of life.

SU PAPA...

ERA REGIDOR,

EN EL CONSEJO MUNICIPAL DE:

AQUEL PUEBLECITO...

His father, Joachim, a council member in the provincial parliament,

COMO ERA HOMBRE

-& POLITICO PROFESIONAL-

LO MANDO A EDUCAR CON SU:

ABUELA, ALGO QUE HACEMOS,

TAMBIEN EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA:

1. HOMBRES VIUDOS.

2. HOMBRES DIVORCIADOS.

A CASA DE SU ABUELA MATERNA:

1. PARA QUE SU ABUELA: LO CRIARA...

2. Y EL PODER SEGUIR ACTIVO:

2.1.EN SU VIDA POLITICA.

2.2.SU PROFESION...

sent the children to live with their maternal grandmother,

PERO NADIE POR FAMOSO O OCUPADO

QUE ESTE EN LA VIDA:

QUIERE ECHARLE LA CARGA DE LA

CRIANZA DE SUS NINOS & NINAS:

A LOS ABUELOS, POR POBRE QUE SEA...

O POR POLITICO QUE SEA...

1. UNO QUIERE CRIAR A SUS HIJOS

E HIJAS.

2. CON LOS VALORES, QUE UNO HA:

HEREDADO DE SUS PADRES, ABUELOS,

TIOS...

3. PERO PARA QUE TENGAN EXITO;

ECONOMICO, EN EL FUTURO, EN LA

VIDA...

3.1. ESCOLAR.

3.2. ESTUDIANTIL

3.3. UNIVERSITARIA.

CUANDO RECOGIO SU PAPA A SU NINO?

1. TAN PRONTO VENCIO EL LUTO DE:

LA VIUDEDAD.

2. TAN PRONTO SE VOLVIO A CASAR...

POCOS ANOS DESPUES...

where they remained even after he remarried a few years later.

PERO CUAL ERA LA PREOCUPACION:

RPIORITARIA DE SU PAPA?

1. METERLO EN UNA ESCUELA INFANTIL

DE EXCELENCIA, DE CALIDAD EN :

1.1. CIENCIAS DEL APRENDIZAJE.

1.2. EN CIENCIAS PAIDOLOGICAS.

NADIE QUIERE QUE UN MAESTRO

O MAESTRA:

1. INSULTE A SU HIJO O HIJA.

2. LO ACOMPLEJE.

3. LE DANE LA AUTO-ESTIMA...

But he was very concerned with good education and sent René, at age 8,

QUIEN GARANTIZABA ESOS ESTANDARES

MUNDIALES DE EXCELENCIA, EN FRANCIA

& EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA?

1.LA PAIDOLOGIA JESUITA, QUE FORMA:

CIENTIFICOS.

2.NINOS & NINAS: CIENTIFICOS.

LA ESCUELA BUENA, DE EXCELENCIA:

QUEDABA LEJOS...

PERO SE MONTO EN SU CABALLO CON

SU MUCHACHITO...

Y CABALGO HASTA ALLI...

MUCHAS MILLAS, MUCHAS MILLAS..

HASTA LLEGAR A LA ESCUELA DE :

1. CALIDAD.

2. DE EXCELENCIA.

METIO AL MUCHACHITO ALLI:

1. DE CABEZA.

2. CON MANO DE HIERRO...

3. AUNQUE LLORARA...

(LE ESTABA SALVANDO LA VIDA:

REGALANDOLE UN:

FUTURO EN LA ECONOMIA)

LO METIO 7 ANOS CON LOS :

JESUITAS....
to boarding school at the Jesuit college of Henri IV in La Flèche, several miles to the north, for seven years.

DE INFANCIA, DE NINO:

DESCARTES, DESDE EL PRINCIPIO:

FUE BUEN ALUMNO...

1. LA ESCUELA ERA: RIGUROSA.

2. A LA ESCUELA NO LE IMPORTABA:

QUE EN ESOS 7 ANOS, SE ENFERMARA...

LA ESCUELA: NO COGIA CORTES.

LA ESCUELA: NO ACEPTABA NONERIAS.

LA ESCUELA NO : ACEPTABA CUENTOS.

LA ESCUELA NO : ACEPTABA MALCRIADEZAS...

DE NINO ...

1. HIJO DE POLITICO FAMOSO, en su pueblecito.

2. HIJO DE REGIDOR DEL AYUNTAMIENTO, en

su pueblecito, en el corazon de FRANCIA:

ESE NINO SE LE ENTREGO A LA ESCUELA

JESUITA, PARA SER EDUCADO...

Y LOS PADRES JESUITAS,

1.NO DESCANSARIAN

2.POR AMOR AL NINO...

3.HASTA LOGRARLO...

Descartes was a good student, although it is thought that he might have been sickly,

CUAL ERA EL CURRICULUM & HORARIO

EDUCATIVO, SIN ELECTRICIDAD, IMAGINESE?

since he didn’t have to abide by the school’s

1. RIGOR.

2. VIDA ESCOLAR HASTA:

LA MEDIANOCHE...

rigorous schedule and was instead allowed to rest in bed until midmorning.

QUE LE ENSENARON LOS CURAS

JESUITAS A RENE DESCARTES EN

LOS PRIMEROS 7 ANOS DE :

ESCOLARIZACION?

1. RETORICA CLASICA.

2. LOGICA FORMAL.

3. LAS ARTES DE LAS:

MATEMATICAS.

The subjects he studied, such as rhetoric and logic and the “mathematical arts,”

PERO NO TODO ERA ABURRIDO:

HABIA ALEGRIA, EN EL CUADRIVIUM

1. LA MUSICA.

2. LA ASTRONOMIA.

which included music and astronomy,

PERO NO ERA PARA SER ARTISTA

QUE LO ESTABAN EDUCANDO...

SINO PARA SER MATEMATICO...

POR TANTO EL CURRICULUM,

incluia:

1. METAFISICA.

2. FILOSOFIA NATURAL.

3. ETICA.

as well as metaphysics, natural philosophy and ethics,

LA MATERIA PRIMA EN LA INFANCIA, PARA:

1. DE ADULTO PODER DEDICARSE A LA :

PROFESION DE FILOSOFO.

equipped him well for his future as a philosopher.

LUEGO EN 4 ANOS:

SE HIZO CIENTIFICO DE LAS CIENCIAS

JURIDICAS...

PERO EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DE:

POITIERS.

So did spending the next four years earning a baccalaureate in law at the University of Poitiers.

ALGUNOS ACADEMICOS & BIOGRAFOS:

SENALAN QUE PROBABLEMENTE, TUVO

PROBLEMAS NERVIOSOS (PSIQUIATRICOS)

EN SUS ANOS DE:

ESTUDIANTE UNIVERSITARIO.

Some scholars speculate that he may have had a nervous breakdown during this time.

PERO COMO DICE LA DOCTORA

PAULA KROEBER: DESCASTER NACIO...

CON UN CEREBRO COMPLEJO, DE

SELVA TROPICAL...

SIENDO YA ABOGADO & MATEMATICO...

VOLVIO A LA UNIVERSIDAD:

EL PRIMER INDICADOR DE QUE NO QUERIA

SER UN MEDIOCRE...

1. SE HIZO TEOLOGO.

2. SE HIZO MEDICO.

ERA UN HOMBRE JOVEN, igual a todos

los jovenes del mundo nacidos en 1596,

SOLO QUE ESTE TENIA:

4 TITULOS UNIVERSITARIOS.

4. ESPECIALIDADES...

Descartes later added theology and medicine to his studies.

But he eschewed all this, “resolving to seek no knowledge other than that of which could be found in myself or else in the great book of the world,”

4 CUATRO ESPECIALIDADES CIENTIFICAS,

NO A LOS 12 NI A LOS 20 ANOS DE EDAD:

1. SE SIENTA EN UNA SILLA.

2. SE SIENTA EN UN ESCRITORIO.

Y REDACTA:

EL DISCURSO DEL METODO:

1. COMO CONDUCICON RACIONAL.

2.PARA QUIEN ANDA BUSCANDO LA:

VERDAD.

3. EN LAS CIENCIAS.

QUE EDAD TENIA ESTE POLIMATA, EN

EL ANO: 1637, SI HABIA NACIDO EN

1597?

ESTE MUCHACHON TENIA :

30 ANOS DE EDAD.

he wrote much later in Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences, published in 1637.

QUE HIZO?

1. LO QUE HACEN TODOS LOS PATRIOTAS

DEL MUNDO.

2. LO QUE HACEN TODOS LOS NACIONALISTAS

DEL MUNDO...

A.SE ENGANCHO, AL EJERCITO DE SU:

PAIS.....

B. SE JUGO LA VIDA :

EN LOS CAMPOS DE BATALLA.

C. POR LA FELICIDAD & LA LIBERTAD

DE LOS NINOS & NINAS, DEL FUTURO:

DE SU PAIS...

PARA CONSTRUIR LA PAZ & LA ECONOMIA

FUTURA DE SU PAIS...

COMO:

JUAN PABLO DUARTE & DIEZ.

COMO GENERAL PEDRO SANTANA,

COMO GREGORIO LUPERON...

So he traveled, joined the army for a brief time,

PERO LO SUYO NO ERAN LAS ARMAS:

SINO LA FILOSOFIA & LAS MATEMATICAS...

saw some battles and was introduced to

DE TODAS ESAS CORRERIAS MILITARES,

BATALLAS & SANGRE:

DESCARTES SACO EL LADO:

POSITIVO:

1. LOGRO HACER UN AMIGO.

2. ALGUIEN QUE HABLARA SU :

MISMO IDIOMA.

3. EL LENGUAJE SISTEMATICO DE:

LAS CIENCIAS.

1. CONOCIO A ISAAC BEECKMAN

1.1. DE PROFESION: FILOSOFO.

1.2. DE PROFESION: CIENTIFICO.

Dutch scientist and philosopher Isaac Beeckman,

PERO NO SE PUSO DE ARROGANTE, NI

DE :

1. PEQUENO -BURGUES.

2. DE SOBERBIO.

3. DICIENDO:

YO SOY HIJO DE UN REGIDOR.

YO TENGO 4 TITULOS UNIVERSITARIOS.

SE DIO CUENTA DE QUE ARRIBA:

EN EUROPA DEL CIENTRO Y DEL NORTE,

LOS JUDIOS, HABIAN HECHO AVANZAR

LAS CIENCIAS DESDE SU EXPULSION

DE ESPANA EN 1492...

SE PUSO:

1.HUMILDEMENTE DE ALUMNO...

2. DE ISAAC BECKMAN...

QUIEN:

1. CON SUS CONOCIMIENTOS:

2.INFLUYO PARA SIEMPRE:

EN SU VIDA...

Pwho would become for Descartes a very influential teacher.

PERO,

PARA SER UN PENSADOR UNIVERSITARIO;

INNOOVADOR:

COMO DR. FACUNDO MANES,

QUE INICIO

-SU VIDA CIENTIFICA-

EN SEGUNDO ANO DE:

MEDICINA, EN ARGENTINA...

RENE DESCARTES INICIA AL FINALIZAR

LA CARRERA EN LA:

UNIVERSIDAD DE POITIERS...

12 MESES ANTES DE GRADUARSE...

year after graduating from Poitiers,

HACIA DONDE SE;

1. DIRIGIO SU PENSAMIENTO

2.Y SU:PROYECTO DE

INVESTIGACION LONGITUDINAL?

EN TRES LINEAS DE INVESTIGACION:

Descartes credited a series of three very powerful dreams or visions with determining the course of his study for the rest of his life.

1. FUNDAR LA FILOSOFIA MODERNA

O CONTEMPORANEA.

Becoming the Father of Modern Philosophy.

Descartes is considered by many to be the

father of modern philosophy,

1.BECAUSE HIS IDEAS...

because his ideas

2.DEPARTED WIDELY

2.1.FROM CURRENT

2.2.UNDERSTANDING

2.3.IN THE EARLY: 17 TH CENTURY.

departed widely from current understanding in the early 17th century,

3. WHICH WAS MORE :

FEELING-BASED.

which was more feeling-based. While elements of his philosophy weren’t completely new,

HIS APPROACH TO THEM WAS.

his approach to them was.

Descartes believed in basically:

1. clearing everything off the table,

2.all preconceived and

3. inherited notions,

4.and starting fresh,

5.putting back one by one

THE THINGS THAT WERE CERTAIN

the things that were certain,

which for him began with the statement “I exist.”

From this sprang his most famous quote:

“I think; therefore I am.”

Since Descartes believed that all truths

WERE ULTIMATELY LINKED...

were ultimately linked, he sought to

UNCOVER...

THE MEANING

OR THE NATURAL WORLD

uncover the meaning of the natural world

WITH A RATIONAL

1. THROUGH SCIENCE.

2. MATHEMATICS.

with a rational approach, through science

and mathematics—in some ways

1.AND EXTENSION OF THE APPROACH

an extension of the approach

2. SIR FRANCIS BACON

Sir Francis Bacon had asserted in England

A FEW DECADES PRIOR.

a few decades prior.

In addition to Discourse on the Method,

Descartes also published:

1. MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY.

2. PRINCIPLES OF PHILOSOPHY.

Meditations on First Philosophy and Principles of Philosophy, among other treatises.

Although philosophy is largely where the 20th century deposited Descartes—each century has focused on different aspects of his work—

HIS:

1. INVESTIGATIONS.

2. IN THEORETICAL : PHYSICS.

LED MANY SCHOLARS TO CONSIDER

HIM A :

1. MATHEMATICIAN.

2. FIRST.

his investigations in theoretical physics led many scholars to consider him a mathematician first.

HE INTRODUCED:

1. CARTESIAN GEOMETRY.

He introduced Cartesian geometry,

WHICH INCORPORATES:

1. ALGEBRA.

2. THROGH HIS LAWS OF :

REFRACTION.

which incorporates algebra; through his laws of refraction,

2. HE DEVELOPED AND: EMPIRICAL

UNDERSTANDING OF RAINBOWS.

he developed an empirical understanding of rainbows;

3. HE PROPOSED A: NATURALISTIC

ACCOUNT

OF THE FORMATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM.

and he proposed a naturalistic account of the formation of the solar system,

although he felt he had to suppress much of that due to Galileo’s fate at the hands of the Inquisition.

His concern wasn’t misplaced—

POPE ALEXANDER VII

LATER ADDED

DESCARTES WORKS

TO THE :

INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS.

Pope Alexander VII later added Descartes’ works to the Index of Prohibited Books.

Later Life, Death and Legacy.

DESCARTES:

NEVER MARRIED....

Descartes never married,

BUT HE DID HAVE A :

DAUGHTER, FRANCINE...

but he did have a daughter, Francine, born in the Netherlands in 1635.

HE HAD MOVE

-CENTRAL AT NORTH EUROPE-

TRAVELING IN 1628, AT:

NETHERLANDS.

IN 1628He had moved to that country in 1628 because life in

FRANCE WAS TOO BUSTLING

FOR HIM TO CONCENTRATE

ON HIS WORK

France was too bustling for him to concentrate on his work, and Francine’s mother was a maid in the home where he was staying.

HE HAD PLANNED TO HAVE THE :

LITTLE GIRL EDUCATED...

He had planned to have the little girl educated

IN FRANCE...

in France, having arranged for her to live

WITH RELATIVES...

with relatives,

BUT SHE DIED OF A FEVER

AT AGE 5....

but she died of a fever at age 5.

1.Descartes lived in the Netherlands

FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS...

2.BUT DIED IN :

STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN.

for more than 20 years but died in Stockholm, Sweden, on February 11, 1650.

He had moved there less than a year before,

AT THE REQUEST OF QUEEN:

CHIRSTINA

at the request of Queen Christina,

TO BE HER PHILOSOPHY TUTOR.

to be her philosophy tutor.

The fragile health indicated in his

early life persisted.

HABITS.

1.SPEND MORNING IN BED.

He habitually spent mornings in bed,

2. WHERE HE CONTIUED

TO HONOR HIS:

DREAM LIFE.

where he continued to honor his dream life, incorporating

1.IT INTO WAKING METHODOLOGIES

it into his waking methodologies

2.IN CONCIOUS MEDITATION...

in conscious meditation,

1.BUT THE QUEEN 'S INSISTENCE

2.ON 5 AM LESSONS...

but the queen’s insistence on 5 am lessons

3. LED TO A BOUT OF PNEUMONIA

led to a bout of pneumonia

4. FROM WHICH HE COULD NOT:

RECOVER

from which he could not recover.

HE WAS 53 YEARS OLD....

He was 53.

Sweden was a

PROTESTANT COUNTRY.

Protestant country,

SO DESCARTES A CATHOLIC

so Descartes, a Catholic, was buried

in a graveyard primarily for unbaptized babies.

Later, his remains were taken to the

ABBEY

OF SAINT-GERMAN-DE-PRES

abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés,

THE OLDEST CHURCH OF PARIS.

the oldest church in Paris.

They were moved during the French

Revolution, and were put back later

—although urban legend has it that only

his heart is there and the rest

IS BURIED IN THE PANTHEON.

is buried in the Panthéon.

Descartes’ approach of combining mathematics and logic with philosophy to explain the physical world turned metaphysical when confronted with questions of theology; it led him to a contemplation of the nature of existence and the mind-body duality, identifying the point of contact for the body with the soul at the pineal gland. It also led him to define the idea of dualism: matter meeting non-matter.

Because his previous philosophical system had given man the tools to define knowledge of what is true, this concept led to controversy.

Fortunately, Descartes himself had also invented methodological skepticism,

OR CARTESIAN DOUBT

or Cartesian doubt, thus making philosophers

of us all.

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Citation Information
Article Title
René Descartes Biography

Author
Biography.com Editors

Website Name
The Biography.com website

URL
https://www.biography.com/scholar/rene-descartes

Access Date
13 de diciembre de 2019

Publisher
A&E Television Networks

Last Updated
April 16, 2019

Original Published Date
April 1, 2014

-------------

MIENTRAS HAYA...

BOLA, HAY AGUILA!

----------
POR ESO, TODO LO QUE SOY Y TODO

LO QUE SERE:

1. SE LO AGRADEZCO A MI INFANCIA:

BURGUESA, PRIVILEGIADA, URBANA...

2.AL CONSEJO NACIONAL DE EDUCACION

DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, que es la

UNICA INSTITUCION FACULTADA POR LAS

LEYES DOMINICANAS, PARA:

ASIGNAR LOS LIBROS DE TEXTO, en las

ESCUELAS PUBLICAS & PRIVADAS INFANTILES

DOMINICANAS...

1. INCLUYENDO LA ASIGNACION DEL:

LIBRO DE ECONOMIA POLITICA QUE DEBE

LEER UN NINO O NINA DOMINICANOS:

PRINCIPIOS DE ECONOMIA POLITICA

DE LUCIO M. CASADO

(VIGENTE EN EL PERIODO HISTORICO:

1966-1980)...

EN EL BACHILLERATO DOMINICANO

DE CIENCIAS & LETRAS...

EN EL INSTITUTO EVANGELICO,INC.

DE SANTIAGO DE LOS CABALLEROS,

NO FANATICOS.

NO SECTARIOS.

MAESTROS EXPERTOS PAIDOLOGOS

DOMINICANOS, DE LA EDUCACION

PRIVADA DOMINICANA...

POR QUE?

PORQUE ES UNA INSTITUCION PRIVADA,

CARTESIANA...

FUNDADA EN EL METODO DE RENE DESCARTES

SON EVANGELICOS, PERO TRABAJAN PARA

GANARSE LA VIDA, COMO DIOS MANDA...

SON EVANGELICOS:

METODISTAS LIBRES.

Yoe F. Santos/CCIAV.

CCIAV, CC4AVE.

Talents, Criticism, Friendship!

Salut, Polis ,Ecumene!

(1959-2019).

---------

Pero las COOPERATIVAS DOMINICANAS,

que han sacado de la pobreza A MILES Y MILES

DE MAESTROS & MAESTRAS DE EDUCACION

INFANTIL,

DE PAIDOLOGOS DOMINICANOS,

DE PAIDOLOGAS DOMINICANAS...

DE COLEGIOS PRIVADOS DE ALTO

STANDING,

DE COLEGIOS PRIVADOS BILINGUES,

DE COLEGIOS SPONSORIZADOS POR

EL GOBIERNO DOMINICANO, EN BARRIOS

POBRES & EN ZONAS RURALES....

A TODOS & TODAS LOS MAESTROS DE LAS

ESCUELAS PUBLICAS DOMINICANAS,

desde la INVENCON, INNOVACION GERENCIAL

DE DR. OCTAVIO RAMIREZ DUVAL, con la

COMPLICIDAD & ESTIMULO DEL LEGISLADOR

DOMINICANO,

DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL DOMINICANO,

desde el ano 1964 hasta hoy,

DENTRO DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA,

DENTRO DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA,

DE LA NACION & DE LA REPUBLICA

DOMINICANA, en el ultimo TERCIO DEL

SIGLO XX & EN LO QUE VA DEL SIGLO

XXI (1964-2019):

EL NO INVENTO NADA...

ADAPTO, UN INVENTO INGLES A LA

REALIDAD DEL MAESTRO Y DE LA MAESTRA

POBRES, DOMINICANO:

1. LA COOPERATIVA.

2. QUE ES UNA COOPERATIVA?

3. PORQUE FUNCIONAN EN TODO EL MUNDO,

SACANDO GENTE DE LA POBREZA, MIENTRAS

TRABAJAN, CON EL SUDOR DE SU FRENTE?

------------

COOPERATIVA.

---------------
Cooperative.

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Cooperativeness.

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For other uses, see Co-op (disambiguation).

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is held to account at an annual general meeting

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EL CONCEPTO: COOPERATIVA.

A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is

1. ES UNA INSTITUCION AUTONOMA:

1.1. FORMADA POR INDIVIDULIDADES.

1.2. POR PERSONAS & SUS FAMILIAS...

ENTIENDASE:

SU ESPOSO, SU ESPOSA, SUS NINOS, NINAS...

"an autonomous association of persons united

REUNIDAS, SIN USO DE LA FUERZA:

VOLUNTARIAMENTE...

EN TORNO A UNA SOLA : PRIORIDAD

HACER REALIDAD UN SUENO, PERSONAL,

GRUPAL, FAMILIAR, COLECTIVO...

1. PRODUCIR SATISFACTORES:

DINERARIOS & EN TIME MANAGEMENT,

DESDE EL VOLUNTARIADO...

1.1. PARA SATISFACER, SUS PRIORIDADES:

EN BIENES DE SUPERACION,

EN BIENES DE CONFORT

(INCLUYENDO EL LUJO :

EL CONSUMO:CONSPICUO,

DE THORSTEIN VEBLEN (1904-1907)...

EXPRESADO EN PROCESOS DE:

1. CONSUMO .

2. DE PROSUMO.

PERSONAL & FAMILIAR

(FAMILIA NUCLEAR)...

OPERACIONALIZANDO UN MARCO:

ASPIRACIONAL

(EL SUENO PERSONAL & FAMILIAR)...

1. NECESIDADES..HUMANAS..

1.1. ECONOMICAS.

1.2. SOCIALES.

1.3. CULTURALES.

voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations

HACIENDO DE LA EMPRESA COOPERATIVA:

EL CANAL

-FINANCIERO , GERENCIAL, CONTABLE-

PARA LUCHAR CONTRA LA ADVERSIDAD, PERSONAL & FAMILIAR DE ORIGEN, DESDE EL:

1. MICRO-AHORRO.

2. DESDE EL MICRO-CRETITO.

through a jointly-owned enterprise".[1]

COMO ESTAN DISENADAS,

ADMINISTRATIVAMENTE,

LAS COOPERATIVAS,

EN TODO EL MUNDO?

Cooperatives may include:

1. COOPERATIVA DE SERVICIOS:

DE CONSUMO.

Donde el plan de negocios es circular:

1. Administrada

2. Por sus propios duenos.

3. QUE CONSUMEN: SU PROPIO

INVENTARIO...

businesses owned and managed by the people who use their services (a consumer cooperative)...

2. COOPERATIVA DE TRABAJADORES.

cooperativa de trabajadores.

1. GENTE QUE TRABAJA: A TIEMPO

COMPLETO EN LA COOPERATIVA.

2. QUE NO TIENE MAS EMPLEO:

LA COOPERATIVA.

3. QUE CUMPLE SU JORNADA LABORAL:

EN UNA SOLA INSTITUCION:

LA COOPERATIVA...
organizations managed by the people who work there (worker cooperatives)

3. COOPERATIVAS HIBRIDAS O DE DECISORES

MULTIPLES, DONDE

-SIN ENTRAR EN CONFLICTOS DE INTERESES-

1.DONDE CONVERGE LA PROPIEDAD, ENTRE:

2.DISTINTOS SECTORES CO-PROPIETARIOS.

multi-stakeholder or hybrid cooperatives that share ownership between different stakeholder groups.

EL EJEMPLO CLASICO, A NIVEL MUNDIAL:

LAS CARE COOPERATIVES,

LAS COOPERATIVAS DE:

CUIDADORES & CUIDADORAS

TIPICAS DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA,

TIPICAS DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA,

TIPICA DE LOS SERVICIOS :

PERSONALIZADOS:

1. PACIENTE -CUIDADOR

2. MEDICO-PACIENTE.

3. ENFERMERA-PACIENTE.

4.CAREGIVER-PATIENT

PUEDE LLEGAR A INCLUIR:

ORGANIZACIONES NO LUCRATIVAS,

COMO:

ASOCIACION DOMINICANA DE

REHABILITACION, INC

PERO NO SOLO IDEALISTAS O

FILANTROPOS...

SINO CIENTIFICOS DEL MANAGEMENT,

DE LAS ALTAS FINANZAS, COMO:

1.LOS BANCOS,

DE DESARROLLO,

2.LAS ASOCIACIONES DE :

AHORROS & PRESTAMOS.

3.LOS DUENOS DE CLINICAS PRIVADAS:

DE SERVICIOS DE SALUD:

DE ALTA ESPECIALIDAD...

1. IMPORTADORES DE BIENES

DE CAPITAL PARA :

INDUSTRIA MEDICA

1.1. HARDWARE.

1.2. SOFTWARE.

1.3. INSTRUMENTAL : ORTOPEDICO,

PROTESIS..

For example, care cooperatives where ownership is shared between both care-givers and receivers. Stakeholders might also include non-profits or investors.

EL HOLDING COOPERATIVO:

DONDE YA LOS SOCIOS

NO SON PERSONAS, SINO OTRAS;

EMPRESAS COOPERATIVAS
second- and third-tier cooperatives whose members are other cooperatives...

PLATAFORMAS COOPERATIVISTAS...

DESDE EL GOBIERNO...

1. MEDIANTE EL USO DE LA WEB 2.0

2. MEDIANTE LA CULTURA DIGITAL.

2.1.PAGINA WEB O VIRTUALIZACION DE LAS

OFERTAS DE SERVICIOS.

2.2. TELETRABAJO.

2.3. NETWORKING.

2.4. COWORKING.

2.5. DISENO DE APLICACIONES O APPS

PARA CADA SEGMENTO DE MERCADO,

ON DEMAND.

2.6. APLICACIONES MOVILES.

2.7. TODOS LOS RECURSOS...

DE LA CREATIVIADAD PATENTBLE,

DE LA PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL,

DE L A PRPIEDAD INTLECTUAL,

DE LA AUTORIA ORIGINAL,

DE LA ECONOMIA NARANJA,

DE LA ECONOMIA CREATIVA,

DOMINICANA...

DE LA IMAGINACION,

DE LA CREATIVIDAD,

DE LA INOVACION HUMANA,

PARA:

1. FACILITAR & OPTIMIZAR

2. LA REALIZCION DE:

FIDELIZACION

-ENTRE EMPRESA OFERTANTE & CLIENTE FINAL-

EN CLAVE:

SHARE CULTURE.

platform cooperatives that use a cooperatively owned and governed website, mobile app or a protocol to facilitate the sale of goods and services.

LA COOPERATIVA ES POPULAR:

PERO NO ACEPTAN VAGOS, EN "

COOPERATIVAS...

NI NI-NIS...

SINO:

TRABAJADORES & TRABAJADORAS...

EN EL ANO 2012:

WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE...

DICE QUE LOS COOPERATIVISTAS

& LAS COOPERATIVISTAS:

1. EN TODO EL MUNDO.

2. TOTALIZAN :

UN BILLON DE SERES HUMANOS..

3. EN 96 PAISES...

EN SU VIDA HA SIDO MIEMBRO O SOCIO,

DE POR LO MENOS:

UNA COOPERATIVA,

EN SU CICLO DE VIDA...

Research published by the Worldwatch Institute found that in 2012 approximately one billion people in 96 countries had become members of at least one cooperative.[2]

The turnover of the largest three

hundred cooperatives in the world

reached $2.2 trillion.[3].

-------

Cooperative businesses are

TIPICAMENTE MAS ECONOMICAMENTE:

RESILENTES...

typically more economically resilient

than many other forms of enterprise,

with twice the number of co-operatives (80%)

surviving their first five years compared with

other business ownership models (41%).[4] .

Cooperatives frequently have social goals

which they aim to accomplish by investing

a proportion of trading profits back into their

communities.

As an example of this, in 2013,

retail co-operatives in the UK invested

6.9% of their pre-tax profits in the

communities in which they trade as

compared with 2.4% for other rival

supermarkets.[5].

EL DOMINIO VIRTUAL O DIGITAL:

COOP,

-Se ha popularizado desde el ano 2002-

Since 2002 cooperatives have been distinguishable on the Internet through the use of a .coop domain.

TODAS LAS COOPERATIVAS COMO:

1. EMPRESA RENTABLES.

2. SOSTENIBLES.

todas las cooperativas como empresas sostenibles...

SE HAN FEDERADO A ESCALA PLANETARIA...

EN LA ALIANZA INTERNACIONAL DE:

COOPERATIVAS.

en 96 paises In 2014, the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) introduced the Cooperative Marque, meaning ICA cooperatives and WOCCU credit unions can also be identified through a coop ethical consumerism label.

Contents
1 Origins and history
2 Meaning
2.1 Identity
2.1.1 Co-op principles and values
2.1.2 Co-op Marque and domain
2.2 Cooperatives as legal entities
3 Economic stability
3.1 In Europe
3.2 In North America
3.2.1 In the United States of America
3.2.2 In Canada
4 Types of cooperatives
4.1 Consumers' cooperative
4.1.1 Retail cooperative
4.1.2 Housing cooperative
4.1.3 Utility cooperative
4.1.4 Credit unions, cooperative banking and co-operative insurance
4.2 Worker cooperative
4.2.1 Business and employment cooperative
4.3 Purchasing cooperative
4.4 Producer cooperative
4.5 Multi-stakeholder cooperatives
4.5.1 Social cooperative
4.5.2 New generation cooperative
4.6 Other
4.6.1 Platform cooperative
4.6.2 Volunteer cooperative
4.7 Federal or secondary cooperative
4.7.1 Cooperative union
4.7.2 Cooperative political movements
4.7.2.1 UK
4.7.2.2 Philippines
5 Women in cooperatives
6 Cooperatives in popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links

---------------
ORIGENES E HISTORIA:

COOPERATIVA & COOPERATIVISMO.
Origins and history
Main article: History of the cooperative movement
Cooperation dates back as far as human beings have been organizing for mutual benefits.

DESDE LAS TRIBUS...

Tribes were organized as cooperative structures, allocating jobs and resources among each other, only trading with the external communities.[citation needed] In alpine environments,

EL COMERCIO...

FUE LA FUERZA MOTRIZ,

- LA CIRCULACION DE BIENES & SERVICIOS... -

trade could only be maintained in organized cooperatives to achieve a

LA PREPARACION DE CAMINOS

O CARRETERAS ARTIFICIALES, ES DECIR:

NACIDAS D E LA INTERVENCION HUMANA

(INGENIERIL)...

DESDE 1472....

useful condition of artificial roads such as Viamala in 1472.[6]

PRE-INDUSTRIAL EUROPE...

Pre-industrial Europe is home to the first cooperatives from an industrial context.[7]

The roots of the cooperative movement can be traced to multiple influences and extend worldwide. In the English-speaking world,

POST-FEUDAL FORMS

OF COOPERATION:

1.BETWEEN WORKERS.

2. AND OWNERS.

post-feudal forms of cooperation between workers and owners that are expressed today as "profit-sharing" and "surplus sharing" arrangements, existed as far back as 1795.[8]

THE KEY IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE...

The key ideological influence on the Anglosphere branch of the cooperative movement, however, was a rejection of the charity principles that

UNDERPINNED WELFARE REFORMS

WHEN THE BRITISH

underpinned welfare reforms when the

BRITISH GOVERNMENT:

RADICALLY

British government radically

REVISED THE POOR LAWS (1834).

revised its Poor Laws in 1834.

AS BOTH:

1. THE STATE.

2. CHURCH INSTITUTIONS.

As both state and church institutions began to routinely distinguish between the 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor, a movement of friendly societies grew throughout the British Empire based on the

PRINCIPLE OF MUTUALLY:

COMMITTED

principle of mutuality, committed

TO SELF- HELP..

to self-help in the welfare of working people.[citation needed]

ROBERT OWEN AS PIONEER (1771-1858).

Robert Owen (1771–1858)

was a social reformer and a pioneer

OF THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT.

of the cooperative movement.

In 1761, the Fenwick Weavers' Society was formed in Fenwick, East Ayrshire, Scotland to sell discounted oatmeal to local workers.[9] Its services expanded to

INCLUDE:

1. ASSISTANCE.

2. SAVINGS.

3. LOANS.

4. EMIGRATION.

5. EDUCATION.

include assistance with savings and loans, emigration and education.

In 1810, Welsh social reformer Robert Owen, from Newtown in mid-Wales, and his partners purchased New Lanark mill from Owen's father-in-law David Dale and proceeded to introduce better labour standards including discounted retail shops where profits were passed on to his employees.

Owen left New Lanark to pursue other forms of cooperative organization and develop coop ideas through writing and lecture.

COOPERATIVES COMMUNITIES.

Cooperative communities were set up in Glasgow, Indiana and Hampshire, although ultimately unsuccessful.

---

FIRST COOPERATIVE: NEWSPAPER...(1828)

----

WILLIAM KING, THE NEWSPAPER:

THE COOPERATOR.

In 1828, William King set up a newspaper, The Cooperator, to promote Owen's thinking, having already set up a cooperative store in Brighton.[10][11].

------

THE ROCHDALE SOCIETY OF EQUITABLE

PIONEERS (RCEP) FOUNDED IN 1844...

----------

The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, (RCEP) founded in 1844, is usually considered the first successful cooperative enterprise, used as a model for modern coops, following the 'Rochdale Principles'.

A group of 28 weavers and other artisans in Rochdale, England set up the society to open their own store selling food items they could not otherwise afford. Within ten years there were over a thousand cooperative societies in the United Kingdom.[citation needed]

Spolok Gazdovský founded in 1845 by Samuel Jurkovič, was the first cooperative in Europe.[12]

Other events such as the founding of a friendly society by the Tolpuddle Martyrs in 1832 were key occasions in the creation of organized labor and consumer movements.[13]

Friendly Societies established forums through which one member, one vote was practiced in organisation decision-making. The principles challenged the idea that a person should be an owner of property before being granted a political voice.

Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century (and then repeatedly every twenty years or so) there was a surge in the number of cooperative organisations, both in commercial practice and civil society, operating to advance democracy and universal suffrage as a political principle.[14]

Friendly Societies and consumer cooperatives became the dominant form of organization amongst working people in Anglosphere industrial societies prior to the rise of trade unions and industrial factories.

Weinbren reports that by the end of the 19th century, over 80% of British working age men and 90% of Australian working age men were members of one or more Friendly Society.[15]

From the mid-nineteenth century, mutual organisations embraced these ideas in economic enterprises, firstly amongst tradespeople, and later in cooperative stores, educational institutes, financial institutions and industrial enterprises.

The common thread (enacted in different ways, and subject to the constraints of various systems of national law) is the principle that an enterprise or association should be owned and controlled by the people it serves, and share any surpluses on the basis of each member's cooperative contribution (as a producer, labourer or consumer) rather than their capacity to invest financial capital.[16]

The International Co-operative Alliance was the first international association formed (1895) by the cooperative movement.[citation needed] It includes the World Council of Credit Unions.

A second organization formed later in Germany: the International Raiffeisen Union. In the United States, the National Cooperative Business Association (NCBA CLUSA; the abbreviation of the organization retains the initials of its former name,

Cooperative League of the USA) serves as the sector's oldest national membership association. It is dedicated to ensuring that cooperative businesses have the same opportunities as other businesses operating in the country and that consumers have access to cooperatives in the marketplace.

In 1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen received Nobel prize for chemistry for AIV silage which improved milk production and a method of preserving butter, the AIV salt, which led to increased Finnish butter exports.

He had started his career in chemistry in Valio, a cooperative of dairy farmers in which he headed the research department for 50 years and where all his major inventions were first put to practice.

Cooperative banks were first to adopt online banking. Stanford Federal Credit Union was the first financial institution to offer online internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994.[17]

In 1996 OP Financial Group, also a cooperative bank, became the second online bank in the world and the first in Europe.[18]

By 2004 a new association focused on worker co-ops was founded, the United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives.

The cooperative movement has been fueled globally by ideas of economic democracy. Economic democracy is a socioeconomic philosophy that suggests an expansion of decision-making power from a small minority of corporate shareholders to a larger majority of public stakeholders.

There are many different approaches to thinking about and building economic democracy. Anarchists are committed to libertarian socialism and have focused on local organization, including locally managed cooperatives, linked through confederations of unions, cooperatives and communities.

Marxists, who as socialists have likewise held and worked for the goal of democratizing productive and reproductive relationships, often placed a greater strategic emphasis on confronting the larger scales of human organization.

As they viewed the capitalist class to be politically, militarily and culturally mobilized for the purpose of maintaining an exploitable working class, they fought in the early 20th century to appropriate from the capitalist class the society's collective political capacity in the form of the state, either through democratic socialism, or through what came to be known as Leninism.

Though they regard the state as an unnecessarily oppressive institution, Marxists considered appropriating national and international-scale capitalist institutions and resources (such as the state) to be an important first pillar in creating conditions favorable to solidaristic economies.[19][20]

With the declining influence of the USSR after the 1960s, socialist strategies pluralized, though economic democratizers have not as yet established a fundamental challenge to the hegemony of global neoliberal capitalism.

Meaning
Identity
Co-op principles and values
Cooperative principles are the seven guidelines by which coops put their values into practice, often called the seven Rochdale Principles:[21]

Voluntary and open membership
Democratic member control
Economic participation by members
Autonomy and independence
Education, training and information
Cooperation among cooperatives
Concern for community
Cooperatives' values, in the tradition of its founders, are based on "self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity, and solidarity." Co-operative members believe in the ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring for others.

Co-op Marque and domain
Since 2002, ICA cooperatives and WOCCU credit unions could be distinguished by use of a .coop domain. In 2014, ICA introduced the Global Cooperative Marque[22] for use by ICA's[23] Cooperative members and by WOCCU's Credit Union members so they can be further identified[24] by their coop ethical consumerism label. The marque is used today by thousands of cooperatives in more than a hundred countries.[25]

The .coop domain and Co-operative Marque were designed as a new symbol of the global cooperative movement and its collective identity in the digital age. The Co-operative Marque and domain is reserved just for co-operatives, credit unions and organisations that support co-operatives; is distinguished by its ethical badge that subscribes to the seven ICA Cooperative Principles and Co-op Values. Co-ops can be identified on the Internet through the use of the .coop suffix of internet addresses. Organizations using .coop domain names must adhere to the basic co-op values.

Cooperatives as legal entities
A cooperative is a legal entity owned and democratically controlled by its members. Members often have a close association with the enterprise as producers or consumers of its products or services, or as its employees.[26] The legal entities have a range of social characteristics. Membership is open, meaning that anyone who satisfies certain non-discriminatory conditions may join. Economic benefits are distributed proportionally to each member's level of participation in the cooperative, for instance, by a dividend on sales or purchases, rather than according to capital invested.[27] Cooperatives may be classified as either worker, consumer, producer, purchasing or housing cooperatives.[28] They are distinguished from other forms of incorporation in that profit-making or economic stability are balanced by the interests of the community.[27]

There are specific forms of incorporation for cooperatives in some countries, e.g. Finland[29] and Australia.[30] Cooperatives may take the form of companies limited by shares or by guarantee, partnerships or unincorporated associations. In the UK they may also use the industrial and provident society structure. In the US, cooperatives are often organized as non-capital stock corporations under state-specific cooperative laws. Cooperatives often share their earnings with the membership as a dividends, which are divided among the members according to their participation in the enterprise, such as patronage, instead of according to the value of their capital shareholdings (as is done by a joint stock company).

Economic stability
Main article: Economic stability
Capital and the Debt Trap reports that "cooperatives tend to have a longer life than other types of enterprise, and thus a higher level of entrepreneurial sustainability". This resilience has been attributed to how cooperatives share risks and rewards between members, how they harness the ideas of many and how members have a tangible ownership stake in the business. Additionally, "cooperative banks build up counter-cyclical buffers that function well in case of a crisis," and are less likely to lead members and clients towards a debt trap (p. 216). This is explained by their more democratic governance that reduces perverse incentives and subsequent contributions to economic bubbles.

In Europe
A 2013 report by ILO concluded that cooperative banks outperformed their competitors during the financial crisis of 2007-2008. The cooperative banking sector had 20% market share of the European banking sector, but accounted for only 7 per cent of all the write-downs and losses between the third quarter of 2007 and first quarter of 2011. Cooperative banks were also over-represented in lending to small and medium-sized businesses in all of the 10 countries included in the report.[31]

A 2013 report published by the UK Office for National Statistics showed that in the UK the rate of survival of cooperatives after five years was 80 percent compared with only 41 percent for all other enterprises.[4] A further study found that after ten years 44 percent of cooperatives were still in operation, compared with only 20 percent for all enterprises.

A 2012 report published by The European Confederation of cooperatives and worker-owned enterprises active in industry and services showed that in France and Spain, worker cooperatives and social cooperatives “have been more resilient than conventional enterprises during the economic crisis”.[32]

In North America
In the United States of America
Main article: History of cooperatives in the United States
In a 2007 study by the World Council of Credit Unions, the 5-year survival rate of cooperatives in the United States was found to be 90% in comparison to 3-5% for traditional businesses.[33] Credit unions, a type of cooperative bank, had five times lower failure rate than other banks during the financial crisis[34] and more than doubled lending to small businesses between 2008 - 2016, from $30 billion to $60 billion, while lending to small businesses overall during the same period declined by around $100 billion.[35] Public trust in credit unions stands at 60%, compared to 30% for big banks[36] and small businesses are five times less likely to be dissatisfied with a credit union than with a big bank.[37]

In Canada
Main article: History of cooperatives in Canada
A 2010 report by the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export in Québec found that the five-year survival rate and 10-year survival rate of cooperatives in Québec to be 62% and 44% respectively compared to 35% and 20% for conventional firms.[38] Another report by the BC-Alberta Social economy Research Alliance found that the three-year survival rate of cooperatives in Alberta to be 81.5% in comparison to 48% for traditional firms.[39] Another report by the aforementioned Research Alliance found that in British Columbia, the 5-year survival rates for cooperatives between 2000 and 2010 to be 66.6% in comparison to conventional businesses that had 43% and 39% in the years 1984 and 1993 respectively[39]

Types of cooperatives

Co-op City in The Bronx, New York City is the largest cooperative housing development in the world, with 55,000 people.[40]

The two largest supermarkets chains in Switzerland, Migros and Coop, are cooperatives. The third largest bank, Raiffeisen, is a cooperative as well.
The top 300 largest cooperatives were listed in 2007 by the International Co-operative Alliance. 80% were involved in either agriculture, finance, or retail and more than half were in the United States, Italy, or France.

Consumers' cooperative
Main article: Consumers' cooperative
A consumers' cooperative is a business owned by its customers. Members vote on major decisions and elect the board of directors from among their own number. The first of these was set up in 1844 in the North-West of England by 28 weavers who wanted to sell food at a lower price than the local shops.

Retail cooperative
Retail cooperatives are retailers, such as grocery stores, owned by their customers. They should not be confused with retailers' cooperatives, whose members are retailers rather than consumers. In Denmark, Singapore, Italy, and Finland the company with the largest market share in the grocery store sector is a consumer owned cooperative.[41][42][43][44] In Switzerland both the largest and the second largest retailer are consumer owned cooperatives[45].

Housing cooperative
Main articles: Housing cooperative and Building cooperative
A housing cooperative is a legal mechanism for ownership of housing where residents either own shares (share capital co-op) reflecting their equity in the cooperative's real estate, or have membership and occupancy rights in a not-for-profit cooperative (non-share capital co-op), and they underwrite their housing through paying subscriptions or rent.

Housing cooperatives come in three basic equity structures

In market-rate housing cooperatives, members may sell their shares in the cooperative whenever they like for whatever price the market will bear, much like any other residential property. Market-rate co-ops are very common in New York City.
Limited equity housing cooperatives, which are often used by affordable housing developers, allow members to own some equity in their home, but limit the sale price of their membership share to that which they paid.
Group equity or zero-equity housing cooperatives do not allow members to own equity in their residences and often have rental agreements well below market rates.
Members of a building cooperative (in Britain known as a self-build housing cooperative) pool resources to build housing, normally using a high proportion of their own labor. When the building is finished, each member is the sole owner of a homestead, and the cooperative may be dissolved.

This collective effort was at the origin of many of Britain's building societies, which however, developed into "permanent" mutual savings and loan organisations, a term which persisted in some of their names (such as the former Leeds Permanent). Nowadays such self-building may be financed using a step-by-step mortgage which is released in stages as the building is completed. The term may also refer to worker cooperatives in the building trade.

Utility cooperative
Main article: Utility cooperative
A utility cooperative is a type of consumers' cooperative that is tasked with the delivery of a public utility such as electricity, water or telecommunications services to its members. Profits are either reinvested into infrastructure or distributed to members in the form of "patronage" or "capital credits", which are essentially dividends paid on a member's investment into the cooperative. In the United States, many cooperatives were formed to provide rural electrical and telephone service as part of the New Deal. See Rural Utilities Service.

In the case of electricity, cooperatives are generally either generation and transmission (G&T) co-ops that create and send power via the transmission grid or local distribution co-ops that gather electricity from a variety of sources and send it along to homes and businesses.

In Tanzania, it has been proven that the cooperative method is helpful in water distribution. When the people are involved with their own water, they care more because the quality of their work has a direct effect on the quality of their water.

Credit unions, cooperative banking and co-operative insurance
Main articles: Cooperative banking and Credit union

The Co-operative Bank's head office in Manchester. The statue in front is of Robert Owen, a pioneer in the cooperative movement.
Credit unions are cooperative financial institutions that are owned and controlled by their members. Credit unions provide the same financial services as banks but are considered not-for-profit organizations and adhere to cooperative principles.

Credit unions originated in mid-19th-century Germany through the efforts of pioneers Franz Herman Schulze'Delitzsch and Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. The concept of financial cooperatives crossed the Atlantic at the turn of the 20th century, when the caisse populaire movement was started by Alphonse Desjardins in Quebec, Canada. In 1900, from his home in Lévis, he opened North America's first credit union, marking the beginning of the Mouvement Desjardins. Eight years later, Desjardins provided guidance for the first credit union in the United States, where there are now about 7,950 active status federally insured credit unions, with almost 90 million members and more than $679 billion on deposit.

Cooperative banking networks, which were nationalized in Eastern Europe, work now as real cooperative ins

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